Capitalism Versus a New Economic Model: Implicit and Explicit Attitudes of Protesters and Bankers

Social Movement Studies

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 311-330

  O'Shea, Brian ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

attitude formation; Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure; Resource Based Economy; Socioeconomic system; System Justification Theory

Indexed keywords

EID: 84926246362     PISSN: 14742837     EISSN: 14742829     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14742837.2014.938732     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. AdairJ. G. (1984). The Hawthorne effect: A reconsideration of the methodological artifact. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 334–345.
2. Ashburn-NardoL., KnowlesM. L., & MonteithM. J. (2003). Black Americans’ implicit racial associations and their implications for intergroup judgment. Social Cognition, 21, 61–87.
3. Barnes-HolmesD., Barnes-HolmesY., StewartI., & BolesS. (2010). A sketch of the IRAP and the relational elaboration and coherence (REC) model. The Psychological Record, 60, 527–542.
4. Barnes-HolmesD., WaldronD., Barnes-HolmesY., & StewartI. (2009). Testing the validity of the implicit relational assessment procedure (IRAP) and the implicit association test (IAT): Measuring attitudes towards Dublin and country life in Ireland. The Psychological Record, 59, 389–406.
5. BiernackiP., & WaldorfD. (1981). Snowball sampling: Problems and techniques of chain referral sampling. Sociological Methods & Research, 10, 141–163.
6. BlairI. V. (2002). The malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 242–261.
7. BurgisT. (2012). Authorities clear St. Paul's Occupy camp. Financial Times. Retrieved March 22, 2014, from http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/3b89ef38-61ab-11e1-94fa-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2xx7eWofq.
8. CameronJ. E., & NickersonS. L. (2009). Predictors of protest among anti-globalization demonstrators. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 734–761.
9. CarpenterK. M., MartinezD., VadhanN. L., Barnes-HolmesD., & NunesV. E. (2012). Performance based measures of attentional bias and relational responding are associated with behavioral treatment outcome for cocaine dependence. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 38, 146–154.
10. CarterT. J., FergusonM. J., & HassinR. R. (2011). Implicit nationalism as system justification: The case of the United States of America. Social Cognition, 29, 341–359.
11. ChomskyN. (2012). Occupy. London: Penguin.
12. CichockaA., & JostJ. T. (2014). Stripped of illusions? Exploring system justification processes in capitalist and post-communist societies. International Journal of Psychology, 49, 6–29.
13. DavisC. (2011, October16). Occupy London protest continues into second day. The Guardian. Retrieved March 20, 2014, from http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/oct/16/occupy-london-protest-second-day.
14. DiamandisP., & KotlerS. (2012). Abundance: The future is better than you think. New York, NY: Free Press.
15. EidelmanS., & CrandallC. S. (2012). Bias in favor of the status quo. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6, 270–281.
16. FeyginaI., JostJ. T., & GoldsmithR. (2010). System justification, the denial of global warming, and the prospect of “system-sanctioned” change. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 326–338.
17. FosterM. D., SlotoL., & RubyR. (2006). Responding to discrimination as a function of meritocracy beliefs and personal experiences: Testing the model of shattered assumptions. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 9, 401–411.
18. FrescoJ. (2002). The best that money can't buy: Beyond politics, poverty & war. Venus, FL: Global Cyber-Visions.
19. FrieseM., HofmannW., & WankeM. (2008). When impulses take over: Moderated predictive validity of explicit and implicit attitude measures in predicting food choice and consumption behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 397–419.
20. GibsonM. R. (2013). The Anarchism of the Occupy movement. Australian Journal of Political Science, 48, 335–348.
21. GreenwaldA. G., & BanajiM. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4–27.
22. GreenwaldA. G., McGheeD. E., & SchwartzJ. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464–1480.
23. GreenwaldA. G., NosekB. A., & BanajiM. R. (2003). Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197–216.
24. GreggA. P., SeibtB., & BanajiM. R. (2006). Easier done than undone: Asymmetry in the malleability of implicit preferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 1–20.
25. HaferC. L., & OlsonJ. M. (1993). Beliefs in a just world, discontent, and assertive actions by working women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 30–38.
26. HalvorsenS. (2012). Beyond the network? Occupy London and the global movement. Journal of Social, Cultural and Political Protest, 11, 427–433.
27. HaseltonM. G., & NettleD. (2006). The paranoid optimist: An integrative evolutionary model of cognitive biases. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 47–66.
28. HennesE. P., NamH. H., SternC., & JostJ. T. (2012). Not all ideologies are created equal: Epistemic, existential, and relational needs predict system-justifying attitudes. Social Cognition, 30, 669–688.
29. HenryP. J., & SaulA. (2006). The development of system justification in the developing world. Social Justice Research, 19, 365–378.
30. HofmannW., GawronskiB., GschwendnerT., LeH., & SchmittM. (2005). A meta-analysis on the correlation between the implicit association test and explicit self-report measures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1369–1385.
31. HoltgravesT. (2004). Social desirability and self-reports: Testing models of socially desirable responding. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 161–172.
32. HornseyM. J. (2008). Social identity theory and self-categorization theory: A historical review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 204–222.
33. JosephP., BerkowitzM., & McLeishB. (2014). The zeitgeist movement defined: Realizing a new train of thought. Seattle, WA: Create Space Independent Publishing Platform.
34. JostJ. T. (2006). The end of the end of ideology. American Psychologist, 61, 651–670.
35. JostJ. T., BanajiM. R., & NosekB. A. (2004). A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology, 25, 881–919.
36. JostJ. T., Chaikalis-PetritsisV., AbramsD., SidaniusJ., van der ToornJ., & BrattC. (2012). Why men (and women) do and don't rebel effects of system justification on willingness to protest. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 197–208.
37. JostJ. T., & HunyadyO. (2002). The psychology of system justification and the palliative function of ideology. European Review of Social Psychology, 13, 111–153.
38. JostJ. T., & HunyadyO. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of system-justifying ideologies. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 260–265.
39. JostJ. T., PelhamB. W., & CarvalloM. (2002). Non-conscious forms of system justification: Cognitive, affective, and behavioral preferences for higher status groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 586–602.
40. JostJ. T., PelhamB. W., SheldonO., & SullivanB. N. (2003). Social inequality and the reduction of ideological dissonance on behalf of the system: Evidence of enhanced system justification among the disadvantaged. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 13–36.
41. JostJ. T., & ThompsonE. P. (2000). Group-based dominance and opposition to equality as independent predictors of self-esteem, ethnocentrism, and social policy attitudes among African Americans and European Americans. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 209–232.
42. JostJ. T., & van der ToornJ. (2012). System justification theory. In P. A. M.van Lange, W.Kruglanski, & E. T.Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 313–343). London: Sage.
43. KaiserC. R., DyrenforthP. S., & HagiwaraN. (2006). Why are attributions to discrimination interpersonally costly?: A test of system and group justifying motivations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1523–1536.
44. KayA., JimenezM. C., & JostJ. T. (2002). Sour grapes, sweet lemons, and the anticipatory rationalization of the status quo. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1300–1312.
45. KeysS. (2012). Occupy London stock exchange camp at St. Paul's Cathedral, London, UK. Psychotherapy and Politics International, 10, 76–78.
46. KlandermansB. (1997). The social psychology of protest. Oxford: Blackwell.
47. LivingstonR. W. (2002). The role of perceived negativity in the moderation of African Americans’ implicit and explicit racial attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 405–413.
48. NosekB. A. (2007). Implicit–explicit relations. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 65–69.
49. NosekB. A., BanajiM. R., & GreenwaldA. G. (2002). Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration website. Group Dynamics, 6, 101–115.
50. NosekB. A., BanajiM. R., & JostJ. T. (2009). The politics of intergroup attitudes. In J. T.Jost, C.Kay, & H.Thorisdottir (Eds.), The social and psychological bases of ideology and system justification (pp. 480–506). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
51. Occupy London. (2011). Occupy London call for welfare assistance. Retrieved March 18, 2014, from http://www.occupylondon.org.uk/important-occupy-london-call-for-welfare-assistance/.
52. Occupy WallStreet. (2011). About. Retrieved March16, 2014, from http://www.occupywallst.org/about/.
53. OsborneD., & SibleyC. G. (2013). Through rose-colored glasses system-justifying beliefs dampen the effects of relative deprivation on well-being and political mobilization. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 991–1004.
54. OskampS., & SchultzP. W. (2005). Attitudes and opinions (3rd ed.). Oxford: Routledge.
55. PettyR. E., PriesterJ. R., & BriñolP. (2002). Mass media attitude change: Implications of the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In J.Bryant & D.Zillman (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 155–198). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
56. PickerillJ., & KrinskyJ. (2012). Why does Occupy matter?Journal of Social, Cultural and Political Protest, 11, 279–287.
57. PopeC. (2011, November 11). Two ex-ministers speak out about ‘rushed’ bank guarantee. The Irish Times. Retrieved July 20, 2012, from http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2011/1107/1224307166256.html.
58. PrattoF., SidaniusJ., StallworthL. M., & MalleB. F. (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 741–763.
59. RichinsM. L. (2004). The material values scale: Measurement properties and development of a short form. Journal of Consumer Research, 31, 209–219.
60. RosenzweigP. (2009). The Halo effect: And the eight other business delusions that deceive managers. New York, NY: Free Press.
61. RudmanL. A., FeinbergJ. M., & FairchildK. (2002). Minority members’ implicit attitudes: Ingroup bias as a function of group status. Social Cognition, 20, 294–320.
62. RydellR. J., & McConnellA. R. (2006). Understanding implicit and explicit attitude change: A systems of reasoning analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 995–1008.
63. RydellR. J., McConnellA. R., MackieD. M., & StrainL. M. (2006). Of two minds: Forming and changing valence-inconsistent implicit and explicit attitudes. Psychological Science, 17, 954–958.
64. SimonsH. W., BerkowitzN. N., & MoyerR. J. (1970). Similarity, credibility, and attitude change: A review and a theory. Psychological Bulletin, 73, 1–16.
65. SlomanS. A. (1996). The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 3–22.
66. SpenceA., & TownsendE. (2008). Spontaneous evaluations: Similarities and differences between the affect heuristic and implicit attitudes. Cognition and Emotion, 22, 83–93.
67. SternC., WestT. V., & SchmittP. G. (2014). The liberal illusion of uniqueness. Psychological Science, 25, 137–144.
68. StroebeK. (2013). Motivated inaction: When collective disadvantage does not induce collective action. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, 1997–2006.
69. TangT. L. P. (1995). The development of a short money ethic scale: Attitudes toward money and pay satisfaction revisited. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 809–816.
70. The Buckminster Fuller Challenge. (2012). Retrieved July 28, 2012, from http://www.challenge.bfi.org/movie.
71. van der ToornJ., FeinbergM., JostJ. T., KayA. C., TylerT. R., WillerR., & WilmuthC. (in press). A sense of powerlessness fosters system justification: Implications for the legitimation of authority, hierarchy, and government. Political Psychology.
72. VasiI. B., & SuhC. S. (2013). Protest in the Internet age: Public attention, social media, and the spread of ‘Occupy’ protests in the United States. Unpublished manuscript. Retrieved March 25, 2014, from http://www.politicsandprotest.ws.gc.cuny.edu/files/2012/07/PPW-2-Vasi.pdf.
73. VoigeK. (2011, October 7). Beyond Wall Street: ‘Occupy’ protests go global. CNN. Retrieved March 21, 2014, from http://www.edition.cnn.com/2011/10/07/business/wall-street-protest-global/.
74. WakslakC. J., JostJ. T., TylerT. R., & ChenE. S. (2007). Moral outrage mediates the dampening effect of system justification on support for redistributive social policies. Psychological Science, 18, 267–274.