The Lawyer-Judge Bias in the American Legal System

The Lawyer-Judge Bias in the American Legal System

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-303

  Barton, Benjamin H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84925675758     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511791871     Document Type: Book

References (814)

1. Dennis Jacobs, “The Secret Life of Judges,” 75 Fordham L. Rev.2855, 2856 (2007).
2. Doris Marie Provine, Judging Credentials: Nonlawyer Judges and the Politics of Professionalism(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986).
3. Sahyers v. Prugh, Holliday & Karatinos, P.L., 560 F.3d 1241 (11th Cir. 2009).
4. Barrentine v. Arkansas-Best Freight System, 450 U.S. 728, 738 (1981)
5. Jones v. Central Soya Co., Inc., 748 F.2d 586, 592–93 (11th Cir. 1984);
6. United Slate, Tile and Composition Roofers, Damp and Waterproof Workers Association, Local 307 v. G & M Roofing & Sheet Metal Co., 732 F.2d 495, 501–02 (6th Cir. 1984).
7. Shelton v. Erwin, 830 F.2d 182, 184 (11th Cir. 1987).
8. Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 429–30 (1983).
9. Johnson v. Georgia Highway Exp., Inc., 488 F.2d 714, 717–19 (5th Cir. 1974).
10. Philip K. Howard, Life Without Lawyers(New York: W. W. Norton, 2009), 68–92.
11. Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 43 (1991).
12. Sahyers v. Prugh, Holliday & Karatinos, P.L., 2010 WL 1488520.
13. Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 148 (1985).
14. U.S. v. Payner, 447 U.S. 727, 737 (1980).
15. Holmes v. Buss, 506 F.3d 576 (7th Cir. 2007).
16. George J. Stigler, “The Theory of Economic Regulation,” 2 Bell J.Econ. & Mgmt. Sci. 4–6 (1971).
17. Douglass C. North, Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 3.
18. Brian Z. Tamanaha, Law as a Means to an End: The Threat to the Rule of Law(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 11–23.
19. Richard Posner, Economic Analysis of Law (New York: Aspen Publishers, 2003), 532.
20. Gallup, “Honesty/Ethics in Professions,” available at http://www.gallup.com/poll/1654/honesty-ethics-professions.aspx.
21. Jeffrey A. Segal and Harold J. Spaeth, The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
22. Stephen M. Bainbridge and G. Mitu Gulati, “How Do Judges Maximize? (The Same Way Everybody Else Does – Boundedly): Rules of Thumb in Securities Fraud Opinions,” 51 Emory L.J. 83 (2002).
23. Richard A. Posner, “What Do Judges and Justices Maximize? (The Same Thing Everybody Else Does),” 3 Sup. Ct. Econ. Rev. 1 (1993).
24. Donald P. Green and Ian Shapiro, Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory: A Critique of Applications in Political Science(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994).
25. James Q. Wilson, “The Politics of Regulation,” in The Politics of Regulation, ed. James Q. Wilson (New York: Basic Books, 1980), 360.
26. George J. Stigler, “The Theory of Economic Regulation,” 4–6.
27. Ruth Dupre, “‘If It’s Yellow, It Must be Butter’: Margarine Regulation in North America since 1886,” 59 J. Econ. Hist. 353 (1999).
28. Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action(Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1965).
29. Frank B. Cross, “The Judiciary and Public Choice,” 50 Hastings L.J. 355, 358–60 and nn. 15–17 (1999).
30. Posner, “What Do Judges and Justices Maximize,” at 20–21.
31. David Barnhizer, “‘On the Make’: Campaign Funding and the Corrupting of the American Judiciary,” 50 Cath. U.L. Rev.361, 393 (2001).
32. James H. Guterman and Errol E. Meidinger, In the Opinion of the Bar (Chicago: American Juricature Society, 1977);
33. Mark S. Cady and Jess R. Phelps, “Preserving the Delicate Balance Between Judicial Accountability and Independence: Merit Selection in the Post-White World,” 17 Cornell J.L. & Pub. Pol’y343, 376–78 (2008).
34. Kelley Armitage, “Denial Ain’t Just a River in Egypt: A Thorough Review of Judicial Elections, Merit Selection and the Role of State Judges in Society,” 29 Cap. U.L. Rev.625, 656 (2002);
35. Charles R. Ashman, The Finest Judges Money Can Buy(Los Angeles: Nash Publishing, 1973), 242.
36. ABA, Justice in Jeopardy: Report of the ABA Commission on the 21st Century Judiciary(Chicago: ABA, 2003), available at http://www.abanet.org/judind/jeopardy/pdf/report.pdf.
37. ABA and Federal Bar Association (FBA), Federal Judicial Pay Erosion: A Report on the Need for Reform(Washington, DC: ABA, 2001). State bars make similar efforts;
38. Gerald M. Edenfield, “On the Merits, Judges Deserve Decent Pay Raise,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, May 28, 2008.
39. ABA National Conference of State Trial Judges, A Survey of State Judicial Fringe Benefits(Williamsburg, VA: ABA, 1994).
40. ABA, Unfair Rapid Response to Unfair and Unjust Criticism of Judges, available at http://www.abanet.org/judind/toolkit/impartialcourts/RapidResponsePamphlet.pdf.
41. Lisa L. Milford, The Development of the ABA Judicial Code(Chicago: ABA, 1992), 3–8.
42. Doris Provine, Judging Credentials: Nonlawyer Judges and the Politics of Professionalism(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986).
43. Council of State Governments, Qualifications of Judges of State Appellate Courts and General Trial Courts, available at http://www.csg.org/pubs/Documents/QualificationsofJudgesofStateAppellateCourtsandGeneralTrialCourts.pdf.
44. Council of State Governments, Qualifications of Judges of State Appellate Courts.
45. ABA, Judicial Division, available at http://www.abanet.org/jd/membership.html.
46. American Judges Association, About, available at http://aja.ncsc.dni.us/htdocs/aboutaja.htm.
47. Frederick Schauer, “Incentives, Reputation, and the Inglorious Determinants of Judicial Behavior,” 68 U. Cin. L. Rev. 615, 627–31 (2000).
48. Richard A. Posner, How Judges Think(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008).
49. Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York: Basic Books, 1984).
50. Deborah R. Hensler, “Do We Need an Empirical Research Agenda on Judicial Independence?,” 72 S. Cal. L. Rev. 707, 721 (1999).
51. Philip L. DuBois, “Voting Cues in Nonpartisan Trial Court Elections: A Multivari-ate Assessment,” 18 L. & Soc. Rev. 395, 397 (1984);
52. Richard L. Hasen, “‘High Court Wrongly Elected’: A Public Choice Model of Judging and Its Implications for the Voting Rights Act,” 75 N.C. L. Rev. 1305, 1315–18 (1997).
53. Jonathan D. Glater, “In a Downturn More Act as Their Own Lawyers,” New York Times, April 9, 2009, A1.
54. Ronald Coase, “The Nature of the Firm,” 4 Economica386 (1937)
55. Oliver Williamson, “The New Institutional Economics: Taking Stock, Looking Ahead,” 38 Journal of Economic Literature595 (2000)
56. Empirical Studies in Institutional Change, eds. Lee J. Alston, Thrainn Eggertsson, and Douglass C. North (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)
57. North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, 4.
58. Charles W. Wolfram, “Toward a History of the Legalization of American Legal Ethics – II, The Modern Era,” 15 Geo. J. Legal Ethics205, 211 (2002).
59. Stephen McG. Bundy, “The Policy In Favor of Settlement in an Adversary System,” 44 Hastings L.J.1 and n. 21 (1992).
60. Lynn M. Lopucki, “Legal Culture, Legal Strategy, and the Law in Lawyers’ Heads,” 90 NW U. L. Rev.1498, 1501–02 (1999).
61. Charles B. Blackmar, “Judicial Activism,” 42 St. Louis U. L.J.753, 756 (1998).
62. Posner, How Judges Think, 41–56.
63. Benjamin N. Cardozo, The Nature of the Judicial Process(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1921);
64. Oliver Wendell Holmes, “The Path of the Law,” 10 Harv. L. Rev.457 (1897).
65. Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 68–69 (1932).
66. Bruce Shapiro, “Sleeping Lawyer Syndrome,” The Nation, Apr. 7, 1997, at 27–29 (quoting Judge Doug Shaver).
67. Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961).
68. Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963).
69. Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1 (1964).
70. Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400 (1965).
71. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
72. Miranda, 384 U.S. at 467–71.
73. Miranda, 384 U.S. at 479.
74. “Custodial Interrogations,” 35 Geo. L.J. Ann. Rev. Crim. Proc.162, 164 and n. 523
75. Miranda, 384 U.S. at 483–86.
76. Michigan v. Mosely, 423 U.S. 96 (1975).
77. Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 (1981).
78. Harris v. New York, 401 U.S. 222 (1971)
79. Mosely, 423 U.S. at 104.
80. Mosely, 423 U.S. at 112.
81. Mosely, 423 U.S. at 101 n. 7.
82. Anthony X. McDermott and H. Mitchell Caldwell, “Did He or Didn’t He? The Effect of Dickerson on the Post-Waiver Invocation Equation,” 69 U. Cin. L. Rev. 863, 896–97 (2001)
83. Berghuis v. Thompkins, 2010 WL 2160784, *8–9.
84. Jenkins v. Anderson, 447 U.S. 231, 238 (1980) (prearrest silence);
85. Fletcher v. Weir, 455 U.S. 603 (1982) (per curiam)
86. Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610 (1976).
87. State v. Juarez, 572 N.W. 2d 286, 290 (Minn. 1997).
88. Leslie A. Lunney, “The Erosion of Miranda: Stare Decisis Consequences,” 48 Cath. U. L. Rev. 727, 745–86 (1999).
89. Edwards, 451 U.S. at 479–80.
90. State v. Edwards, 594 P.2d 72, 77–78 (1979).
91. Edwards, 451 U.S. at 481–82.
92. “In Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96 (1975)
93. Susan R. Klein, “No Time for Silence,” 81 Tex. L. Rev. 1337, 1337–38 and n. 6 (2003).
94. Davis v. United States, 512 U.S. 452 (1994).
95. “Custodial Interrogations,” 177 n. 568.
96. Smith v. Illinois, 469 U.S. 91, 94–100 (1984).
97. Arizona v. Roberson, 486 U.S. 675, 680–88 (1988).
98. Roberson, 486 U.S. at 683.
99. Minnick v. Mississippi, 498 U.S. 146, 155–58 (1990).
100. Minnick, 498 U.S. at 152–56.
101. Watts v. Indiana, 338 U.S. 49, 59 (1949): “Any lawyer who has ever been called into a case after his client has ‘told all’ and turned any evidence he has over to the Government, knows how helpless he is to protect his client against the facts thus disclosed.”
102. Montejo v. Louisiana, 129 S.Ct. 2079, 2090 (2009).
103. Montejo, 556 U.S. at 13–16.
104. Alexandra Natapoff, “Speechless: The Silencing of Criminal Defendants,” 80 N.Y.U. L. Rev.1449, 1481 (2005).
105. Miranda, 384 U.S. at 439
106. Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428, 440 and n. 5 (2000)
107. Texas v. Cobb, 532 U.S. 162, 167–68 (2001).
108. Fare v. Michael C., 442 U.S. 707, 719 (1979).
109. Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478, 488 (1964) (quoting Watts v. Indiana, 338 U.S. 49, 59 (1949)) (Jackson, J., concurring in result);
110. Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412, 436 n. 5 (1986) (quoting same).
111. Louis Michael Seidman, “Brown and Miranda,” 80 Cal.L.Rev. 673, 734–35 (1992).
112. Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist Papers No. 83, ed. Clinton Rossiter (New York: AL Penguin, 1961), 499.
113. The Founders’ Constitution, eds. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 364.
114. John Adams, Diary Notes on the Right of Juries (Feb. 12, 1771), in 1 Legal Papers of John Adams, ed. L. Kinvin Wroth and Hiller B. Zobel (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965), 229.
115. Akhil Reed Amar, The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstruction (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), 278–79.
116. David J. Bodenhamer, Fair Trial (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 39–40.
117. Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 60–66 (1932).
118. Kenneth Katkin, “Incorporation of the Criminal Procedure Amendments: The View from the States,” 84 Neb. L. Rev.397, 460–63 (2005).
119. Albert W. Alschuler and Andrew G. Deiss, “A Brief History of the Criminal Jury in the United States,” 61 U. Chi. L. Rev. 867, 870 (1994).
120. Steven G. Calebresi and Sarah E. Agudo, “Individual Rights Under State Constitutions When the Fourteenth Amendment Was Ratified in 1868: What Rights Are Deeply Rooted in American History And Tradition?,” 87 Tex. L. Rev. 7, 76–77 (2008).
121. Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932).
122. Dan T. Carter, Scottsboro: A Tragedy of the American South (Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 1979), 11–20.
123. Hurtado v. California, 110 U.S. 516 (1884).
124. Powell, 287 U.S. at 67–69.
125. Bute v. Illinois, 333 U.S. 640, 660 (1948).
126. Norris v. Alabama, 294 U.S. 587 (1935).
127. Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 (1938).
128. Zerbst, 304 U.S. at 462–63.
129. Patton v. United States, 281 U.S. 276, 308 (1930)
130. Zerbst, 304 U.S. at 462–63.
131. Bettsv.Brady, 316 U.S. 455, 464–72 (1942).
132. Betts, 316 U.S. at 464–72.
133. Powell, 287 U.S. at 73.
134. Betts, 316 U.S. at 468–72.
135. Katkin, “Incorporation of the Criminal Procedure Amendments,” 461–63.
136. Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 344–45 (1963).
137. Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145, 148–56 (1968).
138. Felix Frankfurter and Thomas G. Corcoran, “Petty Federal Offenses and the Constitutional Guaranty of Trial by Jury,” 39 Harv. L. Rev. 917 (1926).
139. Cheff v. Schnackenberg, 384 U.S. 373 (1966).
140. Duncan, 391 U.S. at 159–62.
141. Callan v. Wilson, 127 U.S. 540, 555 (1888).
142. Schickv.United States, 195 U.S. 65 (1904).
143. Bruce P. Smith, “A New Verdict on Criminal Jury Trial in Antebellum America,” 59–63.
144. Amar, The Bill of Rights, 289–90.
145. Lewis v. United States, 518 U.S. 322 (1996)
146. Colleen P. Murphy, “The Narrowing of the Entitlement to Criminal Jury Trial,” 1997 Wisc. L. Rev. 133 (1997).
147. Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 U.S. 25, 37 (1972).
148. Argersinger v. Hamlin, 236 So.2d 442 (Fla. 1970).
149. Argersinger, 407 U.S. at 37.
150. Jack B. Weinstein, “The Role of Judges in a Government of, by, and for the People: Notes for the Fifty-Eighth Cardozo Lecture,” 30 Cardozo L. Rev. 1, 49–50 (2008).
151. Argersinger, 407 U.S. at 30.
152. David Cole, No Equal Justice (New York: The New Press, 1999), at 89.
153. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984).
154. Reece v. Georgia, 350 U.S. 85, 89–90 (1955)
155. Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 68–70 (1942)
156. McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759 (1970)
157. United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648 (1984).
158. Note, “Identifying and Remedying Ineffective Assistance of Criminal Defense Counsel: A New Look After United States v. Decoster,” 93 Harv. L. Rev. 752, 756–58 (1980).
159. Diggs v. Welch, 148 F.2d 667 (D.C. 1945).
160. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 671–77.
161. Massarov.United States, 538 U.S. 500, 504–05 (2003).
162. Eve Brensike Primus, “Structural Reform in Criminal Defense: Relocating Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claims,” 92 Cornell L. Rev.679 (2007).
163. Bruce Shapiro, “Sleeping Lawyer Syndrome,” The Nation, Apr. 7, 1997, at 27–29 (quoting Judge Doug Shaver).
164. McFarland v. State, 928 S.W. 2d 482, 506 n. 20 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).
165. Burdine v. Johnson, 262 F.3d 336, 341 (5th Cir. 2001);
166. Tippinsv.Walker, 77 F.3d 682, 687–90 (2nd Cir. l996).
167. Ira Mickenberg, “Drunk, Sleeping, and Incompetent Lawyers: Is It Possible to Keep Innocent People Off Death Row?,” 29 U. Dayton L. Rev.319, 323 (2004)
168. Jeffrey L. Kirchmeier, “Drink, Drugs, and Drowsiness: The Constitutional Right to Effective Assistance of Counsel and the Strickland Prejudice Requirement,” 75 Neb. L. Rev. 425, 426, 455–63 (1996).
169. Vanessa Merton, “What Do You Do When You Meet a Walking Violation of the Sixth Amendment if You’re Trying to Put That Lawyer’s Client in Jail?,” 69 Fordham L. Rev.997, 1023 and n. 69 (2000).
170. Stephanos Bibas, “The Psychology of Hindsight and After-the-Fact Review of Ineffective Assistance of Counsel,” 2004 Utah L. Rev.1 (2004).
171. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 692.
172. Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc., 515 U.S. 618, 624–25 (1995) (citations omitted).
173. Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp., 463 U.S. 60, 72 (1983) (citations and quotation marks omitted).
174. Henry Drinker, Legal Ethics (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1953), 23–24.
175. Karlinv.Culkin, 162 N.E. 487, 488–89 (N.Y. 1928) (Cardozo, C.J.).
176. Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 421 U.S. 773 (1975). Goldfarb will be discussed more fully in Chapter 6.
177. Valentine v. Chrestensen, 316 U.S. 52 (1942).
178. Virginia Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc., 425 U.S. 748, 765 (1976).
179. Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, 433 U.S. 350, 363–85 (1977).
180. Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association, 436 U.S. 447 (1978).
181. Ohralik, 436 U.S. at 460–61.
182. Bates, 433 U.S. at 368–72;
183. Zaudererv.Office of Disciplinary Counsel, 471 U.S. 626, 648 (1985).
184. Ohralik, 436 U.S. at 462.
185. Friedman v. Rogers, 440 U.S. 1 (1979) (false and misleading);
186. Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Human Relations Commission, 413 U.S. 376 (1973) (illegal activity).
187. 44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island, 517 U.S. 484, 504 (1996).
188. In re R.M.J., 455 U.S. 455 U.S. 191, 203 (1982).
189. Posadas de Puerto Rico Association v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico, 478 U.S. 328 (1986)
190. United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co., 509 U.S. 418 (1993)
191. 44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island, 517 U.S. 484, 516 (1996)
192. Eugene Volokh, “Freedom of Speech and Intellectual Property: Some Thoughts after Eldred, 44 Liquormart, and Bartnicki,” 40 Hous. L. Rev.697, 732–40 (2003).
193. Edenfield v. Fane, 507 U.S. 761 (1993).
194. Ohralik, 436 U.S. at 460–63.
195. Compare Edenfield, 507 U.S. at 768–73, with Ohralik, 436 U.S. at 460–63.
196. Edenfield, 507 U.S. at 774.
197. Peel v. Disciplinary Comm. of Illinois, 496 U.S. 91 (1990).
198. Ibanez v. Board of Accountancy, 512 U.S. 136 (1994).
199. In re R.M.J., 455 U.S. 191, 193–98, 205–206 (1982).
200. Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association, 486 U.S. 466, 473–78 (1988).
201. McHenry v. Florida Bar, 21 F.3d 1038 (1994).
202. Florida Bar v. Went For It, 515 U.S. 618 (1995).
203. Went for It, 515 U.S. at 624 (citing Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission of New York, 447 U.S. 557, 564–65 (1980)).
204. Went For It, 515 U.S. at 625.
205. Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp., 463 U.S. 60, 71–72 (1983).
206. Ohralik, 436 U.S. at 460–61.
207. In re R.M.J., 455 U.S. at 202
208. 44 Liquormart, 517 U.S. at 497.
209. Zauderer, 515 U.S. at 648.
210. Went For It, 515 U.S. at 625–34.
211. Kathleen M. Sullivan, “The Intersection of Free Speech and the Legal Profession: Constraints on Lawyers’ First Amendment Rights,” 67 Fordham L. Rev.569, 578–79 (1998).
212. Rust v. Sullivan, 500 U.S. 173 (1991).
213. Theodore W. Ruger, “Health Law’s Coherence Anxiety,” 96 Geo.L.J. 625, 643 (2008).
214. Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez, 531 U.S. 533 (2001).
215. Randall P. Bezanson and William G. Buss, “The Many Faces of Government Speech,” 86 Iowa L. Rev. 1377, 1383 (2001)
216. Joseph Blocher, “School Naming Rights and the First Amendment’s Perfect Storm,” 96 Georgetown L.J.1, 23 (2007).
217. Velazquez, 531 U.S. at 544.
218. Rust, 500 U.S. at 195.
219. Velazquez, 531 U.S. at 545.
220. United States v. American Library Association, Inc., 539 U.S. 194, 198–200 (2003).
221. Brown v. Legal Foundation of Washington, 538 U.S. 216 (2003).
222. Phillips v. Washington Legal Foundation, 524 U.S. 156, 172 (1998) (Souter, J., dissenting).
223. Brown, 538 U.S. at 220.
224. Washington Legal Foundation v. Massachusetts Bar Foundation, 993 F.2d 962, 975–76 (1st Cir. 1993), for a list of these cases.
225. Washington Legal Foundation v. Texas Equal Access to Justice Foundation, 94 F.3d 996 (1996).
226. Phillips v. Washington Legal Foundation, 524 U.S. 156 (1998).
227. Tarra L. Morris, “The Dog in the Manger, The First Twenty-Five Years of War on IOLTA,” 49 St. Louis U. L.J.605, 612–15 (2005).
228. Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV, 458 U.S. 419, 437 n. 15 (1982);
229. Phillips, 524 U.S. at 169–70 (discussing and citing Loretto for the same proposition).
230. Webb’s Fabulous Pharmacies, Inc. v. Beckwith, 449 U.S. 155 (1980).
231. PennCentral Transportation Company v. City of New York, 438 U.S. 104, 124 (1978).
232. Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 535 U.S. 302, 322–23 (2002).
233. Washington Legal Foundation v. Texas Equal Access to Justice Foundation, 86 F.Supp.2d 624, 643–47 (W.D. Tex. 2000).
234. Washington Legal Foundation v. Texas Equal Access to Justice Foundation, 270 F.3d 180, 186–89 (5th Cir. 2001).
235. Washington Legal Foundation v. Legal Foundation of Washington, 236 F.3d 1097, 1100–01 (9th Cir. 2001).
236. Washington Legal Foundation v. Legal Foundation of Washington, 271 F.3d 835, 854– 57 (9th Cir. 2001)(en banc).
237. Brown v. Legal Foundation of Washington, 538 U.S. 216 (2003).
238. Florida Bar, 515 U.S. at 624–25.
239. Brown, 538 U.S. at 235.
240. Washington Legal Foundation v. Legal Foundation of Washington, 271 F.3d 835, 843 (9th Cir. 2001)(en banc).
241. Brown, 538 U.S. at 234.
242. Loretto, 458 U.S. at 437 and n. 15
243. Brown, 538 U.S. at 238 n. 10.
244. Webb’s, 449 U.S. at 161–62.
245. Brown, 538 U.S. at 235–37.
246. Christopher Serkin, “Valuing Interest: Net Harm and Fair Market Value in Brown v. Legal Foundation of Washington,” 37 Ind. L. Rev.417, 421 (2004);
247. Ronald D. Rotunda, “Found Money: IOLTA, Brown v. Legal Foundation of Washington, and the Taking of Property Without the Payment of Compensation,” 2003 Cato Sup. Ct. Rev.245, 268 (2003)
248. S.F.C. Milsom, Historical Foundations of the Common Law, 2nd ed. (London: Butterworths, 1981), 11–25.
249. Paul Brand, The Making of the Common Law (London: Hambledon Press, 1990), 135–68.
250. Theodore Plucknett, A Concise History of the Common Law, 5th ed. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1956), 223.
251. J. H. Baker, An Introduction to English Legal History, 4th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 155–56.
252. lucknett, A Concise History of the Common Law, 223–24.
253. Baker, An Introduction to English Legal History, 155.
254. Margaret McGlynn, The Royal Prerogative and the Learning of the Inns of Court(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
255. W. S. Holdsworth, History of English Law, Volume 2 (London: Metlmen & Co., 1922), 318.
256. Brand, The Making of the Common Law, 1–20.
257. Jay F. Alexander, “Legal Careers in Eighteenth Century America,” in The Legal Profession, Major Historical Interpretations, ed. Kermit L. Hall (New York: Garland, 1987), 2–9.
258. Bruce Frohnen, “The Bases of Professional Responsibility: Pluralism and Community in Early America,” 63 Geo. Wash. L. Rev.931, 931–38 (1995).
259. Edward P. Weeks, A Treatise on Attorneys and Counsellors at Law(San Francisco: Bancroft-Whitney Co., 1892), 144–223.
260. Fannie M. Farmer, “Legal Practice and Ethics in North Carolina 1820–1860,” in The Legal Profession, Major Historical Interpretations, ed. Kermit L. Hall (New York: Garland, 1987), 274, 350, and n. 101.
261. Anton-Hermann Chroust, The Rise of the Legal Profession in America, Volume 2 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965), 146.
262. Roscoe Pound, The Lawyer from Antiquity to Modern Times (St. Paul, MN: West Publishing, 1953), 191–92.
263. Chroust, The Rise of the Legal Profession, 201.
264. Maxwell Bloomfield, “Law vs. Politics: The Self-Image of the American Bar (1830– 1860),” 12 Am. J. Leg. Hist.306, 307–08 (1968).
265. Charles W. Wolfram, “Toward a History of the Legalization of American Legal Ethics – I. Origins,” 8 U. Chi. L. Sch. Roundtable469, 471, and n. 14 (2001).
266. Morton J. Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 1780–1860 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977), 140–59.
267. Robert Stevens, Law School: Legal Education in America from the 1850s to the 1980s(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983), 7–10.
268. Alfred Z. Reed, Training for the Public Profession of the Law (New York: Carnegie Foundation, 1921), 87–88.
269. Pound, The Lawyer from Antiquity to Modern Times, 227–28.
270. Joanna M. Shepherd, “Money, Politics, and Impartial Justice,” 58 Duke L.J. 623, 631–32 (2009).
271. Charles Warren, A History of the American Bar (New York: Howard Fertig, 1966), 508–39.
272. Edwin Arthur Miles, Jacksonian Democracy in Mississippi (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1960), 42.
273. Bloomfield, “Law vs. Politics,” 307.
274. W. Raymond Blackard, “The Demoralization of the Legal Profession in Nineteenth Century America,” 16 Tenn. L. Rev. 314 (1940).
275. Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law, 2nd ed. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985), 648–52.
276. Reed, Training for the Public Profession of the Law, 220.
277. Friedman, A History of American Law, 649–50.
278. W. Hamilton Bryson and E. Lee Shepard, “The Virginia Bar, 1870–1900,” in The New High Priests: Lawyers in Post-Civil War America, ed. Gerald W. Gawalt (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985), 171–72.
279. Edson R. Sunderland, History of the American Bar Association and Its Work (Chicago: American Bar Association, 1953), 72–73.
280. Bryson and Shepard, “The Virginia Bar, 1870–1900,” 171–72.
281. Thomas M. Alpert, “The Inherent Power of the Courts to Regulate the Practice of Law: An Historical Analysis,” 2 Buff. L. Rev. 523, 537 (1983).
282. In re Day, 54 N.E. 646 (1899).
283. Blewett Lee, “The Constitutional Power of the Courts over Admission to the Bar,” 13 Harv. L. Rev.31 (1899).
284. In re Day, 54 N.E. at 648.
285. C.W. Brooks, Pettyfoggers and Vipers of the Commonwealth(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 138–39
286. Reed, Training for the Public Profession of the Law, 11.
287. In re Day, 54 N.E. at 652–53.
288. In re Bailey, 248 P. 29, 30 (Ariz. 1926)
289. Ayres v. Hadaway, 6 N.W.2d 905, 908 (Mich. 1942)
290. Alpert, “The Inherent Power of the Courts to Regulate the Practice of Law,” 539–40.
291. Lee, “The Constitutional Power of the Courts over Admission to the Bar,” 234–35.
292. Glenn R. Winters, The Unified Bar in the United States (Chicago: American Judicature Society, 1973), 5.
293. In re Integration of State Bar of Oklahoma, 95 P.2d 113, 113 (Okla. 1939).
294. Henry M. Dowling, “The Inherent Power of the Judiciary,” 21 ABA J.635, 636–37 (1935).
295. Hendryx v. State, 29 N.E. 1131 (Ind. 1892).
296. Terry Radtke, “The Last Stage of Professionalizing the Bar: The Wisconsin Bar Integration Movement, 1934–1956,” 81 Marq. L. Rev.1001, 1001 (1998).
297. Application of the Montana Bar Association, 368 P.2d 158, 162 (Mont. 1962) In re Integration of the Nebraska State Bar Association, 275 N.W. 265, 267–68 (Neb. 1937) (approving integration because “the court has an immediate interest in the character of the bar, for the court’s own sake”);
298. Petition of the Florida State Bar Association, 40 So. 2d 902, 908–09 (Fla. 1949) (same).
299. Winters, The Unified Bar in the United States, 4–5.
300. Dayton D. McKean, The Integrated Bar (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1963), 46–49;
301. In re Integration of State Bar of Oklahoma, 95 P.2d 113 (Okla. 1939).
302. McKean, The Integrated Bar, 49–50.
303. Benjamin H. Barton, “An Institutional Analysis of Lawyer Regulation – Who Should Control Lawyer Regulation, Courts, Legislatures or the Market,” 37 Ga. L. Rev.1167, 1208–09 (2003).
304. Susan A. Martyn, “Lawyer Competence and Lawyer Discipline: Beyond the Bar?,” 69 Geo. L.J.705, 707 (1981);
305. Nancy J. Moore, “The Usefulness of Ethical Codes,” 1989 Ann. Surv. Am. L. 7, 14–16 (1989).
306. Stevens, Law School, 25.
307. Kermit L. Hall, The Magic Mirror: Law in American History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 215.
308. Jerold S. Auerbach, Unequal Justice (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 94.
309. Richard L. Abel, American Lawyers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 40–73.
310. Barton, “The ABA, the Rules and Professionalism,” 430–33;
311. Auerbach, Unequal Justice, 46–50.
312. ABA, “Association’s House of Delegates Meets in Dallas, August 11–13,” 55 ABA J.970 (1969).
313. Samuel J. Levine, “Taking Ethics Codes Seriously,” 77 Tul. L. Rev. 527, 531 (2003).
314. Ted Schneyer, “Professionalism as Bar Politics: the Making of the Model Rules of Professional Conduct,” 14 L. & Soc. Inquiry677, 702–24 (1989).
315. Finman and Schneyer, “The Role of Bar Association Ethics Opinions in Regulating Lawyer Conduct,” 83–88.
316. Barton, “The ABA, The Rules, and Professionalism,” 433–34.
317. Peter A. Joy, “Making Ethics Opinions Meaningful: Toward More Effective Regulation of Lawyers’ Conduct,” 15 Geo. J. Legal Ethics313, 314 (2002).
318. Deborah L. Rhode, In the Interests of Justice: Reforming the Legal Profession (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 158–61.
319. Disciplinary Enforcement, Lawyer Regulation for a New Century(Chicago: American Bar Association, 1992), 12–16.
320. American Medical Association v. United States, 317 U.S. 519 (1943).
321. FTC v. Raladam Co., 283 U.S. 643, 653 (1931) (medical practitioners “follow a profession and not a trade”);
322. Federal Baseball Club v. National League of Professional Baseball Clubs, 259 U.S. 200, 209 (1922) (lawyers arguing cases are not engaged in commerce).
323. Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 421 U.S. 773 (1975).
324. Hoover v. Ronwin, 466 U.S. 558 (1984).
325. Ronwin v. State Bar of Arizona, 686 F.2d 692, 696–97 (9th Cir. 1982).
326. Hoover, 466 U.S. at 568–74.
327. Lawline v. American Bar Association, 956 F.2d 1378, 1383–85 (7th Cir. 1992).
328. Massachusetts School of Law at Andover, Inc. v. American Bar Association, 107 F.3d 1026, 1035–37 (3rd Cir. 1997);
329. Staver v. American Bar Association, 169 F. Supp. 2d 1372, 1380 n. 7
330. United States v. ABA, 934 F. Supp. 435 (D.D.C. 1996).
331. Thomas O. Barnett, “Interoperability Between Antitrust and Intellectual Property,” 14 Geo. Mason L. Rev. 859, 869 (2007).
332. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1991), 137.
333. S. David Young, The Rule of Experts: Occupational Licensing in America (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 1987).
334. Eliot Friedson, Professionalism Reborn: Theory, Prophecy, and Policy(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994).
335. Clark J. Lee, “Federal Regulation of Hospital Resident Work Hours: Enforcement with Real Teeth,” 9 J. Health Care L. & Pol’y162 (2006).
336. Symposium, “Judicial Independence and Accountability Symposium,” 72 S. Cal. L. Rev.311 (1999).
337. Einer R. Elhauge, “Does Interest Group Theory Justify More Intrusive Review?,” 101 Yale L.J.31, 44–48 (1991).
338. Lathrop v. Donahue, 367 U.S. 820, 824–25 (1961).
339. United States v. Grace, 461 U.S. 171, 183 (1983)
340. Deborah L. Rhode, In the Interests of Justice: Reforming the Legal Profession (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 158–65.
341. Arizona Commission on Judicial Performance Review, Voter Information Guide(Phoenix: State of Arizona, 2000).
342. Rhode, In the Interests of Justice, 159–60.
343. Jewish Home and Infirmary of Rochester, New York, Inc. v. Commissioner of New York State Department of Health, 640 N.E.2d 125, 130 (N.Y. 1994)
344. Rose v. Council for Better Education, 790 S.W.2d 186, 211 (Ky. 1989)
345. Lanier v. State, 635 So. 2d 813, 819 (Miss. 1994) (refusing to “engage in judicial legislating in order to circumvent the statutory scheme”);
346. Phillips v. Duro-Last Roofing, Inc., 806 P.2d 834, 836–37 (Wyo. 1991) (avoiding the opportunity to “engage in comprehensive judicial legislating”).
347. Richard A. Posner, The Federal Courts: Crisis And Reform, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 53–124;
348. ABA Committee on Standards of Judicial Administration, Standards Relating to Appellate Delay Reduction(Chicago: American Bar Association, 1988), 11.
349. Charles W. Wolfram, Legal Ethics (St. Paul, MN: West Publishing, 1986), 37.
350. Rhode, In the Interests of Justice, 158–65.
351. Susan P. Koniak and George M. Cohen, “Under Cloak of Settlement,” 82 Va.L.Rev. 1051, 1121 (1996).
352. Lisa J. Frisella et al., “State Bar of California,” 17 Cal.Reg. L. Rep. 203, 205 (2000).
353. John P. Sahl, “The Public Hazard of Lawyer Self-Regulation: Learning from Ohio’s Struggle to Reform its Disciplinary System,” 68 U. Cin. L. Rev. 65, 108 (1999).
354. Rhode, In the Interests of Justice, 159–60.
355. National Conference of State Legislatures, State Legislators’ Occupations (Washington, DC: National Conference of State Legislators, 1996), 11.
356. Luntz Research Companies, Language of the 21st Century(Alexandria, VA: Luntz Research Co., 1997), 128.
357. Charles Aycock, “President’s Opinion,” 63 Tex. B.J. 430 (2000).
358. Jonathan Rose, “Unauthorized Practice of Law in Arizona: A Legal and Political Problem That Won’t Go Away,” 34 Ariz. St. L.J.585 (2002).
359. Kentucky Supreme Court in Turner v. Kentucky Bar Association, 980 S.W.2d 560 (Ky. 1998).
360. Fears v. Virginia State Bar, 2000 WL 249247 (Va. Cir. Ct. Mar. 1, 2000).
361. John A. Devault, “First, Let’s Put the Lawyers Under the Legislature,” Fla. B. J., January 1996, at 8;
362. F. Raymond Marks and Darlene Cathcart, “Discipline Within the Legal Profession: Is It Self-Regulation?,” 1974 U. Ill. L.F.193, 194 (1974).
363. Tamara Hall, “Senate Bill 1413: The Answer to Senate Bill 60 Plebiscite and Its Constitutionality Under the Inherent Powers Doctrine,” 27 Golden Gate U. L. Rev.601
364. Frisella, “State Bar of California,” 203–05.
365. Benjamin H. Barton, “An Institutional Analysis of Lawyer Regulation – Who Should Control Lawyer Regulation, Courts, Legislatures, or the Market?,” 37 Ga. L. Rev. 1167-1250 (2003).
366. Simon Rottenberg, “Introduction,” in Occupational Licensure and Regulation, ed. Simon Rottenberg (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1980), 5.
367. Deborah J. Merritt et al., “Raising the Bar: A Social Science Critique of Recent Increases to Passing Scores on the Bar Exam,” 69 U. Cinc. L. Rev. 929, 929 (2001).
368. Lorenzo A. Trujillo, “The Relationship Between Law School and the Bar Exam: A Look at Assessment and Student Success,” 78 U. Colo. L. Rev. 69, 80–81 (2007);
369. Warren E. Burger, “The Special Skills of Advocacy: Are Specialized Training and Certification of Advocates Essential to Our System of Justice?,” 42 Fordham L. Rev. 227, 234 (1973).
370. ABA Standing Committee on Lawyers’ Professional Liability, Profile of Legal Malpractice Claims: 2000–2003(Chicago: American Bar Association, 2005), 16.
371. ABA Section of Legal Education & Admissions to the Bar, Standards for Approval of Law School, available at http://www.abanet.org/legaled/standards/standards.html.
372. AALS, AALS Handbook: Membership Requirements, available at http://www.aals.org/about handbook requirements.php.
373. Susan Sturm and Lani Guinier, “The Law School Matrix: Reforming Legal Education in a Culture of Competition and Conformity,” 60 Vand. L. Rev.515 (2007).
374. Robert W. Gordon, “The Geologic Strata of the Law School Curriculum,” 60 Vand. L. Rev. 339 (2007).
375. George Anastaplo, “Legal Education, Economics, and Law School Governance: Explorations,” 46 S.D. L. Rev. 102 (2001).
376. Louise Story, “Bye Bye B-School,” New York Times, September 16, 2007, at F1.
377. Robert H. Jansen and James A. Yunker, “AACSB Mission-Linked Standards: Effects on the Accreditation Process: Doing Things the Hard Way – Problems with Mission-Linked AACSB Accreditation Standards and Suggestions for Improvement,” 75 J. Ed. Bus. 343 (2000).
378. George C. Harris and Derek F. Foran, “The Ethics of Middle-Class Access to Legal Services and What We Can Learn from the Medical Profession’s Shift to a Corporate Paradigm,” 70 Fordham L. Rev. 775 (2001).
379. Deborah L. Rhode, “Access to Justice: Again, Still,” 73 Fordham L. Rev. 1013 (2004).
380. Daria Roithmayer, “Barriers to Entry: A Market Lock-In Model of Discrimination,” 86 Va. L. Rev.759 (2000).
381. Robert Denney, “What’s Hot and What’s Not in the Legal Profession,” Law Practice, January/February 2005, 13.
382. Deborah L. Rhode, Access to Justice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
383. Carolyn D. Schwartz, “Pro Se Divorce Litigants,” 42 Family Court Rev. 655 (2004).
384. John A. Sebert, “The Cost and Financing of Legal Education,” 52 J.Legal Educ. 516 (2002).
385. Edward Rubin, “Should Law Schools Support Faculty Research?,” 17 J.L.& Con-temp. Legal Issues139, 146–47 and n. 18 (2008).
386. Young, “The Rule of Experts,” 51–52.
387. Lisa G. Lerman, “What Needs Fixing? The Slippery Slope From Ambition to Greed to Dishonesty: Lawyers, Money, and Professional Integrity,” 30 Hofstra L. Rev. 879 (2002).
388. ABA, ABA Model Code of Professional Responsibility (Chicago: ABA, 1983), EC 1–2
389. ABA Commission on Professionalism, In the Spirit of Public Service: A Blueprint for the Rekindling of Lawyer Professionalism(Chicago: ABA, 1986), 10;
390. In re Schwartz, 862 P.2d 215, 218 (Ariz. 1993);
391. In re Ruffalo, 390 U.S. 544, 550 (1968) (noting that disbarment is “designed to protect the public”);
392. In re Agostini, 632 A.2d 80, 81 (Del. 1993).
393. Joseph R. Julin, “The Legal Profession: Education and Entry,” in Regulating the Professions, A Public Policy Symposium, eds. Roger D. Blair and Stephen Rubin (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1980), 204.
394. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2008–09, available at http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos053.htm.
395. Catherine G. O’Grady, “Preparing Students for the Profession: Clinical Education, Collaborative Pedagogy, and the Realities of Practice for the New Lawyer,” 4 Clinical L. Rev. 485, 495 (1998).
396. Association of Corporate Counsel, ACC Value Challenge, available at http://www.acc.com/advocacy/valuechallenge/index.cfm.
397. Gregory C. Sisk et al., “Charting the Influences on the Judicial Mind: An Empirical Study of Judicial Reasoning,” 73 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1377, 1483–85 (1998).
398. Deborah L. Rhode, “Access to Justice,” 1806 and n. 119 (2001) with the judicial pleasure in a well litigated case.
399. Charles E. Ramos and Alvin K. Hellerstein, “A View from the Judiciary,” 5 Fordham J. Corp. & Fin. L. 129, 139 (2000).
400. In re Bailey, 248 P. 29, 30 (Ariz. 1926);
401. ExParte Steckler, 154 So. 41, 45 (La. 1934);
402. In re Sparks, 101 S.W.2d 194, 197 (Ky. Ct. App. 1936);
403. Ayres v. Hadaway, 6 N.W.2d 905, 908 (Mich. 1942)
404. Application of the Montana Bar Ass’n, 368 P.2d 158, 162 (Mont. 1962);
405. In re Integration of the Nebraska State Bar Association, 275 N.W. 265, 267–68 (Neb. 1937).
406. John A. Matzko, “The Best Men of the Bar: The Founding of the American Bar Association,” in The New High Priests: Lawyers in Post-Civil War America, ed. Gerald W. Gawalt (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985), 75–90.
407. Rodney L. Mott et al., “Judicial Personnel,” in Judicial Behavior: A Reader in Theory and Research, ed. Glendon Shubert (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1964), 205.
408. Jerold S. Auerbach, Unequal Justice (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 102–29.
409. Karlinv.Culkin, 162 N.E. 487, 488–89 (N.Y. 1928).
410. Stephen Gillers, “What We Talked About When We Talked About Ethics: A Critical View of the Model Rules,” 46 Ohio State L. J.243, 255–56 (1985).
411. ABA Center for Professional Responsibility, Lawyer Regulation for a New Century: Report of the Commission on Evaluation of Disciplinary Enforcement(Chicago: ABA, 1992), 11–14.
412. ABA, Model Code Of Professional Responsibility(1983), available at http://www.law.cornell.edu/ethics/aba/mcpr/MCPR.HTM.
413. Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, 433 U.S. 350 (1977).
414. Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 421 U.S. 773 (1975).
415. Supreme Court of New Hampshire v. Piper, 470 U.S. 274 (1985).
416. Lester Brickman, “ABA Regulation of Contingency Fees: Money Talks, Ethics Walks,” 65 Ford. L. Rev.247, 252–54 (1996).
417. Deborah Rhode, In the Interests of Justice(Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press 2000);
418. Stephen Gillers, “What We Talked About When We Talked About Ethics: A Critical View of the Model Rules,” 46 Ohio St. L.J. 243 (1985);
419. William H. Simon, The Practice of Justice(Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1998).
420. Daniel R. Fischel, “Lawyers and Confidentiality,” 65 U.Chi. L. Rev. 1 (1998).
421. Kenneth J. Abdo and Jack P. Sahl, “Entertainment Law Ethics,” 22 Ent. & Sports Law.2, 3–4 (2004).
422. Wayne D. Brazil, “The Adversary Character of Civil Discovery: A Critique and Proposals for Change,” 31 Vand. L. Rev. 1295, 1343 (1978).
423. ABA Standing Committee on Professional Discipline, The Judicial Response to Lawyer Misconduct(Chicago: ABA, 1984), iii.
424. Clark v. Druckman, 624 S.E.2d 864, 869 (W.Va. 2005) (quoting McKenna Long & Aldridge, LLP v. Keller, 598 S.E.2d 892, 894 (Ga. 2004)).
425. North Bay Council, Inc. v. Bruckner, 563 A.2d 428, 430 (1989) (Souter, J.).
426. Wilburn Brewer, “Expert Witness Testimony in Legal Malpractice Cases,” 45 S.C. L. Rev.727, 757 (1994).
427. Meredith J. Duncan, “Legal Malpractice by any Other Name: Why a Breach of Fiduciary Claim Does not Smell as Sweet,” 34 Wake Forest L. Rev. 1137, 1143–44 (1999).
428. Barnes v. Everett, 95 S.W.3d 740, 744 (Ark. 2003).
429. Stephen E. McConnico et al., “Unresolved Problems in Texas Malpractice Law,” 36 St. Mary’s L.J.989, 1009 and n. 99 (2005).
430. Garretson v. Miller, 99 Cal. App. 4th 563, 568–69 (Cal. Ct. App. 2002).
431. Hoppev.Ranzini, 385 A.2d 913, 920 (N.J. 1978).
432. R. Todd Hogan and Franz Hardy, “Defending the Transactional Legal Malpractice Case: Trends and Considerations for Defense Counsel,” 73 Def. Couns. J.332, 333 and n. 3 (2006).
433. John Leubsdorf, “Legal Malpractice and Professional Responsibility,” 48 Rutgers L. Rev. 101, 148 (1995).
434. Joseph H. King, “Outlaws and Outlier Doctrines: The Serious Misconduct Bar in Tort Law,” 43 William and Mary L. Rev. 1011, 1030 (2002).
435. Meredith J. Duncan, “The (So-Called) Liability of Criminal Defense Attorneys: A System in Need of Reform,” 2002 B.Y.U. L. Rev. 1, 30–31 and n. 159 (2002).
436. Meredith J. Duncan, “Criminal Malpractice: A Lawyer’s Holiday,” 37 Ga. L. Rev. 1251, 1270–71 (2003).
437. David Cole, No Equal Justice: Race and Class in the American Criminal Justice System(New York: The New Press, 1999), 78.
438. King, “Outlaws and Outlier Doctrines: The Serious Misconduct Bar in Tort Law.”
439. Joseph H. King, “Reduction of Likelihood: Reformulation and Other Retrofitting of the Loss-of-Chance Doctrine,” 28 U. Memphis L. Rev. 491, 492 (1998).
440. Todd S. Aagard, “Identifying and Valuing the Injury in Lost Chance Cases,” 96 Mich. L. Rev. 1335, 1335 n. 5 (1998).
441. Roberts v. Ohio PermanenteMedical Group, Inc., 668 N.E.2d 480, 485 (Ohio 1996).
442. Polly A. Lord, “Loss of Chance in Legal Malpractice,” 61 Wash. L. Rev. 1479 (1986).
443. Daugert v. Pappas, 704 P.2d 600 (Wash. 1985);
444. Beatty v. Wood, 204 F.3d 713, 718–19 (7th Cir. 2000).
445. McConnico, “Unresolved Problems in Texas Malpractice Law,” 1009–10.
446. Ronald E. Mallen and Jeffrey M. Smith, Legal Malpractice, 5th ed. (St. Paul, MN: West Group, 2000), §30.41;
447. 7 Am. Jur. 2d, Attorneys at Law (St. Paul, MN: Thomson West, 2008), §201.
448. Mallen and Smith, Legal Malpractice, §32.8.
449. Kramer v. Lewisville Memorial Hospital, 858 S.W.2d 397, 406 (1993).
450. Kramer, 858 S.W.2d at 410 (Hightower, J., dissenting);
451. Hardy v. Southwestern Bell Telephone Co., 910 P.2d 1024, 1029 (Okla. 1996)
452. Daugert v. Pappas’ rejection of loss of chance for legal malpractice).
453. Perez v. Las Vegas Medical Center, 805 P.2d 589, 599 n. 5 (Nev. 1991) (Steffen, J., dissenting);
454. Dumas v. Cooney, 1 Cal. Rptr. 2d. 584, 593 (Cal. App. 1991) (noting that “the lost chance theory has troubling implications,” such as a possible application to lawyers).
455. Winterbottomv.Wright, 152 Eng. Rep. 402 (Ex. 1842).
456. National Savings Bank of District of Columbia v. Ward, 100 U.S. 195 (1879).
457. David G. Owen, “The Evolution of Products Liability Law,” 26 Review of Litigation955, 965–66 (2007).
458. John H. Bauman, “A Sense of Duty: Regulation of Lawyer Responsibility to Third Parties by the Tort System,” 37 S. Tex. L. Rev. 995, 1004–14 (1996);
459. Charles W. Wolfram, “A Cautionary Tale: Fiduciary Breach as Legal Malpractice,” 34 Hofstra L. Rev. 689, 695 (2006).
460. “Developments in the Law, Lawyers’ Responsibilities to the Client: Legal Malpractice and Tort Reform,” 107 Harv. L. Rev. 1557, 1560–61 (1994).
461. W. Jonathan Cardi, “Reconstructing Foreseeability,” 46 B.C. L. Rev. 921, 921–22 (2005).
462. Biakanja v. Irving, 320 P.2d 16, 19 (Cal. 1958).
463. Pelham v. Griesheimer, 440 N.E.2d 96, 100 (Ill. 1982);
464. Schreinerv.Scoville, 410 N.W. 2d 679 (Iowa 1987).
465. Williams v. Ely, 668 N.E.2d 799, 805 (1996).
466. Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers §51 comment f and Reporter’s Notes.
467. Jay M. Feinman, “Liability of Accountants for Negligent Auditing: Doctrine, Policy, and Ideology,” 31 Fla. State L. Rev. 17, 20 (2003).
468. Dale L. Moore, “Disparate Treatment of the Allocation of Power Between Judge and Jury in Legal and Malpractice Cases,” 61 Temp. L. Rev. 353, 358–72 (1988).
469. Gregory G. Sarno, Annotation, “Liability of Physician, for Injury to or Death of Third Party, Due to Failure to Disclose Driving-Related Impediment,” 43 A.L.R. 4th153 (1986).
470. Tarasoffv.Regents of University of California, 551 P.2d 334 (Cal. 1976).
471. Seibel v. City & County of Honolulu, 602 P.2d 532 (Haw. 1979);
472. Hawkins v. King County Department of Rehabilitation Services, 602 P.2d 361 (Wash. App. 1979).
473. MacPherson v. Buick Motor, 111 N.E. 1050 (N.Y. 1916);
474. Murray H. Wright and Edward E. Nicholas, III, “The Collision of Tort and Contract in the Construction Industry,” 21 U. Rich. L. Rev.457, 465–67 (1987) (noting rapid acceptance of Mac-Pherson).
475. Martin L. Fried, “The Disappointed Heir: Going Beyond the Probate Process to Remedy Wrongdoing or Rectify Mistake,” 39 Real Prop. Prob. & Tr. J. 357, 384 (2004).
476. Melvin A. Eisenberg, “Third-Party Beneficiaries,” 92 Colum. L. Rev. 1358 (1992).
477. Noble v. Bruce, 709 A.2d 1264, 1270 (Md. 1998).
478. Robinson v. Benton, 842 So. 2d 631, 636–37 (Ala. 2002) (quoting Barcelo v. Elliott, 923 S.W.2d 575, 577–79 (Tex. 1996)).
479. Winterbottom, 152 Eng. Rep. at 402; MacPherson, 111 N.E. at 1058.
480. Benjamin H. Barton, “Tort Reform, Innovation, and Playground Design,” 58 Fla. L. Rev. 265, 274–77 (2006).
481. Marc R. Greenough, “The Inadmissibility of Professional Ethical Standards in Legal Malpractice Actions after Hizey v. Carpenter,” 68 Wash. L. Rev. 395, 400 (1993).
482. Evans v. Dickstein, 2005 WL 1160621, at *1 (Mich. App., May 17, 2005)
483. Beattie v. Firnschild, 394 N.W. 2d 107, 109 (1986)).
484. Ex parteToler, 710 So.2d 415, 416 (Ala. 1998);
485. Orsiniv.Larry Moyer Trucking, Inc., 833 S.W.2d 366, 369 (Ark. 1992);
486. Hizey v. Carpenter, 830 P.2d 646, 653–54 (Wash. 1992).
487. Krischbaum v. Dillon, 567 N.E.2d 1291 (Ohio 1991).
488. Susan S. Fortney and Vincent R. Johnson, Legal Malpractice Law(St. Paul, MN: Thomson/West, 2008), 181–83.
489. David J. Meiselman, Attorney Malpractice: Law and Procedure(Rochester, NY: The Lawyers Co-Operative Publishing Co., 1980), 55–63.
490. O’Connell v. Bean, 556 S.E.2d 741, 742–73 (Va. 2002).
491. Anand v. Allison, 55 Va. Cir. 261 (Va. Cir. Ct. 2001).
492. Fitzgerald v. Walker, 826 P.2d 1301, 1305 (Idaho 1992).
493. Douglas v. Delp, 987 S.W.2d 879, 885 (Tex. 1999).
494. Long-Russell v. Hampe, 39 P.3d 1015, 1016–17 (Wyo. 2002).
495. Neil Vidmar, Medical Malpractice and the American Jury (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997), 253–54.
496. Nicole A. Cunitz, “Mandatory Malpractice Insurance for Lawyers: Is There a Possibility of Public Protection Without Compulsion?,” 8 Geo. J. Legal Ethics637, 658 (1995).
497. Broadnax v. Gonzalez, 809 N.E.2d 645 (N.Y. 2004);
498. Carey v. Lovett, 622 A.2d 1279 (N.J. 1993).
499. Perry-Rogers v. Obasaju, 723 N.Y.S.2d 28 (N.Y. App. Div. 2001)
500. Fasano v. Nash, 723 N.Y.S.2d 181 (N.Y. App. Div. 2001).
501. Philip K. Howard, Life Without Lawyers(New York: W. W. Norton, 2009);
502. Philip K. Howard, Death of Common Sense(New York: Warner Books, 1996).
503. Black’s Law Dictionary, 8th ed. (St. Paul, MN: West, 2004), 977–78.
504. Cottman v. Cottman, 468 A.2d 131, 136 (Md. App. 1983);
505. Laing v. Shanberg, 13 F.Supp.2d 1186, 1189 (D. Kan. 1998).
506. Friedbergv.Cox, 197 Cal.App.3d 381, 386–387 (1987).
507. Cottman, 468 A.2d at 136 (Md. App. 1983).
508. Moffit v. Litteral, 2002 WL 31105394, *9 (Ohio App. 2002).
509. Lucero v. Stewart, 892 F.2d 52 (9th Cir. 1989);
510. SheldonAppel Co. v. Albert & Oliker, 765 P.2d 498 (Cal. 1989);
511. Wilson v. Hayes, 464 N.W.2d 250 (Iowa 1990).
512. Melksin v. Howard HannaCo., Inc., 590 A.2d 1303, 1306 (Pa. Super. 1991) (quoting 52 Am. Jur. 2d Malicious Prosecution §64 (1970)).
513. Wilson v. Hayes, 464 N.W.2d 250 (Iowa 1990);
514. Nelson v. Miller, 607 P.2d 438 (Kan. 1980);
515. Prewitt v. Sexton, 777 S.W.2d 891 (Ky. 1989);
516. Gaar v. North Myrtle Beach Realty Co., 339 S.E.2d 887 (S.C. Ct. App. 1986).
517. Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers §57, comment d.
518. Restatement (Second) of Torts §674, comment d.
519. Hartmanv.Moore, 547 U.S. 250, 261–62 (2006) (citing Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 431 (1976)).
520. Hartman, 547 U.S. at 262 n. 8 (citing Buckley v. Fitzsimmons, 509 U.S. 259, 274–76 (1993);
521. Burns v. Reed, 500 U.S. 478, 492–95 (1991)).
522. Leslie E. Williams, “The Civil Regulation of Prosecutors,” 67 Ford. L. Rev. 3441, 3457–61 (1999).
523. Stump v. Sparkman, 435 U.S. 349 (1978).
524. Ashelman v. Pope, 793 F.2d 1072, 1078 (9th Cir. 1986);
525. Dykes v. Hosemann, 776 F.2d 942, 946 (11th Cir. 1985).
526. Eades v. Sterlinske, 810 F.2d 723, 726 (7th Cir. 1987).
527. Emory v. Peeler, 756 F.2d 1547 (11th Cir. 1985).
528. Holloway v. Walker, 765 F.2d 517, 523 (5th Cir. 1985).
529. Pierson v. Ray, 386 U.S. 547, 554 (1967) (quoting Scott v. Stansfield, L.R. 3 Ex. 220, 223 (1868)).
530. Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 427–428 (1976) (quoting Gregoire v. Biddle, 177 F.2d 579, 581 (2nd Cir. 1949)).
531. Clark v. Druckman, 624 S.E.2d 864, 869 (W.Va. 2005) (quoting McKenna, Long & Aldridge, LLP v. Keller, 598 S.E.2d 892, 894 (Ga. 2004)).
532. Douglas R. Richmond, “The Lawyer’s Litigation Privilege,” 31 Am. J.Trial Advocacy281, 283–87 (2007).
533. McClatchy Newspapers, Inc. v. Superior Court, 234 Cal. Rptr. 702, 707 (Ct. App. 1987).
534. Wentland v. Wass, 25 Cal. Rptr. 3d 109, 115 (Cal. Ct. App. 2005).
535. Paul T. Hayden, “Reconsidering the Litigator’s Absolute Privilege to Defame,” 54 Ohio St. L.J.985, 986 (1993).
536. Edward W. Cleary, McCormick’s Handbook of the Law of Evidence, 2nd ed. (St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co., 1972), §105, at 228.
537. Southern Scrap Material Co. v. Fleming, 2003 WL 21783318 (E.D. La. July 30, 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted).
538. Cavallarov.United States, 284 F.3d 236, 45 (1st Cir. 2002) (quoting John Henry Wig-more, Evidence in Trials at Common Law, vol. 8, revised by John T. McNaughton (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1961), §2292.
539. Edward J. Imwinkelried, The New Wigmore: A Treatise on Evidence, Evidentiary Privileges(New York: Aspen Publishers, 2002), §6.2.4.
540. In re Grand Jury Proceedings, 162 F.3d 554, 556–57 (9th Cir. 1998).
541. In re Allen, 106 F.3d 582, 600 (4th Cir. 1997).
542. United States v. Edwards, 303 F.3d 606, 618 (2002) (citing Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449 U.S. 383, 389 (1981)).
543. Southern Scrap Material Co. v. Fleming, 2003 WL 21783318 (E.D. La. July 30, 2003) (quoting Swindler & Berlin v. United States, 524 U.S. 399, 403 (1998)).
544. Sherbrookev.City of Pelican Rapids, 2006 WL 3227783 (D. Minn. November 7, 2006) (citing Lanza v. New York, 370 U.S. 139, 143–44 (1962)).
545. Fru-Con Construction Corp. v. Sacramento Municipal Utility District, 2006 WL 2255538 (E.D. Cal. August 7, 2006).
546. Lanza, 370 U.S. 139, 143–44 (1962).
547. Gould, Larson, Bennet, Wells and McDonnell, P.C.v.Panico, 869 A.2d 653, 656 (Conn. 2005) (quoting Clute v. Davenport Co., 118 F.R.D. 312, 314 (D. Conn. 1988)).
548. Clinton DeWitt, Privileged Communications Between Physician and Patient (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Press, 1958), 9–14.
549. Wigmore, Evidence, §2290.
550. Daniel W. Shuman, “The Origins of the Physician-Patient Privilege and Professional Secret,” 39 SW. L.J. 661, 671 (1985) (quoting Rex. v. Duchess of Kingston, 20 How. St. Tr. 355, 572–73 (1776)).
551. McCormick on Evidence, Volume 1, ed. John W. Strong (St. Paul, MN: West Publishing, 5th ed. 1999), §98, at 397–99.
552. Jaffee v. Redmond, 518 U.S. 1 (1998).
553. Arthur Best, Wigmore on Evidence, 2004 Cumulative Supplement (St. Paul, MN: West Publishing, 2005), §2380 at 1336–49 (listing states and statutes).
554. Kenneth S. Broun, “The Medical Privilege in the Federal Courts – Should it Matter Whether Your Ego or Your Elbow Hurts?,” 38 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 657 (2004).
555. David Weissbrodt et al., “Piercing the Confidentiality Veil: Physician Testimony in International Criminal Trials Against Perpetrators of Torture,” 15 Minn. J. Int’l L.43, 61 (2006).
556. Robin A. Rosenkrantz, “Rejecting ‘Hear No Evil, Speak No Evil:’ Expanding the Attorney’s Role in Child Abuse Reporting,” 8 Geo. J. Leg. Ethics327 (1995);
557. Arizona Department of Economic Sec. v. O’Neil, 901 P.2d 1226, 1227 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1995).
558. Ashley Saunders Lipton, “Know Your Testimonial Objections,” Trial, July, 2005.
559. Edward J. Imwinkelried, Evidentiary Foundations, 6th ed. (Newark, NJ: Lexis-Nexis/Matthew Bender, 2005), 291, 302.
560. Mary H. Mitchell, “Must Clergy Tell? Child Abuse Reporting Requirements Versus the Clergy Privilege and Free Exercise of Religion,” 71 Minn. L. Rev. 723, 735–36 (1987).
561. John J. Montone, “In Search of Forgiveness: State v. Szemple and the Priest-Penitent Privilege in New Jersey,” 48 Rutgers L. Rev. 263, 267–69 (1995).
562. Jacob M. Yellin, “The History and Current Status of the Clergy-Penitent Privilege,” 23 Santa Clara L. Rev. 95, 106–10 (1983).
563. Montone, “In Search of Forgiveness,” 283–86.
564. Couch v. United States, 409 U.S. 322, 335 (1973).
565. Imwinkelried, The New Wigmore, §6.2.4.
566. Jeffrey S. Nestler, “The Underprivileged Profession: The Case for Supreme Court Recognition of the Journalist’s Privilege,” 154 U. Pa. L. Rev.201 (2005).
567. Upjohn Co., 449 U.S. at 389.
568. Annesley v. Earl of Anglesea, 17 How. St. Tr. 1129 (Ex. 1743).
569. Greenough v. Gaskell, 39 Eng. Rep. 618, 621 (Ch. 1833).
570. Ronald J. Colombo, “Forgive Us Our Sins: The Inadequacies of the Clergy-Penitent Privilege,” 73 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 225 (1998).
571. Wigmore, Evidence, §2285.
572. Edward J. Imwinkelried, “Questioning the Behavioral Assumption Underlying Wigmorean Absolutism in the Law of Evidentiary Privileges,” 65 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 145 (2004).
573. Wigmore, Evidence, §2380a.
574. Edward W. Cleary, McCormick’s Handbook of the Law of Evidence, 2nd ed. (St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 1972), §105, at 228.
575. “The moment confidence ceases…privilege ceases.” In re San Juan DupontPlaza Hotel Fire Litigation, 859 F.2d 1007 (1st Cir. 1988) (quoting 8 Wigmore, Evidence, § 2311).
576. United States ex rel. Edney v. Smith, 425 F.Supp. 1038, 1046 (E.D.N.Y. 1976).
577. K.L. Group v. Case, Kay & Lynch, 829 F.2d 909 (9th Cir. 1987)
578. Transamerica, 573 F.2d at 649– 50.
579. United States v. Procter & Gamble Co., 356 U.S. 677, 682 (1958).
580. Sherman L. Cohn, “The Work-Product Doctrine: Protection, Not Privilege,” 71 Geo. L.J.917, 917–19 (1983).
581. Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495 (1947).
582. Walter P. Armstrong, “Report of the Advisory Committee on Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Recommending Amendments,” available at 5 F.R.D. 339, 354–55 (1945).
583. Hickman, 329 U.S. at 510–11.
584. Steven Lubet and Cathryn Stewart, “A ‘Public Assets’ Theory of Lawyers’ Pro Bono Obligations,” 145 U. Pa. L. Rev.1245, 1276–77 (1997).
585. Edward J. Imwinkelried, Evidentiary Foundations, 5th ed. (Newark, NJ: LexisNexis, 2002), 286–87.
586. Imwinkelried, Evidentiary Foundations, 279–80.
587. Alltmont v. United States, 177 F.2d 971, 976 (3rd Cir. 1949).
588. Lubet and Stewart, “A ‘Public Assets’ Theory,” 1276–77.
589. Hickman, 329 U.S. at 509.
590. 28 U.S.C. §§2071–2077 (2008).
591. Charles G. Geyh, “Paradise Lost, Paradigm Found: Redefining the Judiciary’s Imperiled Role in Congress,” 71 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1165, 1211–12 (1996).
592. Amy Coney Barrett, “Procedural Common Law,” 94 Va.L.Rev. 813, 842–78 (2008).
593. Gil Seinfeld, “Federal Courts as a Franchise: Rethinking the Justifications for Federal Question Jurisdiction, 97 Cal. L. Rev.95, 134–35 (2009).
594. Adrian Vermeule, “The Judicial Power in the State (and Federal) Courts,” 2000 Sup. Ct. Rev.357, 377–81 (2000).
595. Lynn A. Epstein, “The Technology Challenge: Lawyers Have Finally Entered the Race but Will Ethical Hurdles Slow the Pace?,” 28 Nova L. Rev. 721, 737–38 (2004).
596. Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure, Judicial Conference of the United States, Local Rules Project, Part I(Washington, DC: Judicial Conference of the United States, 1988), 1;
597. Gregory C. Sisk, “The Balkanization of Appellate Justice: The Proliferation of Local Rules in the Federal Circuits,” 68 U. Colo. L. Rev. 1, 61 (1997).
598. Seinfeld, “Federal Courts as a Franchise,” 136–46.
599. Cohen v. Lord, Day & Lord, 550 N.E.2d 410, 410–11 (N.Y. 1989).
600. Raymundo v. Hammond Clinic Association, 449 N.E.2d 276, 280–81 (Ind. 1983).
601. Joseph M. Perillo, “The Law of Lawyers’ Contracts Is Different,” 67 Fordham L. Rev.443 (1998).
602. Charles W. Wolfram, Modern Legal Ethics (St. Paul, MN: West Group, 1986), 545.
603. Perillo, “The Law of Lawyers’ Contracts,” 446–47.
604. Herbert M. Kritzer, “Advocacy and Rhetoric vs. Scholarship and Evidence in the Debate Over Contingency Fees: A Reply to Professor Brickman,” 82 Wash. U. L.Q.477, 480–81 (2004).
605. Barry E. Adler, “Efficient Breach Theory Through the Looking Glass,” 83 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1679, 1681 (2008).
606. Restatement (Third) of Law Governing Lawyers §37 (2000).
607. Perillo, “The Law of Lawyers’ Contracts,” 447.
608. Black’s Law Dictionary, 6th ed. (St. Paul, MN: West, 1990), 1313.
609. Alex B. Long, “Attorney-Client Fee Agreements That Offend Public Policy,” 61 S.C. L. Rev. 287 (2009).
610. Wilkins v. Carmichael, 99 Eng. Rep. 70, 72 (K.B. 1779)
611. John Leubsdorf, “Against Lawyer Retaining Liens,” 72 Fordham L. Rev. 849, 850–52 (2004).
612. Leubsdorf, “Against Lawyer Retaining Liens,” 852–53.
613. Jenkins v. Weinshienk, 670 F.2d 915, 920 (10th Cir. 1982);
614. Anthony v. Bitler, 911 F.Supp. 341, 343 (N.D. Ill. 1996);
615. Brauer v. Hotel Assocs., Inc., 192 A.2d 831, 835 (N.J. 1963);
616. Tri-Ex Enterprises v. Morgan Guaranty Trust Co., 583 F.Supp. 1116, 1117–18 (S.D.N.Y. 1984)).
617. Perillo, “The Law of Lawyers’ Contracts,” 467.
618. In re Meyer, 106 N.Y.S.2d 688, 693 (N.Y. Sup. 1951).
619. Jay M. Zitter, “Priority Between Attorney’s Charging Lien Against Judgment and Opposing Party’s Right of Setoff Against Same Judgment,” 27 A.L.R.5th764 (1995), §3.
620. Sinclair, Louis, Siegel, Heath, Nussbaum& Zavertnik, P.A.v.Baucom, 428 So.2d 1383, 1385 (Fla. 1983).
621. Compare Green v. Hocking, 9 F.3d 18 (6th Cir. 1993) with Paulemon v. Tobin, 30 F.3d 307 (2nd Cir. 1994).
622. Green, 9 F.3d at 20–21.
623. Heintz v. Jenkins, 514 U.S. 291, 294–95 (1995).
624. Goldstein v. Hutton, Ingram, Yuzek, Gainen, Carroll & Bertolotti, 374 F.3d 56, 62–63 (2nd Cir. 2004).
625. Schroyer v. Frankel, 197 F.3d 1170 (6th Cir. 1999).
626. Stojanovski v. Strobl and Manoogian, P.C., 783 F.Supp. 319, 322 (E.D. Mich. 1992).
627. Schroyer, 197 F.3d at 1176.
628. Mark D. Bauer, “The Licensed Professional Exemption in Consumer Protection: At Odds with Antitrust History and Precedent,” 73 Tenn. L. Rev. 131, 144–47 (2006).
629. Bauer, “The Licensed Professional Exemption in Consumer Protection,” 148–51.
630. AMAv.FTC, 638 F.2d 443, 445–46 (2nd Cir. 1980), affirmed per curiam by the Supreme Court, 455 U.S. 676 (1982).
631. Bauer, “The Licensed Professional Exemption in Consumer Protection,” 165–66.
632. Frahm v. Urkovich, 447 N.E.2d 1007, 1009 (Ill. Ct. App. 1983).
633. Cripe v. Leiter, 703 N.E.2d 100, 197 (1998).
634. Averillv.Cox, 761 A.2d 1083, 1088 (2000).
635. Vortv.Hollander, N.J. Super., 607 A.2d 1339 (1992).
636. Averill, 761 A.2d at 1086.
637. Beyers v. Richmond, 937 A.2d 1082, 1091–93 (Pa. 2007).
638. Beyers, 937 A.2d at 1085.
639. Short v. Demopolis, 691 P.2d 163, 168 (Wash. 1984).
640. Kesslerv.Loftus, 994 F.Supp. 240, 242–43 (D. Vt. 1997);
641. Updike, Kelly and Spellacy, PC v. Beckett, 850 A.2d 145 (Conn. 2004);
642. Nelson v. Ho, 564 N.W.2d 482, 486 (Mich. Ct. App. 1997);
643. Jamgochian v. Prousalis, 2000 WL 1610750 (Del. Super. Ct. 2000);
644. Proctor v. Chattanooga Orthopaedic Group, P.C., 270 S.W.3d 56 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008);
645. Reid v. Ayers, 531 S.E.2d 231, 236 (N.C. App. 2000).
646. Crowe v. Tull, 126 P.3d 196 (Colo. 2006).
647. Schultzv.BostonStanton, 198 P.3d 1253, 1256 (Colo. App. 2008).
648. JamesV.MazucaandAssociatesv.Schumann, 82 S.W.3d 90, 94 (Tex. App. 2002).
649. Macedo v. DelloRusso, 840 A.2d 238, 242 (N.J. 2004);
650. Reid v. Ayers, 531 S.E.2d 231, 235–36 (N.C. App. 2000).
651. Gerard Sinzdak, “An Analysis of Current Whistleblower Laws: Defending a More Flexible Approach to Reporting Requirements,” 96 Cal. L. Rev.1633, 1643 (2008).
652. Painter v. Graley, 639 N.E.2d 51, 57 n. 8 (Ohio 1994).
653. Alex B. Long, “Retaliatory Discharge and the Ethical Rules Governing Lawyers,” 79 U. Colo. L. Rev. 1043 (2008).
654. Murphy v. American Home Prods. Corp., 58 N.Y.2d 293, 300–01 (N.Y. 1983).
655. Wiederv.Skala, 80 N.Y.2d 628 (N.Y. 1992).
656. Sabetay v. Sterling Drug, Inc., 69 N.Y.2d 329 (N.Y. 1987).
657. Murphy, 58 N.Y.2d at 300–05.
658. Shearin v. E.F. HuttonGroup, Inc., 652 A.2d 578, 585–89 (Del. Ch. 1994).
659. Ballav.Gambro, Inc., 584 N.E.2d 104, 104–07 (Ill. 1991).
660. S. Reisinger, “Every Lawyer’s Nightmare,” Legal Times, Oct. 20, 2003, at 25;
661. Brett Lane, “Blowing the Whistle on Balla v. Gambro: The Emergence of an In House Counsel’s Cause of Action in Tort for Retaliatory Discharge,” 29 J. Legal Prof.235 (2005);
662. Cullen M. Godfrey, “The Revised Role of Lawyers After Sarbanes-Oxley,” 68 Tex. B.J.932 (2005).
663. General Dynamics Corp. v. Superior Court, 876 P.2d 487 (1994).
664. Kim T. Vu, “Conscripting Attorneys to Battle Corporate Fraud Without Shields or Armor? Reconsidering Retaliatory Discharge in Light of Sarbanes-Oxley,” 105 Mich. L. Rev. 209, 217 (2006).
665. Burkhart v. Semitool, Inc., 5 P.3d 1031, 1040–41 (Mont. 2000).
666. Spratley v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 78 P.3d 603 (Utah 2003);
667. Willy v. Administrative Review Board, 423 F.3d 483 (5th Cir. 2005);
668. O’Brien v. Stolt-Nielsen Transportation Group, Ltd., 838 A.2d 1076, 1080–82 (Conn. Super. Ct. 2003);
669. Crews v. Buckman Labs. Int’l, Inc., 78 S.W.3d 852 (Tenn. 2002);
670. Heckman v. Zurich Holding Co. of America, 242 F.R.D. 606 (D. Kan. 2007).
671. Lynn LoPucki, Courting Failure: How Competition for Big Cases Is Corrupting the Bankruptcy Courts(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005).
672. Lynn LoPucki and Joseph Doherty, “Routine Illegality in Bankruptcy Court Fee Practices,” available at http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/lopuckistudy.pdf.
673. George W. Kuney, “Unethical Protection? Model Rule 1.8(h) and Plan Releases of Professional Liability,” draft on file with author. Model Rule 1.8(h) states that a lawyer shall not “make an agreement prospectively limiting the lawyer’s liability to a client for malpractice unless the client is independently represented in making the agreement.”
674. LoPucki, Courting Failure, 19–24.
675. LoPucki and Doherty, “Routine Illegality in Bankruptcy Court Fee Practices,” 6–7.
676. LoPucki, Courting Failure, 18.
677. Howard B. Brownstein, “Fact or Fiction? Book Alleges Bankruptcy Court System Is Corrupt,” available at https://www.turnaround.org/Publications/Articles.aspx?objectID=4803.
678. Boyle v. Giral, 820 A.2d 561, 569 (D.C. 2003).
679. Black’s Law Dictionary, 6th ed. (St. Paul, MN: West Publishing, 1990), 387.
680. Superior Beverage Co. v. Owens-Illinois, 827 F.Supp. 477 (N.D. Ill. 1993);
681. In re Infant Formula Multidistrict Litigation, 2005 WL 2211312 (N.D. Fla. 2005).
682. Kevin M. Forde, “What Can a Court Do with Leftover Class Action Funds? Almost Anything!,” The Judges’ Journal, vol. 35, no. 3 (Summer 1996).
683. Van Gemert v. Boeing Co., 739 F.2d 730, 735–36 (2nd Cir. 1984). The same result has been reached in state courts;
684. State of California v. Levi Strauss & Co., 715 P.2d 564, 575 (Cal. 1986).
685. Charles Keckler, “Cy Presand Its Predators” (unpublished manuscript on file with author).
686. New York State Bar Association, Cy Presfor Civil Legal Services, available at http://www.nysba.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=2745&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm;
687. The Pennsylvania Legal Aid Network, The Pennsylvania Legal Aid Network & Cy Pres Awards, available at http://www.palegalservices.org/resource development/Cy%20Pres 1010.pdf.
688. Colorado Law, Clinic Receives Cy PresAward from Alumnus, available at http://lawweb.colorado.edu/news/showArticle.jsp?id=483.
689. Carrie Johnson, “Look Who’s Left Standing: Legal Penalties in Frauds Are Seldom Paid by Legal Advisors,” Washington Post, August 31, 2006.
690. J. Scott Dutcher, “From the Boardroom to the Cellblock: The Justifications for Harsher Punishment of White Collar Crime,” 37 Ariz. St. L.J.1295, 1314 (2005).
691. Bethany McLean and Peter Elkind, The Smartest Guys in the Room: The Amazing Rise and Scandalous Fall of Enron(New York: Penguin, 2003), 1–44.
692. Loren Fox, Enron: The Rise and Fall (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 70–89.
693. Milton C. Regan, “Teaching Enron,” 74 Fordham L. Rev. 1139, 1149–50 (2005).
694. Peter C. Fusaro and Ross M. Miller, What Went Wrong at Enron (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2002), 31–37.
695. Neal Newman, “Enron and the Special Purpose Entities – Use or Abuse? – The Real Problem – The Real Focus,” 13 Law & Bus. R. of the Americas97 (2007).
696. Newman, “Enron and the Special Purpose Entities,” 115–18.
697. Regan, “Teaching Enron,” 58–62.
698. Jim Yardley, “Enron’s Collapse: The Law Firm,” N.Y. Times, January 16, 2002.
699. Andrews & Kurth, “Firm History,” available at http://www.akllp.com/about-history.html.
700. Regan, “Teaching Enron,” at 1162–66.
701. R. T. McNamar, “Lawyers as Corporate Monitors,” in After Enron: Lessons for Public Policy, ed. William A. Niskanen (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005), 186.
702. Shaheen Pasha and Jessica Seid, “Lay and Skilling’s Day of Reckoning,” available at http://money.cnn.com/2006/05/25/news/newsmakers/enronverdict/index.htm.
703. Jonathan D. Glater, “10 Enron Players: Where They Ended After the Fall,” New York Times, January 29, 2006.
704. Associated Press, “Ex-Enron CEO Skilling Reports to Prison,” available at http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16189124/.
705. Jeffrey S. Kinsler, “Arthur Andersen and the Temple of Doom,” 37 SW. U.L.Rev. 97, 99–100 (2008).
706. Arthur Andersen LLP v. United States, 544 U.S. 696, 698–702 (2005).
707. Assaf Hamdani and Alon Klement, “Corporate Crime and Deterrence,” 61 Stan. L. Rev.271 (2007).
708. John Hasnas, “The Significant Meaninglessness of Arthur Andersen LLP v. United States,” 2005 Cato Sup. Ct. Rev.187, 192 and n. 31 (2005).
709. Lisa L. Casey, “Class Action Criminality,” J.Corp. L. 153, 236–37 (2008).
710. “Charges Dropped Against Andersen Accountant,” Houston Chronicle, December 16, 2005.
711. Arthur Andersen LLP v. United States, 544 U.S. 696, 699 (2005).
712. “Attorney Defends Andersen Lawyer Crucial to Verdict,” Houston Chronicle, June 16, 2002.
713. Richard A. Oppel, Jr., “Inquiry on Andersen Lawyer Is Urged by House Committee,” New York Times, December 18, 2002.
714. Kinsler, “Arthur Andersen and the Temple of Doom” at 97 and n. 1.
715. Kristen Hays, “Law Firm’s Settlement Is $18.5 Million,” Houston Chronicle, January 19, 2007.
716. Regan, “Teaching Enron,” 1155.
717. Regan, “Teaching Enron,” 1155.
718. Roger C. Crampton, “Enron and the Corporate Lawyer: A Primer on Legal and Ethical Issues,” 58 Bus. Lawyer143 (2002).
719. Deborah L. Rhode and Paul D. Paton, “Lawyers, Ethics, and Enron,” 8 Stan. J.L. Bus. & Finance9 (2002).
720. Brent J. Horton, “How Corporate Lawyers Escape Sarbanes-Oxley: Disparate Treatment in the Legislative Process,” 60 S. Car. L. Rev. 149, 175–78 (2008).
721. Carrie Johnson, “Look Who’s Left Standing: Legal Penalties in Frauds Are Seldom Paid by Legal Advisors,” Washington Post, August 31, 2006.
722. Dennis Jacobs, “The Secret Life of Judges,” 75 Fordham L. Rev. 2855 (2007).
723. Holmes v. Buss, 506 F.3d 576 (7th Cir. 2007, Posner, J.).
724. R. George Wright, “The Illusion of Simplicity: An Explanation of Why the Law Can’t Just Be Less Complex,” 27 Fla. St. U. L. Rev. 715 (2000).
725. Robert A. Kagan, Adversarial Legalism: The American Way of Law (Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press, 2001), 6–9 and Table 1.
726. Dennis Jacobs, “The Secret Life of Judges”;
727. Philip K. Howard, The Death of Common Sense – How Law Is Suffocating America(New York: Warner Books, 1994).
728. Richard A. Epstein, Simple Rules For A Complex World(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995);
729. Peter H. Schuck “Legal Complexity: Some Causes, Consequences, and Cures,” in Peter H. Schuck, The Limits of Law: Essays on Democratic Governance(Boulder, CO: Westview, 2000) 3–46.
730. Gillian K. Hadfield, “The Many Legal Institutions that Sup port Contractual Commitments,” in Handbook of New Institutional Economics, eds Claude Menard and Mary M. Shirley (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 2005), 191–92.
731. Jose Juan Toharia, “Evaluating Systems of Justice Through Public Opinion: Why What, Who, How, and What For?,” in Beyond Common Knowledge, eds. Erik G Jensen and Thomas C. Heller (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003), 21–31.
732. Gillian Hadfield, “The Price of Law: How the Market for Lawyers Distorts the Justice System,” 98 Mich. L. Rev.101 (2000).
733. Epstein, Simple Rules, 3–12.
734. Paul F. Campos, Jurismania: The Madness of American Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 3–15.
735. Philip K. Howard, The Collapse of the Common Good: How America’s Lawsuit Culture Undermines Our Freedom(New York: Ballantine Books, 2002).
736. Philip K. Howard, “Is Civil Litigation a Threat to Freedom?,” 28 Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol’y97 (2004).
737. Howard, The Death of Common Sense.
738. Philip K. Howard, Life Without Lawyers: Liberating Americans From Too Much Law(New York: W. W. Norton, 2009).
739. Benjamin H. Barton, “Tort Reform, Innovation, and Playground Design,” 57 Fla. L. Rev. 265, 270 n. 19 (2006).
740. Kagan, Adversarial Legalism, 9–16.
741. Schuck, “Legal Complexity,” 4.
742. Epstein, Simple Rules, 25–26.
743. Louis Kaplow, “A Model of the Optimal Complexity of Legal Rules,” 11 J.L. Econ. & Org.150, 150 (1995).
744. John L. Casti, Complexification(New York: Harper Collins, 1995), 9.
745. Edward J. McCaffery, “The Holy Grail of Tax Simplification,” 1990 Wis. L. Rev. 1267 (1990).
746. Goldstein v. Hutton, Ingram, Yuzek, Gainen, Carroll & Bertolotti, 374 F.3d 56, 62–63 (2nd Cir. 2004).
747. Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98 (2000).
748. Edward B. Foley, “The Future of Bush v. Gore,” 68 Ohio St. L.J. 925 (2007).
749. Colin Rule, Online Dispute Resolution for Business: B2B, ECommerce, Consumer, Employment, Insurance, and Other Commercial Conflicts(New York: Jossey-Bass, 2002).
750. Gillian Hadfield, “Legal Barriers to Innovation: The Growing Economic Cost of Professional Control Over Corporate Legal Markets,” 60 Stan. L. Rev.1689, 1694–95 (2008).
751. Margo Schlanger, “Second Best Damage Action Deterrence,” 55 DePaulL.Rev. 517, 535 n. 66 (2006).
752. Steven K. Berenson, “Institutional Professionalism for Lawyers: Realizing the Virtues of Civic Professionalism,” 109 W. Va. L. Rev. 67, 67–68 (2006).
753. Jacobs, “The Secret Life of Judges.”
754. Eric Rasmusen, Games And Information: An Introduction to Game Theory (London: Blackwell, 1994), 16–19;
755. Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation(New York: Basic Books, 1984), 68–69.
756. Eric J. Miller, “Judicial Preference,” 44 Hous. L. Rev. 1275 (2008).
757. Benjamin H. Barton, “The Emperor of Ocean Park: The Quintessence of Legal Academia,” 92 Cal. L. Rev. 585 (2004).
758. Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306, 322 (2003).
759. Paul D. Carrington, “A Critical Assessment of the Cultural and Institutional Roles of Appellate Courts,” 9 J. App. Prac. & Process231 (2007).
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761. Frederick Schauer, “Incentives, Reputation, and the Inglorious Determinants of Judicial Behavior,” 68 U. Cin. L. Rev.615, 627–31 (2000).
762. Campos, Jurismania, 20.
763. Kagan, Adversarial Legalism, 37–40;
764. Epstein, Simple Rules, 37–42.
765. Stephen N. Subrin, “How Equity Conquered Common Law: The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in Historical Perspective,” 135 U. Pa. L. Rev. 909 (1987).
766. Christopher M. Fairman, “The Myth of Notice Pleading,” 45 Ariz. L. Rev. 987 (2003).
767. McConnell v. Federal Election Commission, 540 U.S. 93, 225–26 (2003).
768. Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 751 (1984).
769. Craig R. Gottlieb, “How Standing Has Fallen: The Need to Separate Constitutional and Prudential Concerns,” 142 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1063 (1994).
770. Erwin Chemerinsky, Federal Jurisdiction, 2nd ed. (St. Paul, MN: West, 1994), 57–58.
771. Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation, 497 U.S. 871 (1990).
772. Lujan, 497 U.S. at 560–65.
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774. Heinv.Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc., 127 S.Ct. 2553, 2574 (2007) (Scalia, J., concurring).
775. John A. Ferejohn and Larry D. Kramer, “Independent Judges, Dependent Judiciary: Institutionalizing Judicial Restraint,” 77 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 962, 1010 (2002).
776. Kathleen C. Engel, “Do Cities Have Standing? Redressing the Externalities of Predatory Lending,” 38 Conn. L. Rev. 355, 389 (2006).
777. Nancy Staudt, “Modeling Standing,” 79 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 612, 671 (2004).
778. Michael A. Cohen, “Plaintiffs’ Standing in Lee v. Oregon: The Judicially Assisted Demise of the Oregon Death with Dignity Act,” 74 Or. L. Rev.741, 743 (1995).
779. Andrew F. Hessick, “Standing, Injury in Fact, and Private Rights,” 93 Cornell L. Rev. 275, 276 (2008).
780. Richard J. Pierce, “Is Standing Law or Politics?,” 77 N.C. L. Rev. 1741, 1742–43 (1999).
781. Douglas K. Daniel, “Senators: Next Justice Should Have Wide Experience,” Yahoo News, May 3, 2009, available at http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090503/ap_on_go_su_co/us_scotus_senate.
782. Montejo v. Louisiana, 129 S.Ct. 2079 (2009).
783. Michigan v. Jackson, 475 U.S. 625 (1986).
784. Montejo, 129 S.Ct. at 2085–91.
785. Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz v. United States, 130 S.Ct. 1324 (2010).
786. Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz P.A.v.United States, 2007 WL 1227598 (D. Minn. 2007).
787. Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz P.A.v.United States, 541 F.3d 785 (8th Cir. 2008).
788. Milavetz, 130 S.Ct. at 1336.
789. Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & UlrichLPA, 130 S.Ct. 1605 (2010).
790. Charles H. Koch, Jr., “The Advantages of the Civil Law Judicial Design as the Model For Emerging Legal Systems,” 11 Ind. J. Global Legal Stud. 139 (2004).
791. Doris Marie Provine, “Lay Judiciaries,” in Legal Systems of the World: A Political, Social and Cultural Encyclopedia, Vol. II, ed. Herbert M. Kritzer (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2002), 867–70.
792. John P. Dawson, A History of Lay Judges (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960), 138–39.
793. Adrian Vermeule, “Should We Have Lay Justices?,” 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1569, 1573 (2007).
794. Maria Dakolias, “A Strategy for Judicial Reform: The Experience in Latin America,” 36 Va. J. Int’l L.167, 205 & n. 162 (1995).
795. Vermeule, “Should We Have Lay Justices?,” 1573;
796. Dakolias, “A Strategy for Judicial Reform,” 204 and n. 159.
797. Doris Marie Provine, Judging Credentials: Nonlawyer Judges and the Politics of Professionalism(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 1.
798. Cathy Lesser Mansfield, “Disorder in the People’s Court: Rethinking the Role of Non-Lawyer Judges in Limited Jurisdiction Court Civil Cases,” 29 N.M. L. Rev.119, 134 (1999).
799. John Phillip Reid, “Controlling the Law: Legal Politics,” in John Phillip Reid, Early National New Hampshire(DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2004), 22.
800. Provine, Judging Credentials, xii.
801. Julia Lamber and Mary Lee Luskin, “City and Town Courts: Mapping Their Dimensions,” 67 Ind. L.J.59, 59 and n. 1 (1991).
802. Vermeule, “Should We Have Lay Justices,” 1573;
803. Goodson v. State, 991 P.2d 472, 444– 45 (Nev. 1999).
804. Provine, Judging Credentials, 1–60.
805. Chester H. Smith, “The Justice of the Peace System in the United States,” 15 Cal.L. Rev. 118, 140–41 (1927).
806. Simeon Baldwin, The American Judiciary (New York: The Century Co., 1905), 129.
807. Vermeule, “Should We Have Lay Justices?,” 1573–74.
808. Gillian K. Hadfield, “Legal Barriers To Innovation: The Growing Economic Cost of Professional Control Over Corporate Legal Markets,” 60 Stan. L. Rev. 1689, 1731 (2008).
809. Introduction to Foreign Legal Systems, eds. Richard A. Danner and Marie-Louise H. Bernal (New York: Oceana, 1994), 47–48.
810. Koch, “The Advantages of the Civil Law Judicial Design,” 142–46.
811. Vermeule, “Should We Have Lay Justices?”
812. Vermeule, “Should We Have Lay Justices?,” 1581–97.
813. Greg Sergienko, “A Body of Sound Practical Common Sense: Law Reform Through Lay Judges, Public Choice Theory, and the Transformation of American Law,” 41 Am. J. Legal Hist.175, 177–85 (1997).
814. Theodore Schneyer, “Professionalism as Politics: The Making of a Modern Legal Ethics Code,” in Lawyers’ Ideals/Lawyers’ Practices, eds. Robert Nelson et al. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992), 95–109.