Tough choices: Structured paternalism and the landscape of choice

Tough Choices: Structured Paternalism and the Landscape of Choice

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-182

  Ben Porath, Sigal R ^a  

^a NONE

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References (222)

1. Amartya Sen, "Capability and Well-Being," in The Quality of Life, ed. Martha Nussbaum and Amartya Sen (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), 30-53;
2. Martha Nussbaum, Frontiers of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006).
3. Alberto Abadie and Sebastian Gay, "The Impact of Presumed Consent Legislation on Cadaveric Organ Donation: A Cross-Country Study," Journal of Health Economics 25, no. 4 (July 2006): 599-620.
4. Richard A. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein, "Libertarian Paternalism," American Economic Review 93, no. 2 (May 2003): 175-79.
5. Isaiah Berlin, introduction to Five Essays on Liberty, ed. Henry Hardy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 51-52.
6. Seana Shiffrin suggests that we need to understand "why paternalism is important" when we embark upon a debate about its permissibility.
7. Seana Valentine Shiffrin, "Paternalism, Unconscionability Doctrine, and Accommodation," Philosophy and Public Affairs 29 (2000): 205-50, at 205. In this chapter, I consider why paternalism is important for democratic theory.
8. Joel Feinberg, "Legal Paternalism," in Rights, Justice, and the Bounds of Liberty (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980), 111 n. 2.
9. Debra Satz, "Equality, Adequacy and Education for Citizenship," Ethics 117 (July 2007): 623-48, at 623.
10. Berlin, introduction to Five Essays on Liberty, 53-54.
11. Gerald Dworkin, "Paternalism," The Monist 56 (1972): 64-84, reprinted in Rolf Sartorius, ed., Paternalism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), 19-34, and again more recently in Gerald Dworkin, ed., Mill's On Liberty: Critical Essays (Rowman and Littlefield, 1997), 61-82.
12. Sartorius, Paternalism, 20.
13. Bernard Gert and Charles Culver, "Paternalistic Behavior," Philosophy and Public Affairs 6 (1976): 45-58.
14. Gerald Dworkin, "Paternalism: Some Second Thoughts," in Sartorius, Paternalism, 105-11, at 107. I return to autonomy and the debate over the distinction between children and adults later.
15. Thaler and Sunstein, "Libertarian Paternalism," 175-79, at 175.
16. Thaler and Sunstein, "Libertarian Paternalism," 177.
17. Robert Nozick Anarchy, State and Utopia (New York: Basic Books, 1994).
18. Herbert Morris, "A Paternalistic Theory of Punishment," in A Reader on Punishment, ed. Antony Duff and David Garland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 96. Quoted and discussed in David J. Garren, "Paternalism, Part I," Philosophical Books 47, no. 4 (October 2006): 334-41.
19. David Dolinko, "Morris on Paternalism and Punishment," Law and Philosophy 18 (1999): 345-61. On the adult-children context of paternalism
20. Marion Smiley, "Paternalism and Democracy," Journal of Value Inquiry 23 (1989): 299-318.
21. Tamar Schapiro, "What Is a Child?" Ethics 109 (July 1999): 715-38.
22. Peter de Marneffe, "Avoiding Paternalism," Philosophy and Public Affairs 34, no. 1 (2006): 68-94, at 68.
23. Cass R. Sunstein and Richard H. Thaler, "Libertarian Paternalism Is Not an Oxymoron" (working paper, AEI-Brookings, 2003).
24. B. J. McNeil, S. G. Pauker, H. C. Sox, and A. Tversky, "On the Elicitation of Preferences for Alternative Therapies," New England Journal of Medicine 306 (1982): 910-24.
25. Vilfredo Pareto, Manual of Political Economy (New York: Augustus M. Kelly, 1971), 103.
26. Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational (New York: HarperCollins, 2008).
27. Christine Jolls and Cass R. Sunstein, "Debiasing through Law," Journal of Legal Studies 35 (2006): 199-242. Some studies analyze the efficiency of such paternalist policies and maintain that "paternalism is indeed compatible with the theoretical foundations of normative economics and, furthermore, that efficiency analysis provides a central justification for paternalism."
28. Eyal Zamir, "The Efficiency of Paternalism," Virginia Law Review 84, no. 2 (March 1998): 229-86.
29. Nathan Berg and Gert Gigerenzer, "Psychology Implies Paternalism? Bounded Rationality May Reduce the Rationale to Regulate Risk-Taking," Social Choice Welfare 28 [2007]: 337-59.)
30. Marian Moser Jones and Ronald Bayer, "Paternalism and Its Discontents: Motorcycle Helmet Laws, Libertarian Values, and Public Health," American Journal of Public Health 97, no. 2 (February 2007): 208-17.
31. udith R. Porter, Mary Summers, Suzanne Toton, and Hillary Aisenstein, "Service-Learning with a Food Stamp Enrollment Campaign: Community and Student Benefits," Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning 14, no. 2 (Spring 2008): 66-75.
32. Seana Valentine Shiffrin, "Paternalism, Unconscionability Doctrine, and Accommodation," Philosophy and Public Affairs 29 (2000): 205-50, at 207.
33. The discussion in the next paragraphs focuses on Raz's views as presented in The Morality of Freedom (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986).
34. Raz, Morality of Freedom, 426.
35. Ronald Dworkin, Sovereign Virtue: The Theory and Practice of Equality (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 217-18.
36. Raz, Morality of Freedom, 423.
37. Dennis Thompson, Political Ethics and Public Office (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), 154-55.
38. Joel Feinberg, Harm to Self (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 12.
39. Dworkin, Sovereign Virtue, 217-18.
40. David J. Garren, "Paternalism, Part II," Philosophical Books 48, no. 1 (2006): 50-59.
41. Stephen Darwall, Welfare and Rational Care (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002).
42. Susan Moller Okin's Justice, Gender and the Family (New York: Basic Books, 1989).
43. Stephen Macedo and George Finnis in Natural Law, Liberalism, and Morality, ed. Robert P. George (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996).
44. Harry Kalven, "Privacy in the Tort Law-Were Warren and Brendeis Wrong?" Law and Contemporary Problems 31, no. 2 (Spring 1966): 327.
45. Richard J. Arneson, "Egalitarian Justice versus the Right to Privacy," Social Philosophy and Policy 17, no. 2 (Summer 2000): 91-119.
46. Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).
47. Seyla Benhabib offers a general account of these aspects of privacy in Situating the Self (London: Polity Press, 1992), esp. chap. 3.
48. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1955), chap. 5, 85.
49. See a thorough discussion of the rise and fall of the harm principle as a judicial justification, substituting the claims from public morality, in Bernard E. Harcourt, "The Collapse of the Harm Principle," Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 90, no. 1 (Fall 1999): 109-95.
50. Arien Mack puts it in his editorial preface to an issue devoted to the question of privacy, Social Research 68, no. 1 (Spring 2001).
51. Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brendeis, "The Right to Privacy [The Implicit Made Explicit]," reprinted in Ferdinand David Schoeman, ed., Philosophical Dimensions of Privacy: An Anthology (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 75-103.
52. Thomas Cooley, Torts, 2nd ed. (Chicago: Callaghan, 1888), 29.
53. Judith Jarvis Thomson, "The Right to Privacy,"
54. Thomas Scanlon, "Thomson on Privacy," Philosophy and Public Affairs 4, no. 4 (Summer 1975): 295-314; 315-22.
55. Robert S. Gerstein, "Intimacy and Privacy," in Schoeman, Philosophical Dimensions of Privacy, 265-71.
56. Stanley I. Benn, "Privacy, Freedom and Respect for Persons," in Schoeman, Philosophical Dimensions of Privacy, 223-44.
57. Ruth Gavison, "Privacy and the Limits of Law," in Schoeman, Philosophical Dimensions of Privacy, 346-402.
58. Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992). See a thorough analysis of Supreme Court decisions on abortion, planned parenthood, and other intimate issues
59. David J. Garrow, "Privacy and the American Constitution," Social Research 68, no. 1 (Spring 2001): 55-82.
60. Julie A. Mertus, "Beyond the Solitary Self: Voice, Community and Reproductive Freedom," Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 3, no. 1 (1992): 250.
61. Jean L. Cohen, Regulating Intimacy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002), 20.
62. William E. Scheuerman, "Reflexive Law and the Challenges of Globalization," Journal of Political Philosophy 9, no. 1 (2001): 81-102, at 82.
63. Cohen, Regulating Intimacy, 72.
64. Catherine Mackinnon, "Privacy v. Equality: Beyond Roe v. Wade," in Feminism Unmodified (Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press 1987);
65. Carol Pateman, "Feminist Critiques of the Public/Private Dichotomy," in Public and Private in Social Life, ed. Stanley I. Benn and Gerald F. Gauss (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983).
66. Beth Kyoko Jamieson, Real Choices: Feminism, Freedom, and the Limits of Law (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001).
67. Marilyn Friedman, Autonomy, Gender and Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003).
68. Linda G. Mills, Insult to Injury: Rethinking Our Responses to Intimate Abuse (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 6.
69. Joseph Raz, "Liberty and Trust," in Natural Law, Liberalism and Morality: Contemporary Essays, ed. Robert P. George (New York: Oxford University Press), 120.
70. USA Today, November 14, 2008, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/oct/14/vague-safe-haven-law-draws-out-of-state-cases/(accessed March 10, 2009).
71. William Galston, Liberal Purposes: Goods, Virtues, and Diversity in the Liberal State (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
72. Richard Shweder, "What about Female Genital Mutilation? And Why Understanding Culture Matters in the First Place," in Engaging Cultural Differences: Multicultural Challenge in Liberal Democracies, ed. Richard A. Shweder, Martha Minow, and Hazel R. Markus (New York: Russell Sage Foundation Press, 2002), 216-51.
73. Amy Gutmann, Identity in Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), 68-70.
74. James L. Nolan, Reinventing Justice: The American Drug Court Movement (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001).
75. Anita L. Allen, Why Privacy Isn't EVERYTHING [Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003]), and thus I believe that in this case too, prevention is far more ethically and practically warranted.
76. John Braithwaite, Restorative Justice and Responsive Regulation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).
77. Ellen Key, The Century of the Child (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1910).
78. Neil Postman, The Disappearance of Childhood (New York: Delacorte Press, 1982).
79. David Archard, Children: Rights and Childhood (London: Routledge, 1993).
80. F. Rothbaum, A. Grauer, and D. Rubin, "Becoming Sexual: Differences Between Child and Adult Sexuality," Young Children 52 (1997): 22-28.
81. Annette Lareau, Unequal Childhoods: Race, Class and Family Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003).
82. Lareau describes the key correlations, and some of the underlying differences, among different class-based parenting styles:
83. Joel Feinberg, "A Child's Right to an Open Future," in Hugh La Folette and William Aiken, eds., Whose Child? Children's Rights, Parental Authority and State Power (Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1980).
84. Henry Giroux, "Public Intellectuals and the Challenge of Children's Culture: Youth and the Politics of Innocence," Review of Education/Pedagogy/Cultural Studies 21, no. 3 (1999): 193-225.
85. Sue Malvern, "The Ends of Innocence: Modern Art and Modern Children," Art History 23, no. 4 (2000): 627-32.
86. Jean-Jacque Rousseau, Emile or On Education, trans. Barbara Foxley (London: Dutton, 1969).
87. Stephen Heath, "Childhood Times," Critical Quarterly 39 (1997): 16-27.
88. Roger Cox, Shaping Childhood: Themes of Uncertainty in the History of Adult-Child Relationships (New York: Routledge, 1996), 170.
89. Richard E. Farson, Birthrights (London: Collier Macmillan, 1974);
90. John Holt, Escape from Childhood (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975).
91. Laura Purdy, In Their Best Interest? The Case against Equal Rights for Children (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992).
92. A. S. Neill, Summerhill: A Radical Approach to Child Rearing (New York: Hart Publications, 1960);
93. Carl Rogers and L. Freiberg, Freedom to Learn (New York: Maxwell Macmillan International, 1994).
94. Harry Brighouse, "What Rights (If Any) Do Children Have?" in The Moral and Political Status of Children, ed. David Archard and Colin M. Macleod (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 31-52.
95. Onora O'Neill, "Children's Rights and Children's Lives," Ethics 98, no. 3 (1988): 445-63.
96. James Dwyer, "Changing the Conversation on Children's Education," in Moral and Political Education, Nomos XLIII, ed. Stephen Macedo and Yael Tamir (New York: New York University Press, 2002), 314-58.
97. Barbara Arneil, "Becoming versus Being: A Critical Analysis of the Child in Liberal Theory," in Archard and Macleod, Moral and Political Status of Children, 70-94. The current argument shares many of the critical perspectives these three authors offer. My approach is probably closest to Arneil's, as she relies on children's dependence to develop her alternative view of childhood, based on the ethics of care. The current argument differs from this vision because a focus on vulnerability and subsequent forms of paternalism rather than on dependence puts more emphasis on protection than on relations. Consequently, I rely more on state institutions than Arneil's relational vision would favor.
98. Archard, Children: Rights and Childhood, 52.
99. O'Neill, "Children's Rights and Children's Lives," 445-63.
100. Christopher Jencks, Childhood (New York: Routledge, 1996), 2.
101. Jean Piaget, The Child's Conception of the World (New York: Harcourt, 1929).
102. J. Palmer, T. Smeeding, and B. Torrey Boyle, eds., Vulnerable (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1989).
103. John Locke, Some Thoughts Concerning Human Understanding, in The Educational Writings of John Locke, ed. J. L. Axtell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960), §81.
104. Rousseau, preface to Emile, 2.
105. James Dwyer develops this critical argument in his "Changing the Conversation."
106. Arneil, "Becoming versus Being," in Archard and Macleod, Moral and Political Status of Children, 72.
107. Anthony Cunningham, "Kantian Ethics and Intimate Attachments," American Philosophical Quarterly 36, no. 4 (1999): 279-94.
108. Tamar Schapiro, "What Is a Child?" Ethics 109 (July 1999): 715-38.
109. Jean Piaget, The Origins of Intelligence in Children (New York: International University Press, 1952);
110. Lawrence Kohlberg, The Philosophy of Moral Development (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1981).
111. Schapiro, "What Is a Child?" 716.
112. Arneil, "Becoming versus Being," in Archard and Macleod, Moral and Political Status of Children. Arneil advocates an ethics of care as a substitute for a conceptualization of "becoming" that characterizes rightsbased liberal theories.
113. Alma Gottlieb, "Where Have All the Babies Gone? Toward an Anthropology of Infants (and Their Caretakers)," Anthropological Quarterly 73, no. 3 (2000): 121-32.
114. Agnieszka Jaworska, "Caring and Internality," Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 74, no. 3 (2007): 529-68.
115. Grace Clement, Care, Autonomy, and Justice: Feminism and the Ethic of Care (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996).
116. Critical discussions of this view are offered in Jean B. Elshtain, Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981);
117. Nancy J. Hirschman and Christine Di Stephano, eds., Revisioning the Political: Feminist Reconstructions of Traditional Concepts in Western Political Theory (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996);
118. Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978);
119. Edith Kurzweil, Freudians and Feminists (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995).
120. Schapiro, "What Is a Child?" 715.
121. Joe Coleman, "Answering Susan: Liberalism, Civic Education, and the Status of Younger Persons," in Archard and Macleod, Moral and Political Status of Children, 160-82.
122. Schapiro, "What Is a Child?" 717.
123. Joan F. Goodman, "Niceness and the Limits of Rules," Journal of Moral Education 30, no. 4 (December 2001): 349-60.
124. Purdy, In Their Best Interest?; Cunningham, Kantian Ethics.
125. Amy Gutmann, Identity in Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), 69-73.
126. Maria Montessori, The Discovery of the Child (Madras, India: Kalakshetra Publications, 1966);
127. Dwyer, "Changing the Conversation," as well as his Vouchers Within Reason: A Child-Centered Approach to Education Reform (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002).
128. Susan Moller Okin, "Mistresses of Their Own Destiny: Group Rights, Gender, and Realistic Rights of Exit," Ethics 112 (January 2002): 205-30, at 205-6.
129. David Plotke, "Democratic Polities and Anti-democratic Politics," Theoria 53, no. 111 (December 2006): 6-44.
130. Bhikhu Parekh, Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), 143.
131. Colin McLeod, "Shaping Children's Convictions," Theory and Research in Education 1, no. 3 (2003): 315-30; in Surviving Diversity, Jeff Spinner-Halev argues for liberal accommodation of restrictive communities:
132. Jeff Spinner-Halev, Surviving Diversity: Religion and Democratic Citizenship (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000);
133. Multicultural Jurisdictions: Cultural Differences and Women's Rights (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001)
134. Stephen Macedo, in Diversity and Distrust: Civic Education in a Multicultural Democracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000)
135. see a discussion of some of these views in Avigail Eisenberg, "Diversity and Equality: Three Approaches to Cultural and Sexual Difference," Journal of Political Philosophy 11, no. 1 (March 2003): 41-64.
136. William Galston, "Two Concepts of Liberalism," Ethics 105, no. 3 (1995): 516-34, at 523.
137. Harry Brighouse, "Civic Education and Liberal Legitimacy," Ethics 108 (July 1998): 719-45;
138. Eamonn Callan, Creating Citizens (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997);
139. Amy Gutmann, Democratic Education (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999);
140. Macedo, Diversity and Distrust;
141. Rob Reich, Bridging Liberalism and Multiculturalism in Education (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).
142. William Galston, Liberal Pluralism: The Implications of Value Pluralism for Political Theory and Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002);
143. Spinner-Halev, Surviving Diversity;
144. Shelly Burtt, "Religious Parents, Secular Schools: A Liberal Defense of an Illiberal Education," Review of Politics 56, no. 1 (Winter 1994): 51-70;
145. Chandran Kukathas, "Are There Any Cultural Rights?" Political Theory 20, no. 1 (1992): 105-39;
146. Frances Kroeker and Stephen Norris, "An Unwarranted Fear of Religious Schooling," Canadian Journal of Education 30, no. 1 (2007): 269-90.
147. K. Anthony Appiah, "Identity, Authenticity, Survival: Multicultural Societies and Social Reproduction," in Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, ed. Amy Gutmann (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 155.
148. Okin, "Mistresses of Their Own Destiny";
149. Will Kymlicka, Multicul tural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995);
150. Galston, Liberal Pluralism;
151. Chandran Kukathas, "Liberalism and Multiculturalism: The Politics of Indifference," Political Theory 26, no. 5 (1998): 686-99.
152. Jacob Levy, The Multiculturalism of Fear (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 112.
153. Susan Moller Okin, Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999), 9.
154. Amy Gutmann's Identity in Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003).
155. Kwame Anthony Appiah, The Ethics of Identity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 2005), 77.
156. Avigail Eisenberg and Jeff Spinner-Halev, eds., Minorities Within Minorities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
157. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship, 80-84, for an elaboration of the idea of living a life from the inside.
158. Brighouse, "Civic Education and Liberal Legitimacy," 730-31.
159. Eamonn Callan, "The Ethics of Assimilation," Ethics (April 2005): 471-500.
160. Ayelet Shachar, Multicultural Jurisdictions: Cultural Differences and Women's Rights (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 43-44.
161. Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1972), which provided exemption for Amish children in Wisconsin from the final two years of compulsory education and allowed them to leave after the eighth grade;
162. Mozert v. Hawkins County Board of Education, 827 F.2d 1058 1987 U.S. App, in which a group of fundamentalist parents did not receive the exemption they requested from a curriculum they found offensive.
163. Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, 436 U.S. 49 (1978). See the discussion on the identity aspects of this case in Amy Gutmann, Identity in Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002), 45-46.
164. Spinner-Halev, Surviving Diversity, 77.
165. ohn Tomasi, Liberalism beyond Justice (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001).
166. Bruce Ackerman, Social Justice in the Liberal State (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981);
167. Callan, Creating Citizens;
168. Brighouse, "Civic Education and Liberal Legitimacy."
169. Michael Hand, "Against Autonomy as an Educational Aim," Oxford Review of Education 32, no. 4 (September 2006): 535-50.
170. Burtt, "Religious Parents, Secular Schools," at 64.
171. Reich, Bridging Liberalism and Multiculturalism in Education, chap. 4.
172. Brighouse, "Civic Education and Liberal Legitimacy."
173. Emile Lester, "The Right to Reasonable Exit and Education for Moderate Autonomy," Review of Politics 68 (2006): 612-35, at 614.
174. Galston, "Two Concepts of Liberalism," at 523.
175. Galston, Liberal Pluralism: The Implications of Value Pluralism for Political Theory and Practice, at 28.
176. William A. Galston, The Practice of Liberal Pluralism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 41.
177. Spinner-Halev, Surviving Diversity, 70.
178. This is based on a Pew survey, February 2008. The data are available at http://religions.pewforum.org/(accessed February 26, 2008).
179. John E. Chubb and Terry M. Moe, Politics, Markets, and America's Schools (Washington, DC: Brookings Institute, 1990);
180. Joseph P. Viteretti, Choosing Equality: School Choice, the Constitution and Civil Society (Washington, DC: Brookings Institute, 1999). Some liberal supporters of school choice as reflecting liberal-democratic values are Amy Gutmann, Democratic Education (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999);
181. Meira Levinson, The Demands of Liberal Education (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
182. Harry Brighouse, School Choice and Social Justice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000);
183. Adam Swift, How Not to Be a Hypocrite (London: Routledge, 2003).
184. Amy Gutmann, Democratic Education;
185. Stephen Gilles, "On Educating Children: A Parentalist Manifesto," University of Chicago Law Review 63 (1997): 937-99;
186. James G. Dwyer, "Changing the Conversation about Children's Education," in Moral and Political Education, ed. Stephen Macedo and Yael Tamir (New York: New York University Press, 2002), 314-58.
187. Mark Schneider, Paul Teske, Christine Roch, and Melissa Marshal, "Networks to Nowhere: Segregation and Stratification in Networks of Information about Schools," American Journal of Political Science 41, no. 4 (October 1997): 1201-23, at 1202. As discussed later, Schneider et al. criticize this assumption.
188. From a speech by Education Secretary Rodney Paige at the Heritage Foundation, upon the introduction of school choice to Washington DC students, January 28, 2004, http://www.dcpswatch.com/vouchers/040128.htm (accessed November 15, 2007).
189. Immanuel Kant, Conflict of the Faculties, trans. Mary J. Gregor (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992), 43.
190. Stephen J. Ball, Class Strategies and the Education Market: The Middle Classes and Social Advantage (New York: RoutledgeFalmer, 2003), at 111.
191. Keith Dowding, "Choice: Its Increase and Its Value," British Journal of Political Science 22, no. 3 (July 1992), 301-14, at 313.
192. Daniel Kahneman, "Maps of Bounded Rationality: Psychology for Behavioral Economics," American Economic Review 93, no. 5 (December 2003): 1449-75, at 1449.
193. Edward A. Zelinsky, "Do Tax Expenditures Create Framing Effects? Volunteer Firefighters, Property Tax Exemptions, and the Paradox of Tax Expenditure Analysis," Virginia Tax Review 24 (2005).
194. Sheena S. Iyengar and Mark R. Lepper, "When Choice Is Demotivating: Can One Desire Too Much of a Good Thing?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79, no. 6 (December 2000): 995-1006.
195. Sheena S. Iyengar, Gur Huberman, and Wei Jiang, "How Much Choice Is Too Much? Contributions to 401(k) Retirement Plans," in Pension Design and Structure: New Lessons from Behavioral Finance, ed. Olivia S. Mitchell and Stephen P. Utkus (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 83-95.
196. In marketing, see the unique but important Marianne Mullainathan Bertrand and Eldar Sendhil Shafir, "Behavioral Economics and Marketing in Aid of Decision-Making Among the Poor," Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 25, no. 1 (Spring 2006): 8-23.
197. Yaniv Hanoch and Thomas Rice, "Can Limiting Choice Increase Social Welfare? The Elderly and Health Insurance," Milbank Quarterly 84, no. 1 (2006): 37-73.
198. Classic examples are Robert Entman, Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2003);
199. Pipa Norris, Framing Terrorism: The News Media, the Government and the Public (London: Routledge, 2003).
200. Colin Camerer, "Wanting, Liking, and Learning: Neuroscience and Paternalism," University of Chicago Law Review 73 (Winter 2006): 87-110.
201. One important study that was partially inspired by this literature is Mark Schneider, Paul Teske, and Melissa Marshall, Choosing Schools: Consumer Choice and the Quality of American Schools (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000).
202. John F. Witte, "School Choice and Student Performance," in Holding Schools Accountable: Performance-Based Reform in Education, ed. Helen F. Ladd (Washington, DC: Brookings Institute, 1996).
203. Jay P. Greene, Paul E. Peterson, and Jiangtao Du, "The Effectiveness of School Choice: The Milwaukee Experiment" (Occasional Paper no. 97-1, Harvard University Education Policy and Governance, March 1997).
204. U.S. Department of Education, "State and Local Implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act," vols. III-IV, http://www.ed.gov/rschstat/eval/disadv/nclb-accountability/index.html (accessed January 15, 2009).
205. "Delay Leaves Students Who Want to Transfer in Limbo," Houston Chronicle, August 14, 2008, A1, http://www.chron.com/(accessed September 21, 2008).
206. William Samuelson and Richard Zeckhauser, "Status Quo Bias in Decision-Making," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 1, no. 1 (March 1988): 7-59.
207. M. E. Graue, J. Kroeger, and D. Prager, "A Bakhtinian Analysis of Particular Home-School Relations," American Educational Research Journal 38, no. 3 (2001): 467-98, at 471.
208. Ball, Class Strategies, 151.
209. Patrick J. Wolf, Evaluation of the DC Opportunity Scholarship Fund after One Year (Washington, DC: Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, June 2007), 56.
210. Stephen Gorard, School Choice and the Established Market (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997).
211. Ball, Class Strategies, 102.
212. Meira Levinson, The Demands of Liberal Education (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 155.
213. Lois André-Bechely, "Public School Choice at the Intersection of Voluntary Integration and Not-So-Good Neighborhood Schools: Lessons from Parents' Experiences," Educational Administration Quarterly 41, no. 2 (April 2005): 267-305, at 271.
214. Courtney A. Bell, "Real Options: The Role of Choice Sets in the Selection of Schools," Teachers College Record, January 9, 2006, http://www.tcrecord.org, ID no. 12277 (accessed September 25, 2009).
215. Amy Stuart Wells, "African-American Students' View of School Choice," in Who Chooses? Who Loses? Culture, Institutions and the Unequal Effects of School Choice, ed. Bruce F. Fuller and Richard Elmore (New York: Teachers College Press, 1996), 25-49.
216. M. Schneider, P. Teske, C. Roch, and M. Marschall, "Networks to Nowhere: Segregation and Stratification in Networks of Information about Schools," American Journal of Political Science 41 (1997): 1201-23, at 1201.
217. Daniel J. McGrath and Peter J. Kuriloff, "'They're Going to Tear the Doors Off This Place': Upper-Middle-Class Parent School Involvement and the Educational Opportunities of Other People's Children," Educational Policy 13 (1999): 603-29.
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