Biological and chemical contaminants as drivers of change in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence river basin

Journal of Great Lakes Research

Volumn 41, Issue S1, 2015, Pages 119-130

  Cornwell, Emily R ^a   Goyette, Jean Olivier ^b   Sorichetti, Ryan J ^c   Allan, David J ^d   Kashian, Donna R ^e   Sibley, Paul K ^f   Taylor, William D ^g   Trick, Charles G ^c  

^a Department of Microbiology and Immunology Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^e WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

^g UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Contaminant; Eutrophication; Organic compounds; Pathogen; Toxic substances

Indexed keywords

CONTAMINATION; DECISION MAKING; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEMS; EUTROPHICATION; HEALTH RISKS; IMPURITIES; LAKES; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; PATHOGENS; RIVER POLLUTION; WATER QUALITY; WATERSHEDS;

CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS; ECOSYSTEM HEALTH; EMERGING CONTAMINANT; HISTORICAL REVIEW; INTERNATIONAL DATABASE; MANAGEMENT OPTIONS; ST. LAWRENCE RIVER; TOXIC SUBSTANCES;

LAKE POLLUTION;

ANIMAL; BIOACCUMULATION; DECISION MAKING; ECOSYSTEM HEALTH; EUTROPHICATION; HEALTH RISK; ORGANIC POLLUTANT; TOXICITY; WATER QUALITY;

SAINT LAWRENCE BASIN;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84924020237     PISSN: 03801330     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jglr.2014.11.003     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Allan J.D., McIntyre P.B., Smith S.D., Halpern B.S., Boyer G.L., Buchsbaum A., Burton G., Campbell L.M., Chadderton W.L., Ciborowski J.J. Joint analysis of stressors and ecosystem services to enhance restoration effectiveness. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2013, 110:372-377.
2. Arnone R.D., Walling J.P. Waterborne pathogens in urban watersheds. J. Water Health 2007, 5:149-162.
3. Arthur C., Baker J., Bamford H. Proceedings of the International Research Workshop on the Occurrence, Effects and Fate of Microplastic Marine Debris. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS-OR&R-30 2009, Sept 9-11, 2008.
4. Arukwe A., Goksøyr A. Eggshell and egg yolk proteins in fish: hepatic proteins for the next generation: oogenetic, population, and evolutionary implications of endocrine disruption. Comp. Hepatol. 2003, 2:4.
5. Austin J., Anderson S., Courant P., Litan R. America's North Coast: a Benefit-Cost Analysis of Program to Protect and Restore the Great Lakes 2007, (Accessed online 10-08-2014 at: http://www.healthylakes.org/site_upload/upload/America_s_North_Coast_Report_07.pdf).
6. Austin J., Dezenski E., Affolter-Caine B. The vital connection: Reclaiming Great Lakes economic leadership in the bi-national US-Canadian region. Great Lakes Economic Initiative for the Metropolitan Policy Program at Brookings 2008, (Accessed online 10-08-2014 at: http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2008/03/24-greatlakes-canada-austin).
7. Bain M.B., Cornwell E.R., Hope K.M., Eckerlin G.E., Casey R.N., Groocock G.H., Getchell R.G., Bowser P.R., Winton J.R., Batts W.N., Cangelosi A., Casey J.W. Distribution of an invasive aquatic pathogen (viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus) in the Great Lakes and its relationship to shipping. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e10156.
8. Barber L.B., Vajda A.M., Douville C., Norris D.O., Writer J.H. Fish endocrine disruption responses to a major wastewater treatment facility upgrade. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46:2121-2131.
9. Bauer L., Alm E. Escherichia coli toxin and attachment genes in sand at Great Lakes recreational beaches. J. Great Lakes Res. 2012, 38:129-133.
10. Baumann P., Whittle D. The status of selected organics in the Laurentian Great-Lakes - an overview of DDT, PCBs, dioxins, furans, and aromatic-hydrocarbons. Aquat. Toxicol. 1988, 11:241-257.
11. Berryman D., Giroux I. Contamination de l'eau par lespesticides dans les régions de culture intensive de maïs au Québec; campagnes d'échantillonnage de 1992 et 1993. Envirodoq EN940594, Rep. PES-4 1994, Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Faune du Québec, Sainte-Foy, QC.
12. Bhavsar S.P., Jackson D.A., Hayton A., Reiner E.J., Chen T., Bodnar J. Are PCB levels in fish from the Canadian Great Lakes still declining?. J. Great Lakes Res. 2007, 33(3):592-605.
13. Blanchet S. The use of molecular tools in invasion biology: an emphasis on freshwater ecosystems. Fish. Manag. Ecol. 2012, 19:120-132.
14. Booth S., Zeller D. Mercury, food webs, and marine mammals: implications of diet and climate change for human health. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113(5):521-526.
15. Bott T., Deffner J., McCoy E., Foster E. Clostridium botulinum type E in fish from Great Lakes. J. Bacteriol. 1966, 91:919-924.
16. Boxall A.B.A., Hardy A., Beulke S., Boucard T., Burgin L., Falloon P.D., Haygarth P.M., Hutchinson T., Kovats R.S., Leonardi G., Levy L.S., Nichols G., Parsons S.A., Potts L., Stone D., Topp E., Turley D.B., Walsh K., Wellington E.M.H., Williams R.J. Impacts of climate change on indirect human exposure to pathogens and chemicals from agriculture. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 117:508-514.
17. Braun J.M., Yolton K., Dietrich K.N., Hornung R., Ye X., Calafat A.M., Lanphear B.P. Prenatal bisphenol a exposure and early childhood behavior. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 117:1945-1952.
18. Brodin T., Fick J., Jonsson M., Klaminder J. Dilute concentrations of a psychiatric drug alter behavior of fish from natural populations. Science 2013, 339:814-815.
19. Browne M.A., Galloway T.S., Thompson R.C. Spatial patterns of plastic debris along estuarine shorelines. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44:3404-3409.
20. Browne M.A., Crump P., Niven S.J., Teuton E., Tonkin A., Galloway T., Thompson R.C. Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines worldwide: sources and sinks. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45:9175-9179.
21. Byappanahalli M.N., Sawdey R., Ishii S., Shively D.A., Ferguson J.A., Whitman R.L., Sadowsky M.J. Seasonal stability of Cladophora-associated salmonella in Lake Michigan watersheds. Water Res. 2009, 43:806-814.
22. Carey C.C., Weathers K.C., Cottingham K.L. Gloeotrichia echinulata blooms in an oligotrophic lake: helpful insights from eutrophic lakes. J. Plankton Res. 2008, 30:893-904.
23. Carignan R., Lorrain S., Lum K. A 50-yr record of pollution by nutrients, trace-metals, and organic-chemicals in the St-Lawrence-River. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1994, 51:1088-1100.
24. Carson R. Silent Spring 1962, First Mariner Books, New York, NY.
25. Chen L., Wang H.-H., Liu J.-F., Zhang W., Hu D., Chen C., Wang X.J. Intercontinental transport and deposition patterns of atmospheric mercury from anthropogenic emissions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 2013, 13:25185-25218.
26. Clement R.E., Reiner E.J., Bhavsar S.P. Organohalogen contaminants of emerging concern in Great Lakes fish: a review. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2012, 404:2639-2658.
27. Cole M., Lindeque P., Halsband C., Galloway T.S. Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2011, 62:2588-2597.
28. Collins M., Knutti R., Arblaster J., Dufresne J.-L., Fichefet T., Friedlingstein P., Gao X., Gutowski W.J., Johns T., Krinner G., Shongwe M., Tebaldi C., Weaver A.J., Wehner M. Long-term climate change: projections, commitments and irreversibility. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2013, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY. T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, P.M. Midgley (Eds.).
29. Cornwell E.R., Eckerlin G.E., Getchell R.G., Groocock G.H., Thompson T.M., Batts W.N., Casey R.N., Kurath G., Winton J.R., Bowser P.R., Bain M.B., Casey J.W. Detection of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction from two fish species at two sites in Lake Superior. J. Aquat. Anim. Health 2011, 23:207-217.
30. Cornwell E.R., Eckerlin G.E., Thompson T.M., Batts W.N., Getchell R.G., Groocock G.H., Kurath G., Winton J.R., Casey R.N., Casey J.W., Bain M.B., Bowser P.R. Predictive factors and viral genetic diversity for viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus infection in Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. J. Great Lakes Res. 2012, 38:278-288.
31. Deblonde T., Cossu-Leguille C., Hartemann P. Emerging pollutants in wastewater: a review of the literature. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2011, 214:442-448.
32. DeVault D., Hesselberg R., Rodgers P., Feist T. Contaminant trends in lake trout and walleye from the Laurentian Great Lakes. J. Great Lakes Res. 1996, 22:884-895.
33. Dolan D.M., Chapra S.C. Great Lakes total phosphorus revisited: 1. Loading analysis and update (1994-2008). J. Great Lakes Res. 2012, 38:730-740.
34. Dolan D.M., Chapra S.C. Great Lakes total phosphorus revisited: 2. Mass balance modeling. J. Great Lakes Res. 2012, 38:741-754.
35. Downing J., Watson S., McCauley E. Predicting cyanobacteria dominance in lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2001, 58:1905-1908.
36. Drake L.A., Doblin M.A., Dobbs F.C. Potential microbial bioinvasions via ships' ballast water, sediment, and biofilm. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2007, 55:333-341.
37. Elsayed E., Faisal M., Thomas M., Whelan G., Batts W., Winton J. Isolation of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus from muskellunge, Esox masquinongy (Mitchill), in Lake St Clair, Michigan, USA reveals a new sublineage of the North American genotype. J. Fish Dis. 2006, 29:611-619.
38. Engel L.S., Laden F., Andersen A., Strickland P.T., Blair A., Needham L.L., Barr D.B., Wolff M.S., Helzlsouer K., Hunter D.J., Lan Q., Cantor K.P., Comstock G.W., Brock J.W., Bush D., Hoover R.N., Rothman N. Polychlorinated biphenyl levels in peripheral blood and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a report from three cohorts. Cancer Res. 2007, 67:5545-5552.
39. Engel S.M., Zhu C., Berkowitz G.S., Calafat A.M., Silva M.J., Miodovnik A., Wolff M.S. Prenatal phthalate exposure and performance on the neonatal behavioral assessment scale in a multiethnic birth cohort. Neurotoxicology 2009, 30:522-528.
40. Environment Canada (EC) Proposed risk management approach for chlorinated paraffins 2008, (Accessed online 09-24-2013 at: http://www.ec.gc.ca/lcpe-cepa/default.asp?lang=En&n=D048964A-1).
41. Eriksen M., Mason S., Wilson S., Box C., Zellers A., Edwards W., Farley H., Amato S. Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2013, 77:177-182.
42. Everett C.J., Frithsen I.L., Diaz V.A., Koopman R.J., Simpson W.M., Mainous A.G. Association of a polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, a polychlorinated biphenyl, and DDT with diabetes in the 1999-2002 national health and nutrition examination survey. Environ. Res. 2007, 103:413-418.
43. Evers D.C., Wiener J.G., Driscoll C.T., Gay D.A., Basu N., Monson B.A., Lambert K.F., Morrison H.A., Morgan J.T., Williams K.A., Soehl A.G. Great Lakes Mercury Connections: the Extent and Effects of Mercury Pollution in the Great Lakes Region 2011, Biodiversity Research Institute, Gorham, ME, (Report BRI 2011-18. 44pp.).
44. Faisal M., Schulz C. Detection of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) from the leech Myzobdella lugubris Leidy, 1851. Paras. Vect. 2009, 2:45.
45. Faisal M., Winters A.D. Detection of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) from Diporeia spp. (Pontoporeiidae, Amphipoda) in the Laurentian Great Lakes, USA. Paras. Vect. 2011, 4:2.
46. Faisal M., Shavalier M., Kim R.K., Millard E.V., Gunn M.R., Winters A.D., Schulz C.A., Eissa A., Thomas M.V., Wolgamood M., Whelan G.E., Winton J. Spread of the emerging viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus strain, genotype IVb, in Michigan, USA. Viruses 2012, 4:734-760.
47. Fendall L.S., Sewell M.A. Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face: microplastics in facial cleansers. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2009, 58:1225-1228.
48. Flecker A.S., McIntyre P.B., Moore J.W., Anderson J.T., Taylor B.W., Hall R.O. Migratory fishes as material and process subsidies in riverine ecosystems. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 2010, 73:559-592.
49. Fong T., Phanikumar M.S., Xagoraraki I., Rose J.B. Quantitative detection of human adenoviruses in wastewater and combined sewer overflows influencing a Michigan river. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2010, 76:715-723.
50. Frederick P., Jayasena N. Altered pairing behaviour and reproductive success in white ibises exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of methylmercury. Proc. R. Soc. B 2010, 278:1851-1857.
51. Gilbertson M., Haffner G., Drouillard K., Albert A., Dixon B. Immunosuppression in the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) induced by pesticide exposure. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2003, 22:101-110.
52. Gleick P.H. China and water. The World's Water 2008-2009: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources 2008, Island Press, Washington, DC., (402pp.).
53. Great Lakes Regional Collaboration (GLRC) Great Lakes Regional Collaboration Strategy to Restore and Protect the Great Lakes and Appendix on Sustainable Development 2005, (Accessed online 09-26-2014 at: http://www.glrc.us/documents/strategy/GLRC_Strategy.pdf).
54. Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) Action Plan 2010, (Accessed online 03-10-2014 at: http://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/glri/).
55. Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (GLWQA) Protocol amending the agreement between Canada and the United States of America on Great Lakes water Quality, 1978, as amended on October 16, 1983 and on November 18, 1987 2012, (Accessed online 09-25-2013 at: http://www.ec.gc.ca/Publications/9DD80B8C-7E7A-4131-8055-D47B0B3E004F/EN-Canada-USA-GLWQA--FINAL_web.pdf).
56. Gullett B.K., Touati A. PCDD/F emissions from forest fire simulations. Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37:803-813.
57. Han H., Allan J.D. Uneven rise in N inputs to the Lake Michigan basin over the 20th century corresponds to agricultural and societal transitions. Biogeochemistry 2012, 109:175-187.
58. Han H., Allan J.D., Bosch N.S. Historical pattern of phosphorus loading to Lake Erie watersheds. J. Great Lakes Res. 2012, 38:289-298.
59. Health Canada (HC) Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water: Guideline Technical Document: Enteric Viruses 2011, (Accessed online 01-18-2014 at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/water-eau/enteric-enterovirus/index-eng.php#a4.5).
60. Health Canada (HC) Nitrate and Nitrite in Drinking Water 2012, (Accessed online 09-24-2013 at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/alt_formats/pdf/consult/_2012/nitrite-nitrite/nitrite-nitrite-eng.pdf).
61. Hebert C., Norstrom R., Simon M., Braune B., Weseloh D., Macdonald C. Temporal trends and sources of PCDDs and PCDFs in the Great-Lakes - herring gull egg monitoring, 1981-1991. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1994, 28:1268-1277.
62. Hecky R.E., Smith R.E.H., Barton D.R., Guildford S.J., Taylor W.D., Charlton M.N., Howell T. The nearshore phosphorus shunt: a consequence of ecosystem engineering by dreissenids in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2004, 61:1285-1293.
63. Hickey J., Batterman S., Chernyak S. Trends of chlorinated organic contaminants in Great Lakes trout and walleye from 1970 to 1998. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2006, 50:97-110.
64. Houde M., Muir D.C.G., Tomy G.T., Whittle D.M., Teixeira C., Moore S. Bioaccumulation and trophic magnification of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in food webs from Lake Ontario and Lake Michigan. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:3893-3899.
65. Howard P.H., Muir D.C.G. Identifying new persistent and bioaccumulative organics among chemicals in commerce. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44(7):2277-2285.
66. Howarth R.W., Marino R. Nitrogen as the limiting nutrient for eutrophication in coastal marine ecosystems: evolving views over three decades. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2006, 51:364-376.
67. Howarth R.W., Billen G., Swaney D., Townsend A., Jaworski N., Lajtha K., Downing J.A., Elmgren R., Caraco N., Jordan T., Berendse F., Freney J., Kudeyarov V., Murdoch P., Zhu Z.L. Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine N and P fluxes for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean: natural and human influences. Biogeochemistry 1996, 35(1):75-139.
68. International Joint Commission (IJC) Revised Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1987 1987, (Accessed online 9-28-2014 at: http://agrienvarchive.ca/download/GLWQ_agreement_revised_78.pdf).
69. International Joint Commission (IJC) Great Lakes fish consumption advisories. The Public Health Benefices and Risks 2004, (Accessed online 09-24-2013 at: http://www.ijc.org/php/publications/pdf/ID1540.pdf).
70. International Joint Commission (IJC) Chemicals of Emerging Concern in the Great Lakes Region 2011, Great Lakes Regional Office, (Prepared by Uslu, M.O., Biswas, N. and Jasim, S. Accessed online 09-24-2013 at: http://www.ijc.org/php/publications/pdf/ID696.pdf).
71. International Joint Commission (IJC) 15th Biennial report on Great lakes water quality 2011, (Accessed online 09-25-2013 at: http://www.ijc.org/rel/boards/watershed/15biennial_report_web-final.pdf).
72. International Joint Commission (IJC) A Balance Diet for Lake Erie: Reducing Phosphorus Loadings and Harmful Algal Blooms. Report of the Lake Erie Ecosystem Priority 2014, (Accessed online 10-09-2014 at: http://www.ijc.org/files/publications/2014%20IJC%20LEEP%20REPORT.pdf).
73. Ismail N., Gewurtz S.B., Pleskach K., Whittle D.M., Helm P.A., Marvin C.H., Tomy G.T. Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in Lake Ontario, Canada, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) between 1979 and 2004 and possible influences of food-web changes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2009, 28:910-920.
74. Iwanowicz L.R., Ottinger C.A. Estrogens, estrogen receptors and their role as immunoregulators in fish. Immunology 2009, Vol. 1:277-322. CRC Press. G. Zaccone, J. Meseguer, A. GarcíaAyala, B.G. Kapoor (Eds.).
75. James W.F., Barko J.W., Eakin H.L. Nutrient regeneration by the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). J. Freshw. Ecol. 1997, 12:209-216.
76. Jiang S.C., Chu W., Olson B.H., He J., Choi S., Zhang J., Le J.Y., Gedalanga P.B. Microbial source tracking in a small southern California urban watershed indicates wild animals and growth as the source of fecal bacteria. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2007, 76:927-934.
77. Johengen T., Reid D., Fahnenstiel G., MacIssac H., Doblin M., Jenkins P. Assessment of transoceanic NOBOB vessels and low-salinity ballast water as vectors for non-indigenous species introductions to the Great Lakes 2005, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, (Accessed online 10-08-2014 at: http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/projects/nobob/products/NOBOBFinalReport.pdf).
78. Kenow K.P., Grasman K.A., Hines R.K., Meyer M.W., Gendron-Fitzpatrick A., Spalding M.G., Gray B.R. Effects of methylmercury exposure on the immune function of juvenile common loons (Gavia immer). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2009, 26:1460-1469.
79. Kidd K.A., Blanchfield P.J., Mills K.H., Palace V.P., Evans R.E., Lazorchak J.M., Flick R.W. Collapse of a fish population after exposure to a synthetic estrogen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2007, 104:8897-8901.
80. Kim B., Cho S., Kim Y., Shin M., Yoo H., Kim J., Yang Y.H., Kim H., Bhang S., Hong Y. Phthalates exposure and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in school-age children. Biol. Psychiatry 2009, 66:958-963.
81. Klaper R., Welch L.C. Emerging Contaminant Threats and the Great Lakes: Existing Science, Estimating Relative Risk and Determining Policies 2011, Alliance for the Great Lakes, (Accessed online 09-01-2014: http://www.greatlakes.org/Document.Doc?id=1072).
82. Klecka G., Persoon C., Currie R. Chemicals of emerging concern in the Great Lakes Basin: an analysis of environmental exposures. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2010, 207:1-93.
83. Kolpin D., Furlong E., Meyer M., Thurman E., Zaugg S., Barber L., Buxton H. Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in US streams, 1999-2000: a national reconnaissance. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36:1202-1211.
84. Krantzberg G. The Remedial Action Plan Program, Historical and Contemporary Overview 2012, 245-256. CRC Press.
85. Lafrancois B.M., Riley S.C., Blehert D.S., Ballmann A.E. Links between type E botulism outbreaks, lake levels, and surface water temperatures in Lake Michigan, 1963-2008. J. Great Lakes Res. 2011, 37:86-91.
86. Loganathan B., Kannan K. Global organochlorine contamination trends - an overview. Ambio 1994, 23:187-191.
87. Lovern S.B., Klaper R. Daphnia magna mortality when exposed to titanium dioxide and fullerene (C60) nanoparticles. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2006, 25(4):1132-1137.
88. Malbrouck C., Kestemont P. Effects of microcystins on fish. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2006, 25(1):72-86.
89. Malkin S.Y., Sorichetti R.J., Wiklund J.A., Hecky R.E. Seasonal abundance, community composition, and silica content of diatoms epiphytic on Cladophora glomerata. J. Great Lakes Res. 2009, 35:199-205.
90. Melnick J.L. Etiologic agents and their potential for causing waterborne virus diseases. Enteric Viruses in Water 1984, vol. 15:1-16. Basel, Switzerland.
91. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis 2005, Island Press, Washington, DC.
92. Mills E., Leach J., Carlton J., Secor C. Exotic species in the Great Lakes - a history of biotic crises and anthropogenic introductions. J. Great Lakes Res. 1993, 19:1-54.
93. Munawar M., Munawar I.F., Dermott R., Johannssen O.E., Lynn D., Munawar S.F., Niblock H. An integrated assessment of the ecosystem health of a protected area: Fathom Five National Marine Park, Lake Huron. Aquat. Ecosyst. Health Manag. 2003, 6:185-204.
94. Nowack B., Bucheli T.D. Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment. Environ. Pollut. 2007, 150:5-22.
95. Ontario's Great Lakes Strategy (OGLS) 2012, (Accessed online 03-10-2014 at: http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/environment/fr/resources/STDPROD_101828.html).
96. Ostrom E. A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems. Science 2009, 325:419-422.
97. Paerl H.W., Huisman J. Climate - blooms like it hot. Science 2008, 320:57-58.
98. Contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden, C.E. Hanson (Eds.).
99. Patz J.A., Vavrus S.J., Uejio C.K., McLellan S.L. Climate change and waterborne disease risk in the Great Lakes region of the US. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2008, 35:451-458.
100. Perez-Fuentetaja A., Clapsadl M.D., Getchell R.G., Bowser P.R., Lee W.T. Clostridium botulinum type E in Lake Erie: inter-annual differences and role of benthic invertebrates. J. Great Lakes Res. 2011, 37:238-244.
101. Pham T., Rondeau B., Sabik H., Proulx S., Cossa D. Lake Ontario: the predominant source of triazine herbicides in the St. Lawrence River. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2000, 57:78-85.
102. Rabalais N.N., Turner R.E., Wiseman W.J. Gulf of Mexico hypoxia, A.K.A. "the dead zone". Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 2002, 33:235-263.
103. Ram J.L., Aos S., Karim A.S., Banno F., Kashian D.R. Invading the invaders: reproductive and other mechanisms mediating the displacement of zebra mussels by quagga mussels. Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. 2012, 56(1):21-32.
104. Rayment M., Pirgmaier E., De Ceuster G., Hinterberger F., Kuik O., Gower H.L., Polzin C., Varma A. The economic benefits of environmental policy: a project under the Framework contract for economic analysis. Final Report 2009, European Commission, DG Environment, (Accessed online 10-08-2014 at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enveco/economics_policy/pdf/report_economic_benefits.pdf).
105. Rodriguez F., Moreno J., Ortega R., Mathieu C., Garcia A., Cerda-Leal F., Gonzalez-Acuna D. Evidence for kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus) and Franklin's gulls (Leucophaeus pipixcan) as carriers of salmonella by real-time polymerase chain reaction. J. Wildl. Dis. 2012, 48:1105-1108.
106. Roegge C., Wang V., Powers B., Klintsova A., Villareal S., Greenough W., Schantz S. Motor impairment in rats exposed to PCBs and methylmercury during early development. Toxicol. Sci. 2004, 77:315-324.
107. Schindler D.W. The dilemma of controlling cultural eutrophication of lakes. Proc. R. Soc. B 2012, 279(1746):4322-4333.
108. Scott G.I., Fulton M.H., Weisberg S.B., Maruya K.A., Lauenstein G. Contaminants of concern in the marine environment: the need for new monitoring and assessment strategies. J. Marine Biol. Ocean. 2012, 1:1.
109. Shipway A.N., Katz E., Willner I. Nanoparticle arrays on surfaces for electronic, optical, and sensor applications. ChemPhysChem 2000, 1:18-52.
110. Sivonen K., Börner T. Bioactive compounds produced by cyanobacteria. The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution 2008, Caister Academic, Norfolk, UK. A. Herraro, E. Flores (Eds.).
111. State of the Great Lakes (SGL), 2009. Prepared by Environment Canada and the US Environmental Protection Agency. Accessed online 09-24-2013 at: . http://binational.net/solec/sogl2009/SOGL_2009_en.pdf.
112. Struger J., Fletcher T. Occurrence of lawn care and agricultural pesticides in the Don River and Humber River watersheds (1998-2002). J. Great Lakes Res. 2007, 33:887-905.
113. Sverko E., Tomy G.T., Marvin C.H., Zaruk D., Reiner E., Helm P.A., Hill B., Mccarry B.E. Dechlorane plus levels in sediment of the lower Great Lakes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:361-366.
114. Swan S.H., Main K., Liu F., Stewart S., Kruse R., Calafat A., Mao C., Redmon J., Ternand C., Sullivan S., Teague J. Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113:1056-1061.
115. Swan S.H., Liu F., Hines M., Kruse R.L., Wang C., Redmon J.B., Sparks A., Weiss B. Prenatal phthalate exposure and reduced masculine play in boys. Int. J. Androl. 2010, 33:259-267.
116. Swaney D.P., Hong B., Ti C., Howarth R.W., Humborg C.L. Net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs to watersheds and riverine N export to coastal waters: a brief overview. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 2012, 4:203-211.
117. Thomsen P.F., Kielgast J., Iversen L.L., Wiuf C., Rasmussen M., Gilbert M.T.P., Orlando L., Willerslev E. Monitoring endangered freshwater biodiversity using environmental DNA. Mol. Ecol. 2012, 21:2565-2573.
118. Thomson B., Rose M. Environmental contaminants in foods and feeds in the light of climate change. Qual. Assur. Saf. Crop. 2011, 3:2-11.
119. Trombulak S.C., Frissell C.A. Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities. Conserv. Biol. 2000, 14(1):18-30.
120. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) United States Great Lakes Program Report on the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement 1997, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, IL.
121. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Water Quality Criterion for the Protection of Human Health: Methylmercury 2001, (Accessed online 09-25-2013 at: http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/aqlife/methylmercury/upload/2009_01_15_criteria_methylmercury_mercury-criterion.pdf).
122. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Contaminant Candidate List 3 2009, (Accessed online 01-18-2014 at: http://water.epa.gov/scitech/drinkingwater/dws/ccl/ccl3.cfm).
123. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins: Information for Drinking Water Systems. Office of Water 4304T Report EPA-810 F11001 2012, (Accessed online 09-24-2013 at: http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/nutrients/upload/cyanobacteria_factsheet.pdf).
124. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Great Lakes Monitoring Fish Indicators Contaminants in Top Predator Fish 2013, (Accessed online 09-24-2013 at: http://www.epa.gov/glindicators/fishtoxics/topfishb.html).
125. Vanderploeg H.A., Liebig J.R., Carmichael W.W., Agy M.A., Johengen T.H., Fahnenstiel G.L., Nalepa T.F. Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) selective filtration promoted toxic Microcystis blooms in Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) and Lake Erie. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2001, 58:1208-1221.
126. Vitousek P., Aber J., Howarth R., Likens G., Matson P., Schindler D., Schlesinger W., Tilman D. Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: sources and consequences. Ecol. Appl. 1997, 7:737-750.
127. Watson S.B., Ridal J., Boyer G.L. Taste and odour and cyanobacterial toxins: impairment, prediction and management in the Great Lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2008, 65(8):1779-1796.
128. Weiss B. Endocrine disruptors as a threat to neurological function. J. Neurol. Sci. 2011, 305:11-21.
129. Whitehead P.G., Wilby R.L., Battarbee R.W., Kernan M., Wade A.J. A review of the potential impacts of climate change on surface water quality. Hydrol. Sci. J. 2009, 54:101-123.
130. Whitman R., Nevers M. Foreshore sand as a source of Escherichia coli in nearshore water of a Lake Michigan beach. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003, 69:5555-5562.
131. Winter J.G., DeSellas A.M., Fletcher R., Heintsch L., Morley A., Nakamoto L., Utsumi K. Algal blooms in Ontario, Canada: increases in reports since 1994. Lake Reserv. Manag. 2011, 27:107-114.
132. Winters A.D., Marsh T.L., Faisal M. Heterogeneity of bacterial communities within the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin. J. Great Lakes Res. 2011, 37:318-324.
133. World Business Chicago (WBC) Great Lakes & St. Lawrence region 2013 economy profile update 2013, (Accessed online 09-20-2013 at: http://www.worldbusinesschicago.com/files/data/GLSL_Economy_2013%20%282011%20data%29.pdf).
134. World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for drinking water quality. Health Criteria and Other Supporting Information 1998, World Health Organization, Geneva. second ed.
135. World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia. Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals 2009, (Accessed online 03-05-2011: http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/fmanual/2.3.09.VHS.pdf).
136. Xagoraraki I., Kuo D.H., Wong K., Wong M., Rose J.B. Occurrence of human adenoviruses at two recreational beaches of the Great Lakes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2007, 73:7874-7881.
137. Zanotelli V.R.T., Neuhauss S.C.F., Ehrengruber M.U. Long-term exposure to bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) inhibits growth of guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata). J. Appl. Toxicol. 2010, 30:29-33.
138. Zbyszewski M., Corcoran P. Distribution and degradation of fresh water plastic particles along the beaches of Lake Huron, Canada. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2011, 220:365-372.
139. Zedler J.B. Wetlands at your service: reducing impacts of agriculture at the watershed scale. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2003, 1:65-72.