PCDD/F emissions from forest fire simulations

Atmospheric Environment

Volumn 37, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 803-813

  Gullett, Brian K ^a   Touati, Abderrahmane ^b  

^a U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^b ARCADIS   (United States)

Author keywords

Combustion; Emission factors; Forest fires; Polychlorinated biphenyl; Polychlorinated dibenzodioxin; Polychlorinated dibenzofuran

Indexed keywords

BIOMASS; CHLORINATION; COMBUSTION; FIRE PROTECTION; FORESTRY; ISOMERS; PARTICULATE EMISSIONS; VAPORIZATION;

FOREST FIRE;

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING;

POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXIN; POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURAN;

AIR SAMPLING; FOREST FIRE; PCDD; PCDF;

AIR POLLUTION; AIR SAMPLING; AMBIENT AIR; ARTICLE; BIOMASS; COMBUSTION; FIRE; FOREST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TOXICITY; VAPORIZATION;

EID: 0037306475     PISSN: 13522310     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00951-2     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Bacher R., Swerev M., Ballschmiter K. Profile and pattern of monochloro- through octachlorodibenzodioxins and -dibenzofurans in chimney deposits from wood burning. Environmental Science and Technology. 26:1992;1649-1655.
2. Baker J., Hites R. Is combustion the major source of polychlorinated dibenzo-. p -dioxins to the environment? A mass balance investigation Environmental Science and Technology. 34:2000;2879-2886.
3. Brubaker W., Hites R. Polychlorinated dibenzo-. p -dioxins and dibenzofurans gas-phase hydroxyl radical reactions and related atmospheric removal Environmental Science and Technology. 31:1997;1805-1810.
4. Buckland S., Dye E., Leathem S., Taucher J. The levels of PCDDs and PCDFs in soil samples collected from conservation areas following brush fires. Organohalogen Compounds. 20:1994;85-89.
5. CARB (California Air Resources Board), 1990a. Evaluation test on a wood waste fired incinerator at Pacific Oroville Power, Inc. Test Report No. C-88-050, Engineering Evaluation Branch, Monitoring and Laboratory Division, Oroville, CA, May 29.
6. CARB (California Air Resources Board), 1990b. Evaluation test on twin fluidized bed wood waste fueled combustors located in Central California. Test Report No. C-87-042, Engineering Evaluation Branch, Monitoring and Laboratory Division, Sacramento, CA, February 7.
7. Clement, R., Tashiro, C., 1991. Forest Fires as a Source of PCDD and PCDF. Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 23-27.
8. Froese K., Blais J., Muir D. Conifer forest vegetation as an indicator of PCB exposure in the region of Swan Hills, Alberta, Canada. Organohalogen Compounds. 39:1998;185-188.
9. Froese K., Blais J., Muir D. Comparison of 1997 and 1998 PCB concentrations in conifer forest vegetation in the region of Swan Hills, Alberta, Canada. Organohalogen Compounds. 41:1999;395-398.
10. Gabos S., Ikonomou M., Schopflocher D., Fowler B., White J., Prepas E., Prince D., Chen W. Characteristics of PAHs, PCDD/Fs, and PCBs in sediment following forest fires in northern Alberta. Chemosphere. 43:2001;709-719.
11. Gaus C., Weber R., Connell D., Brunskill G., Prange J., Päpke O., Müller J. Depositional processes and their source implications from temporal PCDD distributions in Queensland. (Australia) Organohalogen Compounds. 50:2001;346-349.
12. Gullett B., Dunn J., Bae S.-K., Raghunathan K. Effects of combustion parameters on polychlorinated dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran homologue profiles from municipal waste and coal co-combustion. Waste Management. 18:1998;473-483.
13. Gullett B., Lemieux P., Lutes C., Winterrowd C., Winters D. Emissions of PCDD/F from uncontrolled, domestic waste burning. Chemosphere. 43:2001;721-725.
14. Horstmann M., McLachlan M. Evidence of a novel mechanism of semivolatile organic compound deposition in-coniferous forests. Environmental Science and Technology. 30:1996;1794-1796.
15. Kim E.-J., Oh J.-E., Chang Y.-S. Does forest fire increase the PCDD/Fs level in soil? Organohalogen Compounds. 50:2001;386-389.
16. Lemieux, P.M., 1997. Evaluation of emissions from the open burning of household waste in barrels, Vol. 1. Technical Report, EPA/600/R-97-134a (NTIS PB98-127343), US Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, November.
17. Martínez-Cored M., Díaz-Ferrero J., Martí R., Broto-Puig F., Cornellas L., Rodríuez-Larena M. Analysis of dioxin-like compounds in vegetation and soil samples burned in catalan forest fires. Comparison with the correspondent unburned material. Organohalogen Compounds. 41:1999;145-148.
18. McKenzie, L., Ward, D., Hao, W., 1996. Chlorine and bromine in the biomass of tropical and temperature ecosystems. In: Levin, J. (Ed.), Biomass Burning and Global Change, Vol. 1: Remote Sensing, Model and Inventory Development, and Biomass Burning in Africa. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 241-248.
19. NIFC, 2001. Wildland fire season 2001 at a glance. National Interagency Fire Center, Boise, ID, http://www.nifc.gov/fireinfo/2001/index.html .
20. Ok G., Ji S.-H., Kim S.-J., Kim Y.-K., Park J.-H., Kim Y.-S., Han Y.-H. Monitoring of air pollution by polychlorinated dibenzo-. p -dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans of pine needles in Korea Chemosphere. 46:2002;1351-1357.
21. Riss A., Hagenmaier H., Weberuss U., Schlatter C., Wacker R. Comparison of PCDD/PCDF levels in soil, grass, cows' milk, human blood and spruce needles in an area of PCDD/PCDF contamination through emissions from a metal reclamation plant. Chemosphere. 21:1990;1451-1456.
22. Ryan, S., 2001. Ph.D. Dissertation, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.
23. Sinkkonen S., Rantio T., Vattulainen A., Aittola J.-P., Paasivirta J., Lahtiperä M. Chlorohydrocarbons, PCB congeners, polychlorodioxins, furans and dibenzothiophenes in pine needles in the vicinity of a metal reclamation plan. Chemosphere. 30:1995;2227-2239.
24. Sinkkonen S., Welling L., Vattulainen A., Lahti L., Lahtiperä M., Paasivirta J. Short chain aliphatic halocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in pine needles. effects of metal scrap plant emissions Chemosphere. 32:1996;1971-1982.
25. Strachan W., Eriksson G., Kylin G., Jensen S. Organochlorine compounds in pine needles. methods and trends Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 13:1994;443-451.
26. Tremolada P., Burnett V., Calamari D., Jones K. A study of the spatial distribution of PCBs in the UK atmosphere using pine needles. Chemosphere. 32:1996;2189-2203.
27. US EPA, 1989. Interim procedures for estimating risks associated with exposures to mixtures of chlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins and dibenzofurans (CDDs and CDFs) and 1989 update. Risk Assessment Forum, EPA/625/3-89/016 (NTIS PB90-145756). National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC.
28. US EPA, 1995. Method 23 - Determination of polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans from municipal waste combustors, CFR promulgated test methods, http://www.epa.gov/ttnemc01//promgate.html .
29. US EPA, 1999. EPA analysis method 1668A, Chlorinated biphenyl congeners in water, soil, sediment, and tissue by HRGC/HRMS, EPA 821/R-00/002, http://www.epa.gov/Region8/water/wastewater/biohome/biosolidsdown/methods/ 1668a5.pdf .
30. US EPA, 2001. Exposure and human health reassessment of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds, Part I, Vol. 2: Sources of dioxin-like compounds in the United States. Draft (external) Final Report, EPA/600/P-00/001Cb, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, October, http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/part1and2.cfm?ActType=default .
31. Van den Berg M., Birnbaum L., Bosveld A., Brunstrom B., Cook P., Feeley M., Giesey J., Hanberg A., Hasegawa R., Kennedy S., Kubiak T., Larsen J., van Leeuwen F., Liem A., Nolt C., Peterson R., Poeelinger L., Safe S., Schrenk D., Tillit D., Tysklind M., Younes M., Warn F., Zacharewski T. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife. Environmental Health Perspectives. 106:1998;775-792.
32. Van Oostdam J., Ward J. Dioxins and furans in the British Columbia environment, BC Environment. 1995;Environmental Protection Department, Victoria, British Columbia.
33. Walsh P., Brimblecombe P., Creaser C., Olphert R. Biomass burning and polychlorinated dibenzo-. p -dioxins and furans in the soil Organohalogen Compounds. 20:1994;283-287.
34. Ward, D., Peterson, J., Hao, W., 1993. An inventory of particulate matter and air toxic emissions from prescribed fires in the USA for 1989. Presented at the 86th Annual Meeting & Exhibition, Air and Waste Management Association, Denver, CO, June.
35. Ward, D., McMahon, C., Johansen, R., 1976. An update on particulate emissions from forest fires. Presented at the 69th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, Portland, OR, 27 June-1 July.
36. Wikström E., Tysklind M., Marklund S. Influence of variation in combustion conditions on the formation of chlorinated organic micro pollutants during municipal solid waste combustion. Environmental Science and Technology. 33:1999;4263-4269.
37. Winberry, W.T., Murphy, N.T., Riggan, R.M., 1988. Compendium Method TO-9: method for the determination of polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins (PCDDs) in ambient air using high-resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS), in Compendium of methods for the determination of toxic organic compounds in ambient air. EPA/600/4-89-017 (NTIS PB90-127374). US Environmental Protection Agency, Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, June.
38. Yamate, G., 1973. Development of emission factors for estimating atmospheric emissions from forest fires. EPA-450/3-73-009, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, October.
39. Yokelson R., Griffith D., Ward D. Open-path Fourier transform infrared studies of large-scale laboratory biomass fires. Journal of Geophysical Research. 101(D15):1996;21067-21080.