Western intervention in the balkans: The strategic use of emotion in conflict

Western Intervention in the Balkans: The Strategic use of Emotion in Conflict

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-333

  Petersen, Roger D ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84924007682     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511862564     Document Type: Book

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384. Dennis Gallagher and Gerald Clore, “Effects of Fear and Anger on Judgments of Risk and Evaluations of Blame,” Paper presented at the Midwest-ern Psychological Association (May 1985).
385. Haim Mano, “Risk-taking, Framing Effects, and Affect,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes (1994) 57: 38-58.
386. Jennifer S. Lerner, Roxana M. Gonzalez, Deborah A. Small, and Baruch Fischoff, “Effects of Fear and Anger on Perceived Risks of Terrorism: A National Field Experiment,” Psychological Science (2003) 14 (2): 144-50.
387. John Newhagen, “Anger, Fear and Disgust: Effects on Approach-Avoidance and Memory,” Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media (1998) 42 (2): 265-76.
388. Fotini Christia, “Walls of Martyrdom: Tehran's Propaganda Murals,” Centerpiece (Winter 2007).
389. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove Press, 1965), pp. 89-90.
390. Ron Aminzade and Doug McAdam, “Emotions and Contentious Politics,” in Ronald Amin-zade, Jack Goldstone, Doug McAdam, Elizabeth Perry, William Sewell Jr., Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly, eds., Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 14-50.
391. Frijda and Mesquita, “Beliefs through Emotions,” p. 65.
392. William Gamson, Talking Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
393. Lerner and Keltner, “Beyond Valence.” Daniel Gardner surveys research that indicates that simply providing more and better information does not always counter the effects of fear.
394. Elster, Explaining Social Behavior, pp. 77-8.
395. John Mueller, Overblown: How Politicians and the Terrorism Industry Inflate Security Threats and Why We Believe Them (New York: Free Press, 2006).
396. Barry Glassner, The Culture of Fear: Why Americans Are Afraid of the Wrong Things (New York: Basic Books, 1999).
397. Gallagher and Clore, “Effects of Fear and Anger on Judgments of Risk and Evaluations of Blame.”
398. D. M. Mackie, T. DeVos, and E. R. Smith, “Intergroup Emotions: Explaining Offensive Action Tendencies in an Intergroup Context.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (2004) 79: 602-16.
399. M. Dumont, V. Yzerbyt, D. Wigboldus, and E. H. Gordijn, “Social Categorization and Fear Reactions to the September 11th Terrorist Attacks.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (2003) 29: 1509-1520.
400. Jessica Stern, Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill (New York: Harper Collins, 2004), p. xx.
401. Louise Richardson, Terrorists: Understanding the Enemy, Containing the Threat (New York: Random House, 2006), p. 5.
402. Damasio, Descartes' Error, p. 192.
403. Rupert Brown, “Social Identity Theory: Past Achieve-ments, Current Problems, and Future Challenges,” European Journal of Social Psychology (November 2000) 30 (6): 745-778.
404. Donald Horowitz, Eth-nic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).
405. James Sidanius, “The Psychology of Group Conflict: A Social Dominance Perspective,” in Shanto Iyengar and William J. McGuire, eds., Explorations in Political Psy-chology (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1993), pp. 183-219.
406. Jim Sidanius, Felicia Pratto, and Diana Brief, “Group Dominance and the Political Psychology of Gender: A Cross-Cultural Comparison,” Political Psychology (1995) 16 (2): 381-96.
407. James Sidanius and Felicia Pratto, Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
408. Felicia Pratto, James Sidanius, Lisa Stallworth, and Bertram Malle, “Social Dominance Orientation: A Personality Variable Predicting Social and Political Attitudes,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1994) 67: 741-63.
409. Lars-Erik Cederman, Andreas Wimmer, and Brian Min, “Why Do Ethnic Groups Rebel? New Data and Analysis,” World Politics (2010) 62: 87-119.
410. Liah Greenfelds, work could also have been discussed at length here. See Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992).
411. Donald Horowitz, The Deadly Ethnic Riot (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002), pp. 368-70.
412. Rom Harre ed., The Social Construction of Emotions (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986).
413. Kaplan's Balkan Ghosts: A Journey through History (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993).
414. B. Royzman, Clark McCauley, and Paul Rozin, “From Plato to Putnam: Four Ways to Think about Hate,” in Robert J. Sternberg ed., The Psychology of Hate (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2004), pp. 3-35.
415. Sherry B. Ortner, “Patterns of History: Cultural Schemas in the Foundings of Sherpa Reli-gious Institutions,” in Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney ed., Culture through Time: Anthropological Approaches (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990), p. 89.
416. Rebecca West, Black Lamb and Grey Falcon; A Journey through Yugoslavia (New York: Penguin Books, 1995).
417. Frijda and Mesquita, “Beliefs through Emotions,” p. 55.
418. Clore and Gasper's discussion of the elaboration principle, “Feeling Is Believing,” pp. 18-21.
419. Frijda and Mesquita, “Beliefs through Emotions,” p. 55.
420. Roger Petersen, “Memory and Cultural Schema: Linking Mem-ory to Political Action,” in Francesca Cappolletto d., Memory and Second World War: An Ethnographic Approach (Oxford: Berg, 2005), pp. 131-53.
421. Stuart J. Kaufman, Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001).
422. John Dollard, L. Doob, N. Miller, O. Mowrer, and R. Sears, Frustration and Aggression (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1939).
423. Leonard Berkowitz, “Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis: Examination and Reformulation,” Psychological Bulletin (1989) 106: 59-73.
424. Ted Robert Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970).
425. Barbara Salert, Revolutions and Revolutionaries (New York: Elsevier, 1976).
426. Donald Horowitz, “Direct, Displaced, and Cumulative Ethnic Aggression,” Comparative Politics (1973) 6: 1-16.
427. Horowitz, The Deadly Ethnic Riot, pp. 136-47.
428. Jean-Paul Sartre, “Prefac.” to Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove Press, 1965), p. 18.
429. Petersen, Understanding Ethnic Violence, pp. 75-84.
430. Evangelos Liaras, “Countering Fear in War: The Strategic Use of Emo-tion in Thucydides,” Journal of Military Ethics (2006) 5: 317-333.
431. Jon Elster, Alchemies of the Mind, pp. 411-12.
432. Aristotle, Rhetoric, cited in Elster, Alchemies, p. 62.
433. Ernest Fehr, Karla Hoff, and Mayuresh Kshetramade, “Spite and Development,” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings (2008) 98: 494-499.
434. Robert K. Merton, “Intermarriage and Social Structure: Fact and Theory,” Psychiatry 4 (1941):361-77.
435. Nikolai Botev, “Where East Meets West: Ethnic Intermarriage in the Former Yugoslavia, 1962 to 1989,” American Sociological Review (June 1994) 59: 461-80.
436. Paul Sniderman, The Outsider: Prejudice and Politics in Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000).
437. H. D. Forbes, Ethnic Conflict: Commerce, Culture, and the Contact Hypothesis (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997).
438. Randall Collins, “Social Movements and the Focus of Emotional Attention,” in Jeff Goodwin, James Jasper, and Francesca Poletta, Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), pp. 27-44.
439. James Fearon and David Laitin, “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War,” American Political Science Review (2003) 97: 75-90.
440. Paul Collier, V. L. Elliott, Havard Hegre, Anke Hoeffler, Marta Reynal-Querol, and Nicholas Sambanis, Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy (Washington DC and Oxford: Copublication of the World Bank and Oxford University Press, 2003).
441. Joshua Moravcik, including Exporting Democracy: Ful-filling America's Destiny (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1991).
442. Walter Russell Mead, Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World (New York: Routledge, 2002).
443. Michael W. Doyle and Nicholas Sambanis, Making War and Building Peace (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006).
444. Roland Paris, At War's End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
445. James D. Morrow, Game Theory for Political Scientists (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 57.
446. Henry Hamburger, Games as Models of Social Phenomena (San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1979), p. 45.
447. George Tsebelis, Nested Games: Rational Choice and Comparative Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).
448. Thomas Schelling, Micromotives and Macrobehavior (New York: Gordon and Breach, 1985).
449. David Laitin, Identity in For-mation: The Russian Speaking Populations in the Near Abroad (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998).
450. Susan Woodward, Balkan Tragedy (Washington, DC: Brookings, 1995), p. 391.
451. Stephen John Stedman, “Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes,” International Security (1997) 22: 5-53. Passage is from pp. 7-8.
452. Stedman, “Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes,” p. 52.
453. Edward Mansfield and Jack Snyder, “The Sequencing ‘Fallacy,’” Journal of Democracy (2007) 18: 5-10.
454. James S. Rogan, “Facilitating Local Multiethnic Governance in Postwar Bosnia and Hercegovina,” in Nenad Dimitrijevic ed., Managing Multiethnic Communities in the Countries of the Former Yugoslavia (Budapest: Open Society Institute, 2000), pp. 183-206.
455. Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968). Paris discusses Huntington's argument in At War's End on pp. 185-7.
456. Edward D. Mansfield and Jack Snyder, “Democratization and War,” Foreign Affairs (May-June 1995) 74 (3): 79-97.
457. Stedman, “Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes,” p. 13.
458. Daniel Byman, “Forever Enemies?: The Manipulation of Ethnic Identities to End Ethnic Wars,” Security Studies (Spring 2000) 9: 149-190.
459. Mark Danner, “Taking Stock of the Forever War,” New York Times, September 11, 2005.
460. Richard Oppel and Sabrina Tavernise, with Warzer Jaff and Layla Istifan, “Car Bombings in Iraq Kill 33, with Shiites as Targets,” New York Times, May 24, 2005.
461. John Burns, “Three Car Bombs Leave 18 Dead and 46 Hurt in a Shiite Suburb of Baghdad,” New York Times, June 23, 2005.
462. Dan Murphy, “Attack Deepens Iraq's Divide,” Christian Science Monitor, February 23, 2006.
463. Edward Wong, “Blast Destroys Golden Dome of Sacred Shiite Shrine in Iraq,” New York Times, February 22, 2006.
464. Borzou Daragahi, “Sunni, Shiite Cleric Press for Calm,” Boston Globe, September 17, 2005.
465. Hussein Ali, “Sectarian Violence Rocks Al-Amiriyah,” Institute for War and Peace Reporting, September 13, 2005.
466. Ethan Bueno De Mesquita and Eric Dickson, “The Propaganda of the Deed: Terrorism, Coun-terterrorism, and Mobililization,” American Journal of Political Science (April 2007) 51: Pp. 364-81.
467. Andrew Kydd and Barbara Walter, “Sabotaging the Peace: The Politics of Extremist Violence,” International Organization (Spring 2002) 56: 263-96.
468. Asher Arian, “Israeli Public Opinion on National Security,” Jaffe Center for Strategic Studies. I am taking these figures, as well as the quotation in the same paragraph, from Boaz Atzilli, “Complex Spiral of Escalation: The Case of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict,” unpublished paper, 2004.
469. Khalil Shikaki, “Palestinian Public Opinion and the al Aqsa Intifada,” Strategic Assessment (June 2002) 5 (1): 15-20.
470. Heather Hamill, “Identity Signaling and Mimicry in the Northern Ireland Conflict, 1966-2007.
471. Hamill, “Identity Signaling and Mimicry in the Northern Ireland Conflict, 1966-2007,” p. 1.
472. Alfred McClung Lee, Terrorism in Northern Ireland (Bayside, NY: General Hall Inc., 1983), p. 171.
473. Eamon Collins, with Mick McGovern, Killing Rage (London: Granta Books, 1999), p. 295.
474. Prince, T. G. Bergin translator and editor (Arlington Heights, IL: Croft Classics, 1947), p. 50.
475. Roger Petersen, “The Strategic Use of Emotion in Conflict: Emotion and Interest in the Reconstruction of Multiethnic States,” in Argumentacion, negociacion, racional y acuerdos (Bogota).
476. Roger Petersen, Vanda Felbab-Brown, “United States Social Science and Counter-Insurgency Policy in Colom-bia,” in Freddy Cante and Luisa Ortiz eds., Nonviolent Political Action in Colombia (Bogota: Universidad del Rosario, 2005).
477. Robert Pape, Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism (New York: Random House, 2005).
478. Iain King and Whit Mason, Peace at Any Price: How the World Failed Kosovo (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006), pp. 29-30.
479. Noel Malcolm, Kosovo: A Short History (New York: New York University Press, 1999), p. 253.
480. Joseph Rothschild, East Central Europe between the Two World Wars (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1974), pp. 278-9.
481. Rothschild, East Central Europe, p. 209.
482. Paul Hehn, The German Struggle against Yugoslav Guerrillas in World War II: German Counter-insurgency in Yugoslavia, 1941-1943 (Boulder, CO: East European Quarterly, distributed by Columbia University Press, 1979).
483. Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History (New York: New York University Press, 1994), p. 193.
484. Charles Lindblom, Politics and Markets: The World's Political-Economic Systems (New York: Basic, 1977).
485. Steven L. Burg and Michael L. Berbaum, “Community, Integration, and Stability in Multinational Yugoslavia,” American Political Science Review (1989) 83: 535-54.
486. Hayden, Blueprints for a House Divided, pp. 69-71 for a discussion of the Croatian constitution of December 1990.
487. Elizabeth Pond, Endgame in the Balkans: Regime Change, European Style (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2006), pp. 18.
488. Woodward, Balkan Tragedy, p. 149.
489. Warren Zimmerman, Origins of a Catastrophe: Yugoslavia and Its Destroyers (New York: Random House, 1999), p. 192.
490. Alexandra Stiglmayer, Mass Rape: The War against Women in Bosnia-Hercegovina (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994).
491. Misha Glenny, The Balkans: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers, 1804-1999 (New York: Viking, 2000), p. 641.
492. David Binder, “U.S. Policymakers on Bosnia Admit Errors in Opposing Partition in 1992,” New York Times, August 29, 1993.
493. Richard Holbrooke, To End a War (New York: Random House, 1999), p. 73.
494. Jan Willem Honig, and Norbert Both, Srebrenica: Record of a War Crime (New York: Penguin Books, 1996).
495. Sumantra Bose, Bosnia after Dayton: Nationalist Partition and International Intervention (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).
496. Cited in Tim Judah, Kosovo: What Everyone Needs to Know (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 71.
497. Cristina Churruca Muguruza, “The European Union and Humanitarian Intervention in Kosovo: A Test for the CommonForeign Policy,” in Florian Bieber and Zhidas Daskalovski, Under-standing the War in Kosovo (London: Frank Cass, 2003), p. 237.
498. Zimmermann, Origins of a Catastrophe, pp. 230-31.
499. Henry Perritt Jr., Kosovo Liberation Army: The Inside Story of an Insurgency (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2008).
500. Muguruza, “The European Union and Humanitarian Intervention in Kosovo,” p. 245.
501. International Commission on the Balkans, The Balkans in Europe's Future, p. 28.
502. Brookings Press Briefing, “Macedonia: The Next Balkans War,” March 27, 2001.
503. Sani Rifati, “The Roma and ‘Humanitarian’ Ethnic Cleaning in Kosovo,” Dissident Voice, October 13, 2002.
504. Ivo Andric, The Bridge on the Drina, translated from the Serbo-Croatian by Lovett F. Edwards (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977, originally published 1945), p. 56.
505. Dan Bilefsky, “Kosovo Declares Its Independence from Serbia,” New York Times, February 18, 2008.
506. Sabrina Ramet, “(T)he Kosovo case exemplifies conflict accommodation as practiced in communist Yugoslavia: Jail the troublemakers but grant their nondisintegrative demands.” Nationalism and Federalism in Yugoslavia 1962-1991 (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1992), p. 192.
507. Noel Malcolm, Kosovo: A Short History (New York: New York University Press, 1999), p. 326.
508. Hugh Poulton and Miranda Vickers, “The Kosovo Albanians: Ethnic Confrontation with the Slav State,” in Hugh Poulton and Suha Taji-Farouki eds., Muslim Identity and the Balkan State (New York: New York University Press, 1997), pp. 152.
509. Dejan Guzina, “Kosovo or Kosova-Could It Be Both?” in Florian Bieber and Zhidas Daskalovski eds., Understanding the War in Kosovo (London: Frank Cass, 2003), pp. 31-52.
510. Zivko M. Andrijasevic and Serbo Rastoder, The History of Montenegro (Podgorica: Montene-gro Diaspora Centre, 2006), p. 254.
511. Marina Blagojevic, “The Migration of Serbs from Kosovo During the 1970's and 1980's,” in Nebojsa Popov ed., The Road to War in Serbia: Trauma and Catharsis (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2000), pp. 212-43.
512. Julie Mertus, How Myths and Truths Started a War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), p. 8.
513. Lazar Nikolic, “Ethnic Prejudices and Discrimination,” pp. 53-76.
514. Ibrahim Rugova, cited in Tim Judah, Kosovo: What Everyone Needs to Know, p. 71.
515. Howard Clark, Civil Resistance in Kosovo (Sterling, VA: Pluto Press, 2000), p. 98.
516. Shkelzen Maliqi, “Reading, Writing, and Repres-sion,” Balkan War Report May 1996, pp. 44-5.
517. Denisa Kostovicova, “Shkolla Shqipe and Nationhood: Albanians in Pursuit of Education in the Native Language in Interwar (1918-1941) and Post-Autonomy (1989-98) Kosovo,” in Stephanie Schwanders-Sievers and Bernd J. Fischer eds., Albanian Identities: Myth and History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002), pp. 157-71.
518. Henry H. Perritt Jr., Kosovo Liberation Army: The Inside Story of an Insurgency (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008).
519. Tim Judah, Kosovo: War and Revenge (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000).
520. Chris Jarvis, “The Rise and Fall of the Pyramid Schemes in Albania,” International Monetary Fund, IMF Staff Papers (2000) 47 (no. 1): 1-29.
521. Shinasi Rama, “The Serb-Albanian War, and International Community's Miscalculations,” International Journal of Albanian Studies (2002) 2 (no. 1).
522. Judah, Kosovo: What Everyone Needs to Know, p. 80.
523. Chris Hedges, “New Balkan Tinderbox: Ethnic Albanians' Rebellion against Serbs,” New York Times, March 2, 1998.
524. Kuperman, “Tragic Challenges,” p. 331.
525. Bardh Hamzaj, A Narrative about War and Freedom (Dialog with the Commander Ramush Haradinaj) (Prishtina: Zeri, 2000).
526. Barry Posen, “The War for Kosovo: Serbia's Political-Military Strategy,” International Security 24 (Spring 2000) (No. 4): 39-85. Passage is found on p. 60.
527. John Kifner, “How Serb Forces Purged One Million Albanians,” New York Times, May 29, 1999.
528. Ivo Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History and Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984), p. 298.
529. Noel Malcolm, Kosovo: A Short History (New York: New York University Press, 1999), p. 272.
530. Dusan Necak, “Historical Elements for Understanding the ‘Yugoslav Question,’” in Yugoslavia, the Former and Future: Reflections by Scholars from the Region (Washington, DC: The Brook-ings Institution, 1995), p. 24.
531. Milica Bakic-Hayden, “National Memory as Narrative Memory: The Case of Kosovo,” in Maria Todorova, ed., Balkan Identities: Nation and Memory (New York: New York University Press, 2004), pp. 25-40.
532. Roger Petersen, Resistance and Rebellion: Lessons from Eastern Europe (Cambridge: Cam-bridge University Press, 2001).
533. Human Rights Watch, Under Orders: War Crimes in Kosovo. Abuses after June 12, 1999, p. 2 (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2001).
534. Miklos Haraszti, “The Role of the Media in the March 2004 Events in Kosovo,” Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Vienna 2004.
535. Haraszti, “The Role of the Media in the March 2004 Events in Kosovo,” p. 12.
536. Jeta Xharra and Alex Anderson, Institute for War and Peace Reporting, March 18, 2004.
537. Tanja Matic, Institute for War and Peace Reporting, March 18, 2004.
538. Dan Bilefsky, New York Times, “Angry Serbs Burn Border Posts in Kosovo,” February 20, 2008.
539. Figures taken from International Crisis Group, “Southern Serbia: In Kosovo's Shadow,” Europe Briefing No. 43, Belgrade/Pristina/Brussels, 27 June, 2006, p. 3.
540. International Crisis Group, “Peace in Presevo: Quick Fix or Long Term Solution?” ICG Balkans Report No. 116, Pristina/Belgrade/Brussels, 10 August, 2001, p. 2.
541. International Crisis Group, “Southern Serbia,” p. 1.
542. Beata Huszka, “The Presevo Valley of Southern Serbia alongside Kosovo: The Case for Decen-tralisation and Minority Protection,” CEPS Policy Briefs, issue 1-12, 2007.
543. Nikolai Botev, “Where East Meets West: Ethnic Intermarriage in the Former Yugoslavia, 1962 to 1989,” American Sociological Review (June 1994) 59 (No. 3): 461-80.
544. Huszka, “The Presevo Valley of Southern Serbia alongside Kosovo,” p. 3.
545. Bob Churcher, “Kosovo Lindore/Preshevo 1999-2002 and the FYROM Conflict,” Conflict Studies Research Centre, Ministry of Defence, UK, March 2002.
546. Bujanovac Press Center, “Terrorist Attacks and Provocations in the Ground Safety Zone,” January 8, 2002.
547. International Crisis Group, “Southern Serbia: In Kosovo's Shadow,” p. 2.
548. International Crisis Group, “Peace in Presevo,” p. 3.
549. International Crisis Group, “Peace in Presevo,” p. 6.
550. International Crisis Group, “Southern Serbia's Fragile Peace,” December 9, 2003, p. 13.
551. International Crisis Group, “Southern Serbia: In Kosovo's Shadow,” p. 4.
552. International Crisis Group, “Southern Serbia: In Kosovo's Shadow,” p. 6.
553. International Crisis Group, “Southern Serbia's Fragile Peace,” pp. 4-10.
554. Skender Latifi, “Alarm Bells in South Serbia,” Institute for War and Peace Reporting, September 4, 2003.
555. Shaban Buza, “Ex-Rebel Chief Denies South Serbia Presevo Attack,” Reuters, February 28, 2003.
556. Ivica Stepanovic, “Serbs Sell Up in Presevo,” Balkan Investigative Reporting Network, November 17, 2005.
557. Tim Judah, “Serbia's Southern Borderland Remains Stuck in Limbo,” Balkan Insight, April 14, 2010.
558. Nikola Lazic, “Partition Demand Fuels South Serbia Tensions,” Balkan Insight, February 16, 2006.
559. International Crisis Group, “Southern Serbia's Fragile Peace,” p. 5.
560. International Crisis Group, “Southern Serbia,” p. 5.
561. Driton Salihu and Jasmina Arsic, “Brain Drain Sucks Life from Southern Serbia,” Balkan Insight, March 5, 2009.
562. John Phillips, Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), p. 65.
563. Ulf Brunnbauer, “The Implementation of the Ohrid Accord: Ethnic Macedonian Resentments,” Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe (2002) (Issue 1): 13.
564. Ivo Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origin, History, Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984), pp. 307-28.
565. Myron Weiner, “The Macedonian Syndrome: A Historical Model of International Relations and Political Development,” World Politics (July 1971) 23: 665-83.
566. Zoran Ilievski, “Country Specific Reports on Conflict Settlements, Country Report on Mace-donia,” p.15.
567. Robert Hislope, “Between a Bad Peace and a Good War: Insights and Lessons from the Almost-War in Macedonia,” unpublished draft, p. 9. A published version can be found in Ethnic and Racial Studies, (2003) 26 (Issue 1): 129-51.
568. Hislope, “Between a Bad Peace and a Good War,” p. 18.
569. ICG, “No Room for Complacency,” October 23, 2003, p. 21.
570. Ana Petruseva, “Ohrid Two Years On,” Institute for War and Peace Reporting, August 19, 2003.
571. Mirsad Tokaca, “Human Losses in Bosnia-Herzegovina 1991-1995.” Tokaca's database sorts the victims by name, place, and circumstances of death. The Research and Documentation Center in Sarajevo released this data base in June 2007.
572. Florian Bieber, “Dayton Bosnia May Be Over-But What Next?” Balkan Insight, 10 December 2009.
573. V. P. Gagnon, The Myth of Ethnic War: Serbia and Croatia in the 1990's (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004).
574. Robert J. Donia and John V. A. Fine, Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), p. 186.
575. Nikolai Botev, “Where East Meets West: Ethnic Intermarriage in the Former Yugoslavia, 1962 to 1989,” American Sociological Review (June 1994) 59: 461-80.
576. V. P. Gagnon, “Reaction to the Special Issue of AEER War among the Yugoslavs,” Anthropology of East Europe Review (Spring 1994) 12: 50-51.
577. Botev, “Where East Meets West,” p. 475.
578. Sabrina Ramet, “Nationalism and the ‘Idiocy of the Countryside’: The Case of Serbia,” Ethnic and Racial Studies (1996) 19: 70-87.
579. Ramet, “Nationalism and the ‘Idiocy of the Countryside,’” p. 85.
580. Aleksandar Pavkovic, “Anticipating the Disintegration: Nationalisms in the Former Yugoslavia, 1980-1990,” Nationalities Papers (1997) 25: 427-40. Quotation is from p. 435.
581. Steven L. Burg and Paul S. Shoup, The War in Bosnia and Hercegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1999), p. 73.
582. Alan Kuperman, “Suicidal Rebellions and the Moral Hazard of Humanitarian Intervention,” Ethnopolitics (June 2005) 4: 149-73.
583. Bosnian Serbs, in Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, and Resentment in Twentieth Century Eastern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 231-42.
584. Marlise Simons, “Data on Balkan Wars Found in Home of Suspect,” New York Times, July 10, 2010.
585. Elizabeth Pond, Endgame in the Balkans: Regime Change, European Style (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2006), p. 151.
586. Chaim Kaufmann, “Intervention in Ethnic and Ideological Civil Wars: Why One Can be Done and the Other Can't,” Security Studies (1996): 62-100.
587. Roland Paris, At War's End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-versity Press, 2004), p. 100.
588. Pond, Endgame in the Balkans, p. 161.
589. Elizabeth M. Cousens, “From Missed Opportunities to Overcompensation: Implementing the Dayton Agreement on Bosnia,” in Stephen John Stedman, Donald Rothchild, and Elizabeth M. Cousens eds., Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002), pp. 531-66.
590. J.S. Lerner and D. Keltner, “Beyond Valence: Toward a Model of Emotion-Specific Influences on Judgment and Choice,” Cognition and Emotion (2000) 14.
591. Zoran Pajic, “Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Statehood Cross-roads,” in Stefano Bianchini, Joesph Marko, and Milica Uvalic eds., Regional Cooperation, Peace Enforcement, and the Role of the Treaties in the Balkans (Bologna: Longo Editore Ravenna, 2007), pp. 79-91.
592. Cousens, “From Missed Opportunities to Overcompensation,” p. 549.
593. Mike Oconnor, “Serbs in Bosnia Appear to Shun Favorite of U.S.” New York Times, Septem-ber 17, 1998.
594. Paddy Ashdown and Richard Holbrooke, “A Bosnian Powder Keg,” The Guardian, October 22, 2008.
595. ICG, “Bosnia's Incomplete Transition,” p. 7.
596. Nidzara Ahmetasevic, “Bosnian Returnees Quietly Quit Regained Homes,” Institute for War and Peace Reporting, August 31, 2006.
597. Melissa Sinclair, “Brcko: International Incubation,” in Solutions for Northern Kosovo: Lessons Learned in Mostar, Eastern Slavonia, and Brcko (Defense and Technology Paper 4), Hans Binnendijk, Charles Barry, Gina Cordero, Laura Peterson Nussbaum, and Melissa Sinclair, eds. (Washington, DC: National Defense University Center for Technology and National Security Policy, August 2006), pp. 41-9.
598. Michael W. Doyle and Nicholas Sambanis, Making War and Building Peace: United Nations Peace Operations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), pp. 231-43.
599. Ivo Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984), pp. 270-91.
600. Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia, p. 272.
601. Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia, p. 274.
602. Zivko M. Andrijasevic and Serbo Rastoder, The History of Montenegro (Podgorica: Montenegro Diaspora Centre, 2006).
603. Srdjan Darmanovic, “Montenegro: Miracle in the Balkans?” Journal of Democracy (April 2007) 18 (no.2): 153.
604. Stojan Cerovic, “Serbia and Montenegro: Reintegration, Divorce, or Something Else?” Special Report, U.S. Institute for Peace, 2001, p. 3.
605. Zoran Radulovic, “Montenegrin Public Opinion at a Turning Point,” Podgorica, AIM, Septem-ber 24, 1999.
606. Florian Bieber, “The Instrumentalization of Minorities in the Montenegrin Dispute over Independence,” European Centre for Minority Issues, Policy Brief #8, March 2002.
607. Can Karpat, “Serbia and Montenegro: Unhappy Couple on the Way of Divorce?” AIA Balkan section, January 16, 2006.
608. Florian Bieber, “Voting Day: Looking Each Other in the Eye,” Transitions on Line, May 23, 2006.
609. International Crisis Group, “Pan-Albanianism: How Big a Threat to Balkan Stability?” Europe Report No. 25, February 2004.
610. Frantisek Sistek and Bohdana Dimitrovova, “National Minorities in Montenegro after the Break-Up of Yugoslavia,” in Florian Bieber ed., Montenegro in Transition: Problems of Identity and Statehood (Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003), p. 169.
611. Jovan Nikolaidis, “Multiculturalism in Mon-tenegro and the City of Ulcinj,” in Nenad Dimitrijevic ed., Managing Multiethnic Local Com-munities in the Countries of the Former Yugoslavia (Budapest: Open Society Institute, 2000), pp. 447-57.
612. Nikolai Botev, in “Where East Meets West: Ethnic Intermarriage in the Former Yugoslavia, 1962 to 1989,” American Sociological Review (June 1994) 59 (No. 3): 461-80.
613. International Crisis Group, “Montenegro's Referendum,” p. 9.
614. John Mueller, “The Banality of ‘Ethnic War,’” International Security (2000) 25 (1): 42-70. Passage is from p. 68.
615. Ana Petruseva, “Rise and Fall of Macedonia's Nationalist Showman,” Institute for War and Peace Reporting, March 17, 2005, for more details on Boskovski.
616. Darko Duridanski, “Old-Style Nationalism Has No Future in Macedonia,” Balkan Insight, June 18, 2009.
617. Brussels, “A Secure Europe in a Better World: European Security Strategy,” December 12, 2003, p. 6.
618. John Tirman, “The New Humanitarianism: How Military Intervention Became the Norm,” Boston Review (December 2003/January 2004).
619. Barry Posen, “Command of the Commons: The Military Foundation of U.S. Hegemony,” International Security (Summer 2003) 28 (No. 1): 5-46.
620. James Dobbins, “Preparing for Nation-Building,” Survival (October 2006) 48: 3, 27-40.