메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 94, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 1335-1349

Clostridium difficile infection: Prevention, treatment, and surgical management

Author keywords

Colectomy; Fecal microbiota therapy; Ileostomy; Vancomycin

Indexed keywords

FIDAXOMICIN; IMMUNOLOGIC AGENT; METRONIDAZOLE; VANCOMYCIN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

EID: 84923818545     PISSN: 00396109     EISSN: 15583171     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2014.08.006     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (20)

References (90)
  • 1
    • 0016208952 scopus 로고
    • Clindamycin-associated colitis. A prospective study
    • Tedesco F.J., Barton R.W., Alpers D.H. Clindamycin-associated colitis. A prospective study. Ann Intern Med 1974, 81(4):429-433.
    • (1974) Ann Intern Med , vol.81 , Issue.4 , pp. 429-433
    • Tedesco, F.J.1    Barton, R.W.2    Alpers, D.H.3
  • 2
    • 0017801430 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis due to toxin-producing clostridia
    • Bartlett J.G., Chang T.W., Gurwith M., et al. Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis due to toxin-producing clostridia. NEngl J Med 1978, 298(10):531-534.
    • (1978) NEngl J Med , vol.298 , Issue.10 , pp. 531-534
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Chang, T.W.2    Gurwith, M.3
  • 3
    • 0018075343 scopus 로고
    • Role of Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis
    • Bartlett J.G., Moon N., Chang T.W., et al. Role of Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Gastroenterology 1978, 75(5):778-782.
    • (1978) Gastroenterology , vol.75 , Issue.5 , pp. 778-782
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Moon, N.2    Chang, T.W.3
  • 4
    • 0027327788 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile colonization in residents of long-term care facilities: prevalence and risk factors
    • Walker K.J., Gilliland S.S., Vance-Bryan K., et al. Clostridium difficile colonization in residents of long-term care facilities: prevalence and risk factors. JAm Geriatr Soc 1993, 41(9):940-946.
    • (1993) JAm Geriatr Soc , vol.41 , Issue.9 , pp. 940-946
    • Walker, K.J.1    Gilliland, S.S.2    Vance-Bryan, K.3
  • 5
    • 84875952150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Clostridium difficile infections
    • Surawicz C.M., Brandt L.J., Binion D.G., et al. Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Clostridium difficile infections. Am J Gastroenterol 2013, 108(4):478-498.
    • (2013) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.108 , Issue.4 , pp. 478-498
    • Surawicz, C.M.1    Brandt, L.J.2    Binion, D.G.3
  • 6
    • 79960146635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection: effect of vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonization
    • Choi H.K., Kim K.H., Lee S.H., et al. Risk factors for recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection: effect of vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonization. JKorean Med Sci 2011, 26(7):859-864.
    • (2011) JKorean Med Sci , vol.26 , Issue.7 , pp. 859-864
    • Choi, H.K.1    Kim, K.H.2    Lee, S.H.3
  • 7
    • 56249107224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis to assess risk factors for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Garey K.W., Sethi S., Yadav Y., et al. Meta-analysis to assess risk factors for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. JHosp Infect 2008, 70(4):298-304.
    • (2008) JHosp Infect , vol.70 , Issue.4 , pp. 298-304
    • Garey, K.W.1    Sethi, S.2    Yadav, Y.3
  • 8
    • 77951026738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)
    • Cohen S.H., Gerding D.N., Johnson S., et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010, 31(5):431-455.
    • (2010) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.31 , Issue.5 , pp. 431-455
    • Cohen, S.H.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Johnson, S.3
  • 9
    • 55249105923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-more difficult than ever
    • Kelly C.P., LaMont J.T. Clostridium difficile-more difficult than ever. NEngl J Med 2008, 359(18):1932-1940.
    • (2008) NEngl J Med , vol.359 , Issue.18 , pp. 1932-1940
    • Kelly, C.P.1    LaMont, J.T.2
  • 10
    • 45249099998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increase in adult Clostridium difficile-related hospitalizations and case-fatality rate, United States, 2000-2005
    • Zilberberg M.D., Shorr A.F., Kollef M.H. Increase in adult Clostridium difficile-related hospitalizations and case-fatality rate, United States, 2000-2005. Emerg Infect Dis 2008, 14(6):929-931.
    • (2008) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.14 , Issue.6 , pp. 929-931
    • Zilberberg, M.D.1    Shorr, A.F.2    Kollef, M.H.3
  • 11
    • 67349265209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National point prevalence of Clostridium difficile in US health care facility inpatients, 2008
    • Jarvis W.R., Schlosser J., Jarvis A.A., et al. National point prevalence of Clostridium difficile in US health care facility inpatients, 2008. Am J Infect Control 2009, 37(4):263-270.
    • (2009) Am J Infect Control , vol.37 , Issue.4 , pp. 263-270
    • Jarvis, W.R.1    Schlosser, J.2    Jarvis, A.A.3
  • 12
    • 48749125158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost of nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea
    • Vonberg R.P., Reichardt C., Behnke M., et al. Cost of nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. JHosp Infect 2008, 70:15-20.
    • (2008) JHosp Infect , vol.70 , pp. 15-20
    • Vonberg, R.P.1    Reichardt, C.2    Behnke, M.3
  • 13
    • 84863694101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Burden of Clostridium difficile on the healthcare system
    • Dubberke E.R., Olsen M.A. Burden of Clostridium difficile on the healthcare system. Clin Infect Dis 2012, 55(Suppl 2):S88-S92.
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.55 , pp. S88-S92
    • Dubberke, E.R.1    Olsen, M.A.2
  • 14
    • 35348962496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The emerging infectious challenge of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in Massachusetts hospitals: clinical and economic consequences
    • O'Brien J.A., Lahue B.J., Caro J.J., et al. The emerging infectious challenge of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in Massachusetts hospitals: clinical and economic consequences. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007, 28(11):1219-1227.
    • (2007) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.28 , Issue.11 , pp. 1219-1227
    • O'Brien, J.A.1    Lahue, B.J.2    Caro, J.J.3
  • 15
    • 34848836638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increase in Clostridium difficile-related mortality rates, United States, 1999-2004
    • Redelings M.D., Sorvillo F., Mascola L. Increase in Clostridium difficile-related mortality rates, United States, 1999-2004. Emerg Infect Dis 2007, 13(9):1417-1419.
    • (2007) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.13 , Issue.9 , pp. 1417-1419
    • Redelings, M.D.1    Sorvillo, F.2    Mascola, L.3
  • 16
    • 84856712211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes in community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection
    • Khanna S., Pardi D.S., Aronson S.L., et al. Outcomes in community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012, 35(5):613-618.
    • (2012) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.35 , Issue.5 , pp. 613-618
    • Khanna, S.1    Pardi, D.S.2    Aronson, S.L.3
  • 17
    • 10744228413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile colonization in healthy adults: transient colonization and correlation with enterococcal colonization
    • Ozaki E., Kato H., Kita H., et al. Clostridium difficile colonization in healthy adults: transient colonization and correlation with enterococcal colonization. JMed Microbiol 2004, 53(Pt 2):167-172.
    • (2004) JMed Microbiol , vol.53 , pp. 167-172
    • Ozaki, E.1    Kato, H.2    Kita, H.3
  • 18
    • 23844496525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colonization by Clostridium difficile of neonates in a hospital, and infants and children in three day-care facilities of Kanazawa, Japan
    • Matsuki S., Ozaki E., Shozu M., et al. Colonization by Clostridium difficile of neonates in a hospital, and infants and children in three day-care facilities of Kanazawa, Japan. Int Microbiol 2005, 8(1):43-48.
    • (2005) Int Microbiol , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 43-48
    • Matsuki, S.1    Ozaki, E.2    Shozu, M.3
  • 19
    • 84857741366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterisation of Clostridium difficile hospital ward-based transmission using extensive epidemiological data and molecular typing
    • Walker A.S., Eyre D.W., Wyllie D.H., et al. Characterisation of Clostridium difficile hospital ward-based transmission using extensive epidemiological data and molecular typing. PLoS Med 2012, 9(2):e1001172.
    • (2012) PLoS Med , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. e1001172
    • Walker, A.S.1    Eyre, D.W.2    Wyllie, D.H.3
  • 20
    • 0027396469 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Fekety R., Shah A.B. Diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis. JAMA 1993, 269(1):71-75.
    • (1993) JAMA , vol.269 , Issue.1 , pp. 71-75
    • Fekety, R.1    Shah, A.B.2
  • 21
    • 0026727849 scopus 로고
    • Acquisition of Clostridium difficile by hospitalized patients: evidence for colonized new admissions as a source of infection
    • Clabots C.R., Johnson S., Olson M.M., et al. Acquisition of Clostridium difficile by hospitalized patients: evidence for colonized new admissions as a source of infection. JInfect Dis 1992, 166(3):561-567.
    • (1992) JInfect Dis , vol.166 , Issue.3 , pp. 561-567
    • Clabots, C.R.1    Johnson, S.2    Olson, M.M.3
  • 22
    • 0028057679 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile colonization and diarrhea at a tertiary care hospital
    • Samore M.H., DeGirolami P.C., Tlucko A., et al. Clostridium difficile colonization and diarrhea at a tertiary care hospital. Clin Infect Dis 1994, 18(2):181-187.
    • (1994) Clin Infect Dis , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 181-187
    • Samore, M.H.1    DeGirolami, P.C.2    Tlucko, A.3
  • 23
    • 84869008045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utility of perirectal swab specimens for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kundrapu S., Sunkesula V.C., Jury L.A., et al. Utility of perirectal swab specimens for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2012, 55(11):1527-1530.
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.55 , Issue.11 , pp. 1527-1530
    • Kundrapu, S.1    Sunkesula, V.C.2    Jury, L.A.3
  • 24
    • 69349092544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated disease and mortality among the elderly critically ill
    • Zilberberg M.D., Shorr A.F., Micek S.T., et al. Clostridium difficile-associated disease and mortality among the elderly critically ill. Crit Care Med 2009, 37(9):2583-2589.
    • (2009) Crit Care Med , vol.37 , Issue.9 , pp. 2583-2589
    • Zilberberg, M.D.1    Shorr, A.F.2    Micek, S.T.3
  • 25
    • 81055140085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Co-morbidities as predictors of mortality in Clostridium difficile infection and derivation of the ARC predictive score
    • Welfare M.R., Lalayiannis L.C., Martin K.E., et al. Co-morbidities as predictors of mortality in Clostridium difficile infection and derivation of the ARC predictive score. JHosp Infect 2011, 79(4):359-363.
    • (2011) JHosp Infect , vol.79 , Issue.4 , pp. 359-363
    • Welfare, M.R.1    Lalayiannis, L.C.2    Martin, K.E.3
  • 26
    • 0000795948 scopus 로고
    • Intestinal flora in newborn infants with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe, Bacillus difficilis
    • Hall I.C., O'Toole E. Intestinal flora in newborn infants with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe, Bacillus difficilis. Am J Dis Child 1935, 49(2):390-402.
    • (1935) Am J Dis Child , vol.49 , Issue.2 , pp. 390-402
    • Hall, I.C.1    O'Toole, E.2
  • 27
    • 79957640579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binary toxin and death after Clostridium difficile infection
    • Bacci S., Molbak K., Kjeldsen M.K., et al. Binary toxin and death after Clostridium difficile infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2011, 17(6):976-982.
    • (2011) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.17 , Issue.6 , pp. 976-982
    • Bacci, S.1    Molbak, K.2    Kjeldsen, M.K.3
  • 28
    • 20144363690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical features of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea due to binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase)-producing strains
    • Barbut F., Decre D., Lalande V., et al. Clinical features of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea due to binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase)-producing strains. JMed Microbiol 2005, 54(Pt 2):181-185.
    • (2005) JMed Microbiol , vol.54 , pp. 181-185
    • Barbut, F.1    Decre, D.2    Lalande, V.3
  • 29
    • 84871951172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting recurrence of C. difficile colitis using bacterial virulence factors: binary toxin is the key
    • Stewart D.B., Berg A., Hegarty J. Predicting recurrence of C. difficile colitis using bacterial virulence factors: binary toxin is the key. JGastrointest Surg 2013, 17(1):118-124.
    • (2013) JGastrointest Surg , vol.17 , Issue.1 , pp. 118-124
    • Stewart, D.B.1    Berg, A.2    Hegarty, J.3
  • 30
    • 78650825355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: a hospital-based survey
    • Bauer M.P., Notermans D.W., van Benthem B.H., et al. Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: a hospital-based survey. Lancet 2011, 377(9759):63-73.
    • (2011) Lancet , vol.377 , Issue.9759 , pp. 63-73
    • Bauer, M.P.1    Notermans, D.W.2    van Benthem, B.H.3
  • 31
    • 84884206544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic position and virulence apparatus of the pear flower necrosis pathogen Erwinia piriflorinigrans CFBP 5888(T) as assessed by comparative genomics
    • Smits T.H., Rezzonico F., Lopez M.M., et al. Phylogenetic position and virulence apparatus of the pear flower necrosis pathogen Erwinia piriflorinigrans CFBP 5888(T) as assessed by comparative genomics. Syst Appl Microbiol 2013, 36(7):449-456.
    • (2013) Syst Appl Microbiol , vol.36 , Issue.7 , pp. 449-456
    • Smits, T.H.1    Rezzonico, F.2    Lopez, M.M.3
  • 32
    • 25144469664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe
    • Warny M., Pepin J., Fang A., et al. Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet 2005, 366(9491):1079-1084.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , Issue.9491 , pp. 1079-1084
    • Warny, M.1    Pepin, J.2    Fang, A.3
  • 33
    • 84866460958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection: toxins and non-toxin virulence factors, and their contributions to disease establishment and host response
    • Vedantam G., Clark A., Chu M., et al. Clostridium difficile infection: toxins and non-toxin virulence factors, and their contributions to disease establishment and host response. Gut Microbes 2012, 3(2):121-134.
    • (2012) Gut Microbes , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 121-134
    • Vedantam, G.1    Clark, A.2    Chu, M.3
  • 34
    • 77958132074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations in TcdB activity and the hypervirulence of emerging strains of Clostridium difficile
    • Lanis J.M., Barua S., Ballard J.D. Variations in TcdB activity and the hypervirulence of emerging strains of Clostridium difficile. PLoS Pathog 2010, 6(8):e1001061.
    • (2010) PLoS Pathog , vol.6 , Issue.8 , pp. e1001061
    • Lanis, J.M.1    Barua, S.2    Ballard, J.D.3
  • 35
    • 84858866411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TcdB from hypervirulent Clostridium difficile exhibits increased efficiency of autoprocessing
    • Lanis J.M., Hightower L.D., Shen A., et al. TcdB from hypervirulent Clostridium difficile exhibits increased efficiency of autoprocessing. Mol Microbiol 2012, 84(1):66-76.
    • (2012) Mol Microbiol , vol.84 , Issue.1 , pp. 66-76
    • Lanis, J.M.1    Hightower, L.D.2    Shen, A.3
  • 36
    • 28844441314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apredominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality
    • Loo V.G., Poirier L., Miller M.A., et al. Apredominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. NEngl J Med 2005, 353(23):2442-2449.
    • (2005) NEngl J Med , vol.353 , Issue.23 , pp. 2442-2449
    • Loo, V.G.1    Poirier, L.2    Miller, M.A.3
  • 37
    • 56149107841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection by toxin detection kits: a systematic review
    • Planche T., Aghaizu A., Holliman R., et al. Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection by toxin detection kits: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 2008, 8(12):777-784.
    • (2008) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.8 , Issue.12 , pp. 777-784
    • Planche, T.1    Aghaizu, A.2    Holliman, R.3
  • 38
    • 84870726877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress-evoked sterile inflammation, danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), microbial associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and the inflammasome
    • Fleshner M. Stress-evoked sterile inflammation, danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), microbial associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and the inflammasome. Brain Behav Immun 2013, 27(1):1-7.
    • (2013) Brain Behav Immun , vol.27 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-7
    • Fleshner, M.1
  • 39
    • 10744225600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AEuropean survey of diagnostic methods and testing protocols for Clostridium difficile
    • Barbut F., Delmee M., Brazier J.S., et al. AEuropean survey of diagnostic methods and testing protocols for Clostridium difficile. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003, 9(10):989-996.
    • (2003) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.9 , Issue.10 , pp. 989-996
    • Barbut, F.1    Delmee, M.2    Brazier, J.S.3
  • 40
    • 77949516928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile and the surgeon
    • Stanley J.D., Burns R.P. Clostridium difficile and the surgeon. Am Surg 2010, 76(3):235-244.
    • (2010) Am Surg , vol.76 , Issue.3 , pp. 235-244
    • Stanley, J.D.1    Burns, R.P.2
  • 41
    • 79955511220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Cheng A.C., Ferguson J.K., Richards M.J., et al. Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Med J Aust 2011, 194(7):353-358.
    • (2011) Med J Aust , vol.194 , Issue.7 , pp. 353-358
    • Cheng, A.C.1    Ferguson, J.K.2    Richards, M.J.3
  • 42
    • 70649095042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID): data review and recommendations for diagnosing Clostridium difficile-infection (CDI)
    • Crobach M.J., Dekkers O.M., Wilcox M.H., et al. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID): data review and recommendations for diagnosing Clostridium difficile-infection (CDI). Clin Microbiol Infect 2009, 15(12):1053-1066.
    • (2009) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.15 , Issue.12 , pp. 1053-1066
    • Crobach, M.J.1    Dekkers, O.M.2    Wilcox, M.H.3
  • 43
    • 77957763463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is repeat PCR needed for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection?
    • Luo R.F., Banaei N. Is repeat PCR needed for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection?. JClin Microbiol 2010, 48(10):3738-3741.
    • (2010) JClin Microbiol , vol.48 , Issue.10 , pp. 3738-3741
    • Luo, R.F.1    Banaei, N.2
  • 44
    • 43149125188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect on diagnostic yield of repeated stool testing during outbreaks of Clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • Debast S.B., van Kregten E., Oskam K.M., et al. Effect on diagnostic yield of repeated stool testing during outbreaks of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008, 14(6):622-624.
    • (2008) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.14 , Issue.6 , pp. 622-624
    • Debast, S.B.1    van Kregten, E.2    Oskam, K.M.3
  • 45
    • 77958146778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential value of repeat stool testing for Clostridium difficile stool toxin using enzyme immunoassay?
    • Deshpande A., Pasupuleti V., Pant C., et al. Potential value of repeat stool testing for Clostridium difficile stool toxin using enzyme immunoassay?. Curr Med Res Opin 2010, 26(11):2635-2641.
    • (2010) Curr Med Res Opin , vol.26 , Issue.11 , pp. 2635-2641
    • Deshpande, A.1    Pasupuleti, V.2    Pant, C.3
  • 46
    • 0034450738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The search for a better treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile disease: use of high-dose vancomycin combined with Saccharomyces boulardii
    • Surawicz C.M., McFarland L.V., Greenberg R.N., et al. The search for a better treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile disease: use of high-dose vancomycin combined with Saccharomyces boulardii. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 31(4):1012-1017.
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.31 , Issue.4 , pp. 1012-1017
    • Surawicz, C.M.1    McFarland, L.V.2    Greenberg, R.N.3
  • 47
    • 60349093694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of serious complications due to Clostridium difficile infection
    • Gujja D., Friedenberg F.K. Predictors of serious complications due to Clostridium difficile infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009, 29(6):635-642.
    • (2009) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.29 , Issue.6 , pp. 635-642
    • Gujja, D.1    Friedenberg, F.K.2
  • 48
    • 79952424105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of clinical severity score indices for Clostridium difficile infection
    • Fujitani S., George W.L., Murthy A.R. Comparison of clinical severity score indices for Clostridium difficile infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011, 32(3):220-228.
    • (2011) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.32 , Issue.3 , pp. 220-228
    • Fujitani, S.1    George, W.L.2    Murthy, A.R.3
  • 49
    • 0018220731 scopus 로고
    • Randomised controlled trial of vancomycin for pseudomembranous colitis and postoperative diarrhoea
    • Keighley M.R., Burdon D.W., Arabi Y., et al. Randomised controlled trial of vancomycin for pseudomembranous colitis and postoperative diarrhoea. Br Med J 1978, 2(6153):1667-1669.
    • (1978) Br Med J , vol.2 , Issue.6153 , pp. 1667-1669
    • Keighley, M.R.1    Burdon, D.W.2    Arabi, Y.3
  • 50
    • 34547133720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acomparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity
    • Zar F.A., Bakkanagari S.R., Moorthi K.M., et al. Acomparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45(3):302-307.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , Issue.3 , pp. 302-307
    • Zar, F.A.1    Bakkanagari, S.R.2    Moorthi, K.M.3
  • 51
    • 46249102186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of clinical and microbiological response to treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease with metronidazole and vancomycin
    • Al-Nassir W.N., Sethi A.K., Nerandzic M.M., et al. Comparison of clinical and microbiological response to treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease with metronidazole and vancomycin. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 47(1):56-62.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.47 , Issue.1 , pp. 56-62
    • Al-Nassir, W.N.1    Sethi, A.K.2    Nerandzic, M.M.3
  • 52
    • 0037105769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adjunctive intracolonic vancomycin for severe Clostridium difficile colitis: case series and review of the literature
    • Apisarnthanarak A., Razavi B., Mundy L.M. Adjunctive intracolonic vancomycin for severe Clostridium difficile colitis: case series and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2002, 35(6):690-696.
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis , vol.35 , Issue.6 , pp. 690-696
    • Apisarnthanarak, A.1    Razavi, B.2    Mundy, L.M.3
  • 53
    • 84863686440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection: meta-analysis of pivotal randomized controlled trials
    • Crook D.W., Walker A.S., Kean Y., et al. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection: meta-analysis of pivotal randomized controlled trials. Clin Infect Dis 2012, 55(Suppl 2):S93-S103.
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.55 , pp. S93-S103
    • Crook, D.W.1    Walker, A.S.2    Kean, Y.3
  • 54
    • 84863644993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fidaxomicin preserves the intestinal microbiome during and after treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and reduces both toxin reexpression and recurrence of CDI
    • Louie T.J., Cannon K., Byrne B., et al. Fidaxomicin preserves the intestinal microbiome during and after treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and reduces both toxin reexpression and recurrence of CDI. Clin Infect Dis 2012, 55(Suppl 2):S132-S142.
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.55 , pp. S132-S142
    • Louie, T.J.1    Cannon, K.2    Byrne, B.3
  • 55
    • 84863676557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of first recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection: fidaxomicin versus vancomycin
    • Cornely O.A., Miller M.A., Louie T.J., et al. Treatment of first recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection: fidaxomicin versus vancomycin. Clin Infect Dis 2012, 55(Suppl 2):S154-S161.
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.55 , pp. S154-S161
    • Cornely, O.A.1    Miller, M.A.2    Louie, T.J.3
  • 56
    • 66249121680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis: patterns of care and predictors of mortality
    • Sailhamer E.A., Carson K., Chang Y., et al. Fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis: patterns of care and predictors of mortality. Arch Surg 2009, 144(5):433-439.
    • (2009) Arch Surg , vol.144 , Issue.5 , pp. 433-439
    • Sailhamer, E.A.1    Carson, K.2    Chang, Y.3
  • 57
    • 0036192008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fulminant Clostridium difficile: an underappreciated and increasing cause of death and complications
    • Dallal R.M., Harbrecht B.G., Boujoukas A.J., et al. Fulminant Clostridium difficile: an underappreciated and increasing cause of death and complications. Ann Surg 2002, 235(3):363-372.
    • (2002) Ann Surg , vol.235 , Issue.3 , pp. 363-372
    • Dallal, R.M.1    Harbrecht, B.G.2    Boujoukas, A.J.3
  • 58
    • 39549119111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of mortality after colectomy for fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Byrn J.C., Maun D.C., Gingold D.S., et al. Predictors of mortality after colectomy for fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis. Arch Surg 2008, 143(2):150-154.
    • (2008) Arch Surg , vol.143 , Issue.2 , pp. 150-154
    • Byrn, J.C.1    Maun, D.C.2    Gingold, D.S.3
  • 59
    • 49349101018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome of colectomy for Clostridium difficile colitis: a plea for early surgical management
    • Hall J.F., Berger D. Outcome of colectomy for Clostridium difficile colitis: a plea for early surgical management. Am J Surg 2008, 196(3):384-388.
    • (2008) Am J Surg , vol.196 , Issue.3 , pp. 384-388
    • Hall, J.F.1    Berger, D.2
  • 60
    • 77951884055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C. difficile colitis-predictors of fatal outcome
    • Dudukgian H., Sie E., Gonzalez-Ruiz C., et al. C. difficile colitis-predictors of fatal outcome. JGastrointest Surg 2010, 14(2):315-322.
    • (2010) JGastrointest Surg , vol.14 , Issue.2 , pp. 315-322
    • Dudukgian, H.1    Sie, E.2    Gonzalez-Ruiz, C.3
  • 61
    • 0031934120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing of surgery for fulminating pseudomembranous colitis
    • Synnott K., Mealy K., Merry C., et al. Timing of surgery for fulminating pseudomembranous colitis. Br J Surg 1998, 85(2):229-231.
    • (1998) Br J Surg , vol.85 , Issue.2 , pp. 229-231
    • Synnott, K.1    Mealy, K.2    Merry, C.3
  • 62
    • 64549156532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for mortality following emergency colectomy for fulminant Clostridium difficile infection
    • Pepin J., Vo T.T., Boutros M., et al. Risk factors for mortality following emergency colectomy for fulminant Clostridium difficile infection. Dis Colon Rectum 2009, 52(3):400-405.
    • (2009) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.52 , Issue.3 , pp. 400-405
    • Pepin, J.1    Vo, T.T.2    Boutros, M.3
  • 63
    • 40749117283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early surgical intervention for fulminant pseudomembranous colitis
    • Ali S.O., Welch J.P., Dring R.J. Early surgical intervention for fulminant pseudomembranous colitis. Am Surg 2008, 74(1):20-26.
    • (2008) Am Surg , vol.74 , Issue.1 , pp. 20-26
    • Ali, S.O.1    Welch, J.P.2    Dring, R.J.3
  • 64
    • 77955466902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surgical aspects of fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Butala P., Divino C.M. Surgical aspects of fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis. Am J Surg 2010, 200(1):131-135.
    • (2010) Am J Surg , vol.200 , Issue.1 , pp. 131-135
    • Butala, P.1    Divino, C.M.2
  • 65
    • 80052074327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of fatal outcome after colectomy for fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis: a 10-year experience
    • Markelov A., Livert D., Kohli H. Predictors of fatal outcome after colectomy for fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis: a 10-year experience. Am Surg 2011, 77(8):977-980.
    • (2011) Am Surg , vol.77 , Issue.8 , pp. 977-980
    • Markelov, A.1    Livert, D.2    Kohli, H.3
  • 66
    • 77950381169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colectomy for fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis: predictors of mortality
    • Perera A.D., Akbari R.P., Cowher M.S., et al. Colectomy for fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis: predictors of mortality. Am Surg 2010, 76(4):418-421.
    • (2010) Am Surg , vol.76 , Issue.4 , pp. 418-421
    • Perera, A.D.1    Akbari, R.P.2    Cowher, M.S.3
  • 67
    • 0026734968 scopus 로고
    • Laparotomy for fulminant pseudomembranous colitis
    • Medich D.S., Lee K.K., Simmons R.L., et al. Laparotomy for fulminant pseudomembranous colitis. Arch Surg 1992, 127(7):847-852.
    • (1992) Arch Surg , vol.127 , Issue.7 , pp. 847-852
    • Medich, D.S.1    Lee, K.K.2    Simmons, R.L.3
  • 68
    • 80052277400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diverting loop ileostomy and colonic lavage: an alternative to total abdominal colectomy for the treatment of severe, complicated Clostridium difficile associated disease
    • Neal M.D., Alverdy J.C., Hall D.E., et al. Diverting loop ileostomy and colonic lavage: an alternative to total abdominal colectomy for the treatment of severe, complicated Clostridium difficile associated disease. Ann Surg 2011, 254(3):423-427.
    • (2011) Ann Surg , vol.254 , Issue.3 , pp. 423-427
    • Neal, M.D.1    Alverdy, J.C.2    Hall, D.E.3
  • 69
    • 84863923754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased cure and increased recurrence rates for Clostridium difficile infection caused by the epidemic C. difficile BI strain
    • Petrella L.A., Sambol S.P., Cheknis A., et al. Decreased cure and increased recurrence rates for Clostridium difficile infection caused by the epidemic C. difficile BI strain. Clin Infect Dis 2012, 55(3):351-357.
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.55 , Issue.3 , pp. 351-357
    • Petrella, L.A.1    Sambol, S.P.2    Cheknis, A.3
  • 70
    • 27444437759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of fluoroquinolones as the predominant risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a cohort study during an epidemic in Quebec
    • Pepin J., Saheb N., Coulombe M.A., et al. Emergence of fluoroquinolones as the predominant risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a cohort study during an epidemic in Quebec. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41(9):1254-1260.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.41 , Issue.9 , pp. 1254-1260
    • Pepin, J.1    Saheb, N.2    Coulombe, M.A.3
  • 71
    • 0036311186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breaking the cycle: treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease
    • McFarland L.V., Elmer G.W., Surawicz C.M. Breaking the cycle: treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2002, 97(7):1769-1775.
    • (2002) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.97 , Issue.7 , pp. 1769-1775
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Elmer, G.W.2    Surawicz, C.M.3
  • 72
    • 39349107697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased diversity of the fecal microbiome in recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Chang J.Y., Antonopoulos D.A., Kalra A., et al. Decreased diversity of the fecal microbiome in recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. JInfect Dis 2008, 197(3):435-438.
    • (2008) JInfect Dis , vol.197 , Issue.3 , pp. 435-438
    • Chang, J.Y.1    Antonopoulos, D.A.2    Kalra, A.3
  • 73
    • 82955233474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treating Clostridium difficile infection with fecal microbiota transplantation
    • Bakken J.S., Borody T., Brandt L.J., et al. Treating Clostridium difficile infection with fecal microbiota transplantation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011, 9(12):1044-1049.
    • (2011) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.9 , Issue.12 , pp. 1044-1049
    • Bakken, J.S.1    Borody, T.2    Brandt, L.J.3
  • 74
    • 0001412472 scopus 로고
    • Fecal enema as an adjunct in the treatment of pseudomembranous enterocolitis
    • Eiseman B., Silen W., Bascom G.S., et al. Fecal enema as an adjunct in the treatment of pseudomembranous enterocolitis. Surgery 1958, 44(5):854-859.
    • (1958) Surgery , vol.44 , Issue.5 , pp. 854-859
    • Eiseman, B.1    Silen, W.2    Bascom, G.S.3
  • 75
    • 77951700268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in the composition of the human fecal microbiome after bacteriotherapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Khoruts A., Dicksved J., Jansson J.K., et al. Changes in the composition of the human fecal microbiome after bacteriotherapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. JClin Gastroenterol 2010, 44(5):354-360.
    • (2010) JClin Gastroenterol , vol.44 , Issue.5 , pp. 354-360
    • Khoruts, A.1    Dicksved, J.2    Jansson, J.K.3
  • 76
    • 84875952542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridium difficile infection: systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Kassam Z., Lee C.H., Yuan Y., et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridium difficile infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2013, 108(4):500-508.
    • (2013) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.108 , Issue.4 , pp. 500-508
    • Kassam, Z.1    Lee, C.H.2    Yuan, Y.3
  • 77
    • 84856969539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal microbiota transplantation and emerging applications
    • Borody T.J., Khoruts A. Fecal microbiota transplantation and emerging applications. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011, 9(2):88-96.
    • (2011) Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. 88-96
    • Borody, T.J.1    Khoruts, A.2
  • 78
    • 70450247135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal bacteriotherapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Bakken J.S. Fecal bacteriotherapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Anaerobe 2009, 15(6):285-289.
    • (2009) Anaerobe , vol.15 , Issue.6 , pp. 285-289
    • Bakken, J.S.1
  • 79
    • 80054736926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantation (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Gough E., Shaikh H., Manges A.R. Systematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantation (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 53(10):994-1002.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.53 , Issue.10 , pp. 994-1002
    • Gough, E.1    Shaikh, H.2    Manges, A.R.3
  • 80
    • 84858796336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review: faecal transplantation for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • Guo B., Harstall C., Louie T., et al. Systematic review: faecal transplantation for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012, 35(8):865-875.
    • (2012) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.35 , Issue.8 , pp. 865-875
    • Guo, B.1    Harstall, C.2    Louie, T.3
  • 81
    • 84873019302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile
    • van Nood E., Vrieze A., Nieuwdorp M., et al. Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile. NEngl J Med 2013, 368(5):407-415.
    • (2013) NEngl J Med , vol.368 , Issue.5 , pp. 407-415
    • van Nood, E.1    Vrieze, A.2    Nieuwdorp, M.3
  • 82
    • 74849098405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins
    • Lowy I., Molrine D.C., Leav B.A., et al. Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins. NEngl J Med 2010, 362(3):197-205.
    • (2010) NEngl J Med , vol.362 , Issue.3 , pp. 197-205
    • Lowy, I.1    Molrine, D.C.2    Leav, B.A.3
  • 83
    • 79958058721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Gouliouris T., Brown N.M., Aliyu S.H. Prevention and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Med 2011, 11(1):75-79.
    • (2011) Clin Med , vol.11 , Issue.1 , pp. 75-79
    • Gouliouris, T.1    Brown, N.M.2    Aliyu, S.H.3
  • 84
    • 84871924185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: a European perspective
    • Jones A.M., Kuijper E.J., Wilcox M.H. Clostridium difficile: a European perspective. JInfect 2013, 66(2):115-128.
    • (2013) JInfect , vol.66 , Issue.2 , pp. 115-128
    • Jones, A.M.1    Kuijper, E.J.2    Wilcox, M.H.3
  • 85
    • 77954424086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose-response efficacy of a proprietary probiotic formula of Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 and Lactobacillus casei LBC80R for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea prophylaxis in adult patients
    • Gao X.W., Mubasher M., Fang C.Y., et al. Dose-response efficacy of a proprietary probiotic formula of Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 and Lactobacillus casei LBC80R for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea prophylaxis in adult patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2010, 105(7):1636-1641.
    • (2010) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.105 , Issue.7 , pp. 1636-1641
    • Gao, X.W.1    Mubasher, M.2    Fang, C.Y.3
  • 86
    • 34447630803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhoea associated with antibiotics: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial
    • Hickson M., D'Souza A.L., Muthu N., et al. Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhoea associated with antibiotics: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. BMJ 2007, 335(7610):80.
    • (2007) BMJ , vol.335 , Issue.7610 , pp. 80
    • Hickson, M.1    D'Souza, A.L.2    Muthu, N.3
  • 87
    • 0026663447 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of asymptomatic Clostridium difficile carriers (fecal excretors) with vancomycin or metronidazole. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial
    • Johnson S., Homann S.R., Bettin K.M., et al. Treatment of asymptomatic Clostridium difficile carriers (fecal excretors) with vancomycin or metronidazole. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1992, 117(4):297-302.
    • (1992) Ann Intern Med , vol.117 , Issue.4 , pp. 297-302
    • Johnson, S.1    Homann, S.R.2    Bettin, K.M.3
  • 88
    • 84861975931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: development of a novel candidate vaccine
    • Foglia G., Shah S., Luxemburger C., et al. Clostridium difficile: development of a novel candidate vaccine. Vaccine 2012, 30(29):4307-4309.
    • (2012) Vaccine , vol.30 , Issue.29 , pp. 4307-4309
    • Foglia, G.1    Shah, S.2    Luxemburger, C.3
  • 89
    • 0031948840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibodies to recombinant Clostridium difficile toxins A and B are an effective treatment and prevent relapse of C. difficile-associated disease in a hamster model of infection
    • Kink J.A., Williams J.A. Antibodies to recombinant Clostridium difficile toxins A and B are an effective treatment and prevent relapse of C. difficile-associated disease in a hamster model of infection. Infect Immun 1998, 66(5):2018-2025.
    • (1998) Infect Immun , vol.66 , Issue.5 , pp. 2018-2025
    • Kink, J.A.1    Williams, J.A.2
  • 90
    • 33750493617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human monoclonal antibodies directed against toxins A and B prevent Clostridium difficile-induced mortality in hamsters
    • Babcock G.J., Broering T.J., Hernandez H.J., et al. Human monoclonal antibodies directed against toxins A and B prevent Clostridium difficile-induced mortality in hamsters. Infect Immun 2006, 74(11):6339-6347.
    • (2006) Infect Immun , vol.74 , Issue.11 , pp. 6339-6347
    • Babcock, G.J.1    Broering, T.J.2    Hernandez, H.J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.