Intracranial haemorrhage: Therapeutic interventions and anaesthetic management

British Journal of Anaesthesia

Volumn 113, Issue , 2014, Pages ii17-ii25

  Fogarty Mack, P ^a  

^a WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

anaesthesia; anticoagulation; arterial pressure; intracranial haemorrhage; neurosurgery

Indexed keywords

ANESTHETIC AGENT; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT;

ANESTHESIA; ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ANTICOAGULATION; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; ARTERIAL PRESSURE; ARTICLE; BRAIN EDEMA; BRAIN HEMATOMA; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CEREBELLUM HEMORRHAGE; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CLINICAL EVALUATION; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DUAL ANTIPLATELET THERAPY; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INCIDENCE; MANAGED CARE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SEIZURE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; HEMATOMA; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; PROCEDURES; RADIOGRAPHY;

ANESTHESIA; ANTICOAGULANTS; HEMATOMA; HUMANS; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 84923536505     PISSN: 00070912     EISSN: 14716771     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeu397     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. World Health Organization (WHO). Fact sheet number 310: the top ten causes of death. 2014
2. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2014; 129: e28-292
3. Anastasian ZH. Anaestheticmanagement of the patient with acute ischaemic stroke. Br J Anaesth 2014; 113 (Suppl. 2): ii9-ii16
4. Australian Institute of Health andWelfare. Stroke and its management in Australia: an update. Cardiovascular Disease Series no. 37. Cat. no. CVD 61. Canberra: AIHW, 2013
5. Palm F, Henschke N, Wolf J, et al. Intracerebral haemorrhage in a population-based stroke registry (LuSSt): incidence, aetiology, functional outcome and mortality. J Neurol 2013; 260: 2541-50
6. Oureshi AI, Turhim S, Broderick JP, Batjer HH, Hondo H, Hanley DF. Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1450-60
7. Skidmore CT, Andrefsky J. Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: epidemiology, pathophysiology and medical management. Neurosurg Clin North Am 2002; 13: 281-8
8. Van Asch CJJ, Luitse MJA, Rinkel GJE, van der Tweel I, Algra A, Klijn CJM. Incidence, case fatality and functional outcome of intracerebral haemorrhage over time, according to age, sex and ethnic origin: a systematic review and meta-Analysis. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 167-76
9. Broderick JP, Adams Jr. HP, Barsan W, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the StrokeCouncil,AmericanHeartAssociation. Stroke 1999;30: 905-15
10. Feigin VL, Barker-Collo S, McNaughton H, Brown P, Kerse N. Longterm neuropsychological and functional outcomes in stroke survivors: current evidence and perspectives for new research. Int J Stroke 2008; 3: 33-40
11. Broderick JP, Connolly S, Feldmann E, et al. Guidelines for the managementof spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in adults: 2007 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Group. Stroke 2007; 38: 2001-3
12. Xi G, Keep RF, Hoff JT. Mechanisms of brain injury after intracerebral haemorrhage. Lancet Neurol 2006; 5: 53-63
13. Ott KH, Kase CS, Ojemann RG, Mohr JP. Cerebellar hemorrhage: diagnosis and treatment: a review of 56 cases. Arch Neurol 1974; 31: 160-7
14. Vespa PM, O'Phelan K, Shah M, et al. Acute seizures after intracerebral hemorrhage: a factor in progressive midline shift and outcome. Neurology 2003; 60: 1441-6
15. Hemphill JC, Bonovich DC, Besmertis L, Manley GT, Johnston SC. The ICH score: a simple, reliable grading scale for intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2001; 32: 891-7
16. Broderick JP, Brott TG, Duldner JE, et al. Volume of intracerebral hemorrhage. A powerful and easy-to-use predictor of 30-day mortality. Stroke 1993; 24: 987-93
17. Davis SM, Broderick J, Hennerici M, et al. Hematoma growth is a determinant of mortality and poor outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2006; 66: 1175-81
18. Dowlatshahi D, Demchuk AM, Flaherty ML, et al. VISTA Collaboration. Defininghematoma expansion in intracerebral hemorrhage: relationship with patient outcomes. Neurology 2011; 76: 1238-44
19. Staykov D,Wagner I, Volbers B, et al. Natural course of perihemorrhagic edema after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2011; 42: 2625-29
20. Prasad K, Mendelow AD, Gregson B. Surgery for primary supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; CD000200
21. Mendelow AD, Gregson BA, Rowan EN, et al. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial lobar intracerebral haematomas (STICH II): a randomized trial. Lancet 2013; 382: 397-408
22. GregsonBA, Broderick JP,Auer LM, et al. Individual patient datasubgroup meta-Analysis of surgery for spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2012; 43: 1496-504
23. Morgenstern LB, Hemphill III JC, Anderson C, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2010; 41: 2108-29
24. Takeuchi S,WadaK,Nagatani K, et al.Decompressive hemicraniectomy for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurosurg Focus 2013; 34: E5
25. Vespa P, McArthurD, Miller C, et al. Frameless stereotactic aspiration and thrombolysis of deep intracerebral hemorrhage is associated with reduction of hemorrhage volumes and neurological improvement. Neurocrit Care 2005; 2: 274-81
26. Mould WA, Carhuapoma JR, Muschelli J, et al. Minimally invasive surgery plus recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator for intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation decreases perihematomal edema. Stroke 2013; 44: 627-34
27. Tuhrim S, Horowitz DR, Sacher M, Godbold JH. Volume of ventricular blood is an important determinant of outcome in supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 1999; 27: 617-21
28. Young WB, Lee KP, Pessin MS, et al. Prognostic significance of ventricular blood in supratentorial hemorrhage: a volumetric study. Neurology 1990; 40: 616-9
29. Hanley DF. Intraventricular hemorrhage: severity factor and treatment target in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2009; 40: 1533-8
30. Dey M, Stadnik A, Awad IA. Thrombolytic evacuation of intracerebral and intraventricular hemorrhage. Curr Cardiol Rep 2012; 14: 754-60
31. Steiner T, Diringer MN, Schneider D, et al. Dynamics of intraventricular hemorrhage in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: risk factors, clinicalimpact,andeffect ofhemostatic therapy with recombinant activated factor VII. Neurosurgery 2006; 59: 767-73; discussion 773-4
32. Delcourt C, Huang Y, Arima H, et al. Hematoma growth and outcomes in intracerebral hemorrhage: the INTERACT 1 study. Neurology 2012; 79: 314-9
33. Broderick JP, Diringer MN, Hill MD, et al. Determinants of intracerebral hemorrhage growth: an exploratory analysis. Stroke 2007; 38: 1072-5
34. Goldstein JN, Fazen LE, Snider R, et al. Contrast extravasation on CT angiography predicts hematoma expansion in intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2007; 68: 889-94
35. Wada R, Aviv RI, Fox AJ, et al. CT angiography 'spot sign' predicts hematoma expansion in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2007; 38: 1257-62
36. Brouwers HB, Greenberg SM. Hematoma expansion following acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis 2013; 35: 195-201
37. Demchuk AM, Dowlatshahi D, Rodriguez-Luna D, et al. Prediction of haematoma growth and outcome in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage using the CT-Angiography spot sign (PREDICT): a prospective observational study. Neurology 2012; 11: 483
38. Brouwers HB, Biffi A,Ayres AM, et al. Apolipoprotein Egenotype predicts hematoma expansion in lobar intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2012; 43: 1490-5
39. Mayer SA, Brun NC, Begtrup K, et al. Recombinant activated factor VIII for active intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 777-85
40. Mayer SA, Brun NC, Begtrup K, et al. Efficacyand safety of recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2127-37
41. AndersonCS, HeeleyE,HuangY, et al. Rapid blood pressurelowering in patients with acute intracerebralhemorrhage.NEngl JMed2013; 368: 2355-65
42. Hill MD, Muir KW. Interact-2: Should blood pressure be lowered acutely after intracerebral hemorrhage? Stroke 2013; 44: 2951-2
43. Mannning L, Hirakawa Y, Arima H, et al. Blood pressure variability and outcome after acute intracerebral haemorrhage: a post-hoc analysis of INTERACT2, a randomized controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13: 364-73
44. Zazulia AR, Diringer MN, Derdeyn CP, et al. Progression of mass effect after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1999; 30: 1167-73
45. Gebel JM, Jauch EC, Brott TG, et al. Relative edema volume is a predictor of outcome in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2002; 33: 2636-41
46. Lee KR, Colon GP, Betz AL, Keep RF, Kim S, Hoff JT. Edema intracerebral hemorrhage: the role of thrombin. J Neurosurg 1996; 84: 91-6
47. Gebel JM, Brott TG, SilaCA, et al.Decreasedperihematomaledemain thrombolysis-related intracerebral hemorrhage compared with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2000; 31: 596-600
48. Nakamura T, Keep RF,HuaY, Schallert T, Hoff JT, XiG. Deferoxamineinduced attenuation of brain edema and neurological deficits in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurosurg Focus 2006; 104: 305-12
49. Poungvarin N, Bhoopat W, Viriyavejakul A, et al. Effects of dexamethasone in primary supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1229-33
50. Kollmar R, Staykov D, Dorfler A, et al. Hypothermia reduces perihemorrhagic edema after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2010; 41: 1684-9
51. Kollmar R, Juettler E, Huttner H, et al. Cooling in intracerebral hemorrhage (CINCH) trial: protocol of a randomized German-Austrian clinical trial. Int J Stroke 2012; 7: 168-72
52. Fu Y, Hao J, Zhang N, et al. Fingolimod for the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage: a 2-Arm proof-of-concept study. JAMA Neurol 2014; 71: 1092-101
53. Marini C,DeSantis F, Sacco S, et al. Contribution of atrial fibrillationto incidence and outcome of ischemic stroke. Stroke 2005; 36: 1115-9
54. Hart RG, Benavente O, McBride R, Pearce LA. Antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131: 492-501
55. Flaherty M, Haverbusch M, Sekar P, et al. Location and outcome of anticoagulant-Associated intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2006; 5: 197-201
56. Flaherty ML, Kissela B,Woo D, et al. The increasing incidence of oral anticoagulant-Associated intracerebral haemorrhage. Neurology 2007; 68: 116-22
57. Fang MC, Go AS, Chang Y, et al. Death and disability from warfarin-Associated intracranial and extracranial hemorrhages. Am J Med 2007; 120: 700-5
58. Garcia-Rodriguez LA, Gaist D, Morton J, et al. Antithrombotic drugs andrisk of hemorrhagic stroke in the general population. Neurology 2013; 81: 566-74
59. Flaherty ML, Tao H, Haverbusch M, et al.Warfarin use leads to larger intracerebral hematomas. Neurology 2008; 71: 1084-9
60. He J, Whelton PK, Vu B, Klag MJ. Aspirin and risk of hemorrhagic stroke: a meta-Analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Med Assoc 1998; 280: 1930-5
61. Shireman TI, Howard PA, Kresowik TF, Ellerbeck EF. Combined anticoagulant-Antiplatelet use and major bleeding events in elderly atrial fibrillation patients. Stroke 2004; 35: 2362-7
62. Mittal MK, Rabinstein AA. Anticoagulation-related intracranial hemorrhages. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2012; 14: 351-9
63. Cervera A, Amaro S, Chamorro A. Oral anticoagulant-Associated intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurol 2012; 259: 212-24
64. Steiner T, Salman RA, Beer R, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines for themanagement of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Int J Stroke 2014; 9: 840-55
65. Tran HA, Chunilal SD, Harper PL, Tran H, Wood EM, Gallus AS, Australasian Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. An update on consensus guidelines for warfarin reversal. Med J Aust 2013; 198: 198-9
66. Keeling D, Baglin T, Tait C, et al. British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines on oral anticoagulation with warfarin-fourth edition. Br J Haematol 2011; 154: 311-24
67. Ansell J, Hirsh J, Hylek E, Jacobson A, Crowther M, Palareti G. Pharmacology and management of the Vitamin K antagonists. Chest 2008; 133: 160-98S
68. Van Aart L, Eijkhout HW, Kamphuis JS, et al. Individualized dosing regimen for prothrombin complex concentrate more effective than standard treatment in the reversal of oral anticoagulant therapy: an open prospective randomized controlled trial. Thromb Res 2006; 118: 313-20
69. Leissinger CA, Blatt PM, HootsWK,Ewenstein B. Role of prothrombin complex concentrates in reversing warfarin anticoagulation: a review of the literature. Am J Hematol 2008; 83: 137-43
70. Goldstein JN, Rosand J, Schwamm LH. Warfarin reversal in anticoagulant-Associated intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2008; 9: 277-83
71. Mantha S, Cabral K, Ansell J. New avenues for anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation. Clin Pharm Ther 2013; 93: 68-77
72. Miller CS, Grandi SM, Shimony A, Filion KB, Eisenberg MJ. Meta-Analysis of efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2012; 110: 453-60
73. Rybinnik I, MullenMT, Messe S, Kasner SE, Cucchiara B. Treatment of acute stroke in patients on dabigatran: a survey of US stroke specialists. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2013; 22: 1312-6
74. Van de Werd F, Brueckmann M, Connolly S, et al. A comparison of dabigatran etexilate with warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves: the randomized, phase II study to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of oral dabigatran etexilate in patients after heart valve replacement (RE-ALIGN). Am Heart J 2012; 163: 931-7
75. Leon MB, Baim DS, Popma JJ, et al. A clinical trial comparing three antithrombotic-drug regimens after coronary-Artery stenting. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1665-71
76. Husted S. Antiplatelet therapy in acute coronary syndromes: ticagrelor. Adv Cardiol 2012; 47: 64-77
77. Becker RC, Bassand JP, Budaj A, et al. Bleeding complications with the P2Y12 receptor antagonists clopidogrel and ticagrelor in the platelet inhibition and patient outcomes (PLATO) trial. Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 2933-44
78. Joseph B, Pandit V, Sadoun M, et al. A prospective evaluation of platelet function in patients on antiplatelet therapy with traumatic intracranialhemorrhage. J TraumaAcuteCare Surg 2013;75:990-4
79. Naidech AM, Jovanovic B, Liebling S, et al. Reduced platelet activity is associated with early clot growth and worse 3-month outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2009; 40: 2398-401
80. Reinhard M, Neunhoeffer F, Gerds TA, et al. Secondary decline of cerebral autoregulation is associated with worse outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36: 264-71
81. Claassen J, Jette N, Chum F, et al. Electrographic seizures and periodic discharges after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2007; 69: 1356-65
82. Messé SR, Sansing LH, Cucchiara BL, et al. Prophylactic antiepileptic drug use is associated with poor outcome following ICH. Neurocrit Care 2009; 11: 38-44
83. FogelhomR,Murros K,RissanenA,AvikainenS.Admissionbloodglucose and short term survival in primary intracerebral hemorrhage: a population based study. J Neurol Neruosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76: 349-53
84. Oddo M, Schmidt JN, Carrera E, et al. Impact of tight glycemic control on cerebral glucose metabolism after severe brain injury: a microdialysis study. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 3233-8
85. The NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, Finfer S, Liu B, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 1283-97