Electron tomography provides a direct link between the Payne effect and the inter-particle spacing of rubber composites

Scientific Reports

Volumn 4, Issue , 2014, Pages

  Staniewicz, Lech ^a   Vaudey, Thomas ^b   Degrandcourt, Christophe ^b   Couty, Marc ^b   Gaboriaud, Fabien ^b   Midgley, Paul ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b Michelin   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84923384849     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20452322     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/srep07389     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Blow, C. M. & Hepburn, C. (eds.). Rubber Technology and Manufacture (Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982), 2nd ed.
2. Payne, A. R. The dynamic properties of carbon black-loaded natural rubber vulcanizates. part I. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 6, 57. DOI:10.1002/app.1962.070061906 (1962).
3. Wang, Y.-X., Ma, J.-H., Zhang, L.-Q. & Wu, Y.-P. Revisiting the correlations between wet skid resistance and viscoelasticity of rubber composites via comparing carbon black and silica fillers. Polym. Test. 30, 557. DOI:10.1016/ j.polymertesting.2011.04.009 (2011).
4. Guth, E. & Gold, O. On the hydrodynamical theory of the viscosity of suspensions. Phys. Rev. 53, 322 (1938).
5. Einstein, A. Eine neue bestimmung der molekuldimensionen. Ann. Phys. (Berlin) 324, 289. DOI:10.1002/andp.19063240204 (1906).
6. Sadasivuni, K. K., Saiter, A., Gautier, N., Thomas, S. & Grohens, Y. Effect of molecular interactions on the performance of poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene)/ graphene and clay nanocomposites. Colloid Polym. Sci. 291, 1729. DOI:10.1007/ s00396-013-2908-y (2013).
7. Wang, Z., Liu, J., Wu, S., Wang, W. & Zhang, L. Novel percolation phenomena and mechanism of strengthening elastomers by nanofillers. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12, 3014. DOI:10.1039/B919789C (2010).
8. Yurekli, K. et al. Structure and dynamics of carbon black-filled elastomers. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 39, 256 (2001).
9. Miyasaka, K. et al. Electrical conductivity of carbon-polymer composites as a function of carbon content. J. Mater. Sci. 17, 1610. DOI:10.1007/BF00540785 (1982).
10. Ramorino, G., Bignotti, F., Pandini, S. & Ricco', T. Mechanical reinforcement in natural rubber/organoclay nanocomposites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 69, 1206. DOI:10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.02.023 (2009).
11. Jouault, N. et al. Well-dispersed fractal aggregates as filler in polymer-silica nanocomposites: Long-range effects in rheology. Macromolecules 42, 2031. DOI:10.1021/ma801908u (2009).
12. Leblanc, J. L. Rubber-filler interactions and rheological properties in filled compounds. Prog. Polym. Sci. 27, 627. DOI:10.1016/S0079-6700(01)00040-5 (2002).
13. Merabia, S., Sotta, P. & Long, D. R. A microscopic model for the reinforcement and the nonlinear behavior of filled elastomers and thermoplastic elastomers (payne and mullins effects). Macromolecules 41, 8252. DOI:10.1021/ma8014728 (2008).
14. Midgley, P. & Weyland, M. 3D electron microscopy in the physical sciences: the development of z-contrast and EFTEM tomography. Ultramicroscopy 96, 413. DOI:10.1016/S0304-3991(03)00105-0 (2003).
15. Kawase, N., Kato, M., Nishioka, H. & Jinnai, H. Transmission electron microtomography without the ''missing wedge'' for quantitative structural analysis. Ultramicroscopy 107, 8. DOI:10.1016/j.ultramic.2006.04.007 (2007).
16. Kato, M. et al. Maximum diameter of the rod-shaped specimen for transmission electron microtomography without the ''missing wedge'' Ultramicroscopy 108, 221. DOI:10.1016/j.ultramic.2007.06.004 (2008).
17. Kohjiya, S., Katoh, A., Suda, T., Shimanuki, J. & Ikeda, Y. Visualisation of carbon black networks in rubbery matrix by skeletonisation of 3d-tem image. Polymer 47, 3298. DOI:10.1016/j.polymer.2006.03.008 (2006).
18. Thomas, J. M. et al. The chemical application of high-resolution electron tomography: Bright field or dark field? Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43, 6745. DOI:10.1002/anie.200461453 (2004).
19. de Jonge, N. & Ross, F. M. Electron microscopy of specimens in liquid. Nat. Nano. 6, 695 (2011).
20. Motoki, S. et al. Dependence of beam broadening on detection angle in scanning transmission electron microtomography. Journal of Electron Microscopy 59, S45. DOI:10.1093/jmicro/dfq030 (2010).
21. Crowther, R. A., DeRosier, D. J. & Klug, A. The reconstruction of a threedimensional structure from projections and its application to electron microscopy. Proc. R. Soc. A 317, 319. DOI:10.1098/rspa.1970.0119 (1970).
22. Loos, J. et al. Electron tomography on micrometer-thick specimens with nanometer resolution. Nano Lett. 9, 1704. DOI:10.1021/nl900395g (2009).
23. Pettersen, E. F. et al. UCSF Chimera - A visualization system for exploratory research and analysis. J. Comput. Chem. 25, 1605. DOI:10.1002/jcc.20084 (2004).
24. Hall, M. et al. The WEKA Data Mining Software: An Update. SIGKDD Explorations 11, 10 (2009).
25. Schindelin, J. et al. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Meth 9, 676 (2012).
26. Otsu, N. Threshold selection method from gray-level histograms. IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern. 9, 62 (1979).
27. Batenburg, K. et al. 3d imaging of nanomaterials by discrete tomography. Ultramicroscopy 109, 730. DOI:10.1016/j.ultramic.2009.01.009 (2009).
28. Goris, B., den Broek, W. V., Batenburg, K., Mezerji, H. H. & Bals, S. Electron tomography based on a total variation minimization reconstruction technique. Ultramicroscopy 113, 120. DOI:10.1016/j.ultramic.2011.11.004 (2012).
29. Leary, R., Saghi, Z., Midgley, P. A. & Holland, D. J. Compressed sensing electron tomography. Ultramicroscopy 131, 70. DOI:10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.03.019 (2013).
30. Schneider, G. J. et al. Influence of the matrix on the fractal properties of precipitated silica in composites. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 45, 430. DOI:10.1107/ S0021889812008631 (2012).
31. Luo, Z. P. & Koo, J. H. Quantifying the dispersion of mixture microstructures. J. Microsc. 225, 118. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2818.2007.01722.x (2007).
32. Luo, Z. & Koo, J. Quantification of the layer dispersion degree in polymer layered silicate nanocomposites by transmission electron microscopy. Polymer 49, 1841. DOI:10.1016/j.polymer.2008.02.028 (2008).
33. Ambrosetti, G. et al. Solution of the tunneling-percolation problem in the nanocomposite regime. Phys. Rev. B 81, 155434. DOI:10.1103/ PhysRevB.81.155434 (2010).
34. Baeza, G. P. et al. Multiscale filler structure in simplified industrial nanocomposite silica/SBR systems studied by SAXS and TEM. Macromolecules 46, 317. DOI:10.1021/ma302248p (2013).
35. Cassagnau, P. Payne effect and shear elasticity of silica-filled polymers in concentrated solutions and in molten state. Polymer 44, 2455. DOI:10.1016/ S0032-3861(03)00094-6 (2003).
36. Gilbert, P. Iterative methods for the three-dimensional reconstruction of an object from projections. J. Theor. Biol. 36, 105. DOI:10.1016/0022-5193(72)90180-4 (1972).