Immunotherapy in all aspects

European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology

Volumn 273, Issue 6, 2016, Pages 1347-1355

  Hanci, Deniz ^a   Şahin, Ethem ^b   Muluk, Nuray Bayar ^c,e   Cingi, Cemal ^d  

^a OKMEYDANI TRAINING AND RESEARCH HOSPITAL   (Turkey)

^b ENT Clinics   (Turkey)

^c KIRIKKALE UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^d ESKISEHIR OSMANGAZI UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^e Birlik Mahallesi   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Effectiveness; Immunotherapy; Safety; Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT); Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT)

Indexed keywords

ALLERGEN IMMUNOTHERAPY; ALLERGIC REACTION; ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ANAPHYLAXIS; ASTHMA; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOTHERAPY; PATIENT SAFETY; PHYSICIAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHINITIS; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SUBCUTANEOUS IMMUNOTHERAPY; SUBLINGUAL IMMUNOTHERAPY; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION; TREATMENT INDICATION; ADVERSE EFFECTS; AGE; CONTRAINDICATIONS; DESENSITIZATION; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; IMMUNOLOGY; PATIENT SELECTION; PROCEDURES; RHINITIS, ALLERGIC; SUBCUTANEOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

AGE FACTORS; ANAPHYLAXIS; ASTHMA; DESENSITIZATION, IMMUNOLOGIC; HUMANS; IMMUNE TOLERANCE; INJECTIONS, SUBCUTANEOUS; PATIENT SELECTION; RHINITIS, ALLERGIC; SUBLINGUAL IMMUNOTHERAPY;

EID: 84922752554     PISSN: 09374477     EISSN: 14344726     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00405-015-3553-5     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Allergy Shots (Immunotherapy). American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. http://www.aaaai.org/conditions-and-treatments/treatments/allergy-shots-%28immunotherapy%29.aspx. Accessed date 21 Nov 2014
2. Bellinghausen I, Metz G, Enk AH, Christmann S, Knop J, Saloga J (1997) Insect venom immunotherapy induces interleukin-10 production and a Th2-to-Th1 shift, and changes surface marker expression in venom-allergic subjects. Eur J Immunol 27:1131–1139
3. Blaser K, Akdis CA (2004) Interleukin-10, T regulatory cells and specific allergy treatment. Clin Exp Allergy 34:328–331
4. Francis JN, Till SJ, Durham SR (2003) Induction of IL-101CD41CD251 T cells by grass pollen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 111:1255–1261
5. Jutel M, Akdis M, Budak F et al (2003) IL-10 and TGF-beta cooperate in the regulatory T cell response to mucosal allergens in normal immunity and specific immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 33:1205–1214
6. Savolainen J, Laaksonen K, Rantio-Lehtimaki A, Terho EO (2004) Increased expression of allergen-induced in vitro interleukin-10 and interleukin-18 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of allergic rhinitis patients after specific immunotherapy. Clin Exp Allergy 34:413–419
7. Francis J, James L, Paraskevopoulos G et al (2008) Grass pollen immunotherapy: IL-10 induction and suppression of late responses precedes IgG4 inhibitory antibody activity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 121:1120–1125
8. Varney VA, Hamid QA, Gaga M et al (1993) Influence of grass pollen immunotherapy on cellular infiltration and cytokine mRNA expression during allergen-induced late-phase cutaneous responses. J Clin Invest 92:644–651
9. Evans R, Pence H, Kaplan H, Rocklin RE (1976) The effect of immunotherapy on humoral and cellular responses in ragweed hayfever. J Clin Invest 57:1378–1385
10. Till SJ, Durham SR (2004) Immunological responses to allergen immunotherapy. Clin Allergy Immunol 18:85–104
11. Till SJ, Francis JN, Nouri-Aria K, Durham SR (2004) Mechanisms of immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113:1025–1035
12. Durham SR, Ying S, Varney VA et al (1996) Grass pollen immunotherapy inhibits allergen-induced infiltration of CD41 T lymphocytes and eosinophils in the nasal mucosa and increases the number of cells expressing messenger RNA for interferon- gamma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 97:1356–1365
13. Hamid QA, Schotman E, Jacobson MR, Walker SM, Durham SR (1997) Increases in IL-12 messenger RNA1 cells accompany inhibition of allergen-induced late skin responses after successful grass pollen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 99:254–260
14. Wilson DR, Irani AM, Walker SM et al (2001) Grass pollen immunotherapy inhibits seasonal increases in basophils and eosinophils in the nasal epithelium. Clin Exp Allergy 31:1705–1713
15. Lichtenstein LM, Ishizaka K, Norman PS, Sobotka AK, Hill BM (1973) IgE antibody measurements in ragweed hay fever. Relationship to clinical severity and the results of immunotherapy. J Clin Invest 52:472–482
16. Bousquet J, Braquemond P, Feinberg J, Guerin B, Maasch H, Michel FB (1986) Specific IgE response before and after rush immunotherapy with a standardized allergen or allergoid in grass pollen allergy. Ann Allergy 56:456–459
17. Norman PS, Lichtenstein LM, Marsh DG (1981) Studies on allergoids from naturally occurring allergens. IV. Efficacy and safety of long-term allergoid treatment of ragweed hay fever. J Allergy Clin Immunol 68:460–470
18. Rak S, Lowhagen O, Venge P (1988) The effect of immunotherapy on bronchial hyperresponsiveness and eosinophil cationic protein in pollen-allergic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 82:470–480
19. Nouri-Aria KT, Wachholz PA, Francis JN, Jacobson MR, Walker SM, Wilcock LK et al (2004) Grass pollen immunotherapy induces mucosal and peripheral IL-10 responses and blocking IgG activity. J Immunol 172:3252–3259
20. Pilette C, Nouri-Aria KT, Jacobson MR, Wilcock LK, Detry B et al (2007) Grass pollen immunotherapy induces an allergen-specific IgA2 response associated with mucosal TGF-_ expression. J Immunol 178:4658–4666
21. Shamji MH, Wilcock LK, Wachholz PA, Dearman RJ, Kimber I et al (2006) The IgE-facilitated allergen binding (FAB) assay: validation of a novel flow-cytometric based method for the detection of inhibitory antibody responses. J Immunol Methods 317:71–79
22. Wilson DR, Irani AM, Walker SM, Jacobson MR, Mackay IS et al (2001) Grass pollen immunotherapy inhibits seasonal increases in basophils and eosinophils in the nasal epithelium. Clin Exp Allergy 31:1705–1713
23. Furin MJ, Norman PS, Creticos PS, Proud D, Kagey-Sobotka A et al (1991) Immunotherapy decreases antigen-induced eosinophil cell migration into the nasal cavity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 88:27–32
24. Mothes N, Heinzkill M, Drachenberg KJ, Sperr WR, Krauth MT et al (2003) Allergen-specific immunotherapy with a monophosphoryl lipid A-adjuvanted vaccine: reduced seasonally boosted immunoglobulin E production and inhibition of basophil histamine release by therapy-induced blocking antibodies. Clin Exp Allergy 33:1198–1208
25. Ling EM, Smith T, Nguyen XD, Pridgeon C, Dallman M et al (2004) Relation of CD4_CD25_ regulatory T-cell suppression of allergen-driven T-cell activation to atopic status and expression of allergic disease. Lancet 363:608–615
26. Robinson DS (2004) Larche´ M, Durham SR. Tregs and allergic disease. J Clin Invest. 114:1389–1397
27. Calderon MA, Alves B, Jacobson M, Hurwitz B, Sheikh A, Durham S (2007) Allergen injection immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD001936.
28. Bousquet J, Hejjaoui A, Michel FB (1990) Specific immunotherapy in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 86:292–305
29. Cantani A, Arcese G, Lucenti P, Gagliesi D, Bartolucci M (1997) A three-year prospective study of specific immunotherapy to inhalant allergens: evidence of safety and efficacy in 300 children with allergic asthma. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 7:90–97
30. Peroni DG, Piacentini GL, Martinati LC, Warner JO, Boner AL (1995) Double-blind trial of house-dust mite immunotherapy in asthmatic children resident at high altitude. Allergy 50:925–930
31. Olaguibel JM (2005) Alvarez Puebla MJ. Efficacy of sublingual allergen vaccination for respiratory allergy in children. Conclusions from one meta-analysis. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 15:9–16
32. Calamita Z, Saconato H, Pela AB, Atallah AN (2006) Efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy in asthma: systematic review of randomized-clinical trials using the Cochrane Collaboration method. Allergy 61:1162–1172
33. Abramson M, Puy R, Weiner J (1999) Immunotherapy in asthma: an updated systematic review. Allergy 54:1022–1041
34. Maestrelli P, Zanolla L, Pozzan M, Fabbri LM (2004) Effect of specific immunotherapy added to pharmacologic treatment and allergen avoidance in asthmatic patients allergic to house dust mite. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113:643–649
35. Lockey RF, Nicoara-Kasti GL, Theodoropoulos DS, Bukantz SC (2001) Systemic reactions and fatalities associated with allergen immunotherapy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 87:47–55 (III)
36. Wilson DR, Torres LI, Durham SR (2003) Sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD002893
37. Penagos M, Compalati E, Tarantini F et al (2006) Efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy in the treatment of allergic rhinitis in pediatric patients 3 to 18 years of age: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 97:141–148
38. Bousquet PJ, Cox LS, Durham SR, Nelson HS, Passalacqua G, Ryan DP, Brozek JL, Compalati E, Dahl R, Delgado L, van Wijk RG, Gower RG, Ledford DK, Filho NR, Valovirta EJ, Yusuf OM, Zuberbier T (2009) Sub-Lingual Immunotherapy, World Allergy Organization Position Paper 2009. WAO J 233–281
39. Moingeon P (2013) Update on immune mechanisms associated with sublingual immunotherapy: practical implications for theclinician. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 1(3):228–241. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2013.03.013 (Epub 2013 Apr 29)
40. Cosmi L, Santarlasci V, Angeli R, Liotta F, Maggi L, Frosali F et al (2006) Sublingual immunotherapy with Dermatophagoides monomeric allergoid down-regulates allergen-specific immunoglobulin E and increases both interferon-g- and interleukin-10-production. Clin Exp Allergy 36:261–272
41. Bohle B, Kinaciyan T, Gerstmayr M, Radakovics A, Jahn-Schmid B, Ebner C (2007) Sublingual immunotherapy induces IL-10-producing T regulatory cells, allergen-specific T-cell tolerance, and immune deviation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 120:707–713
42. Ciprandi G, De Amici M, Marseglia GL (2011) Serum IL9 levels and sublingual immunotherapy: preliminary report. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 25:295–297
43. Ciprandi G, Fenoglio D, Cirillo I, Vizzaccaro A, Ferrera A, Tosca MA et al (2005) Induction of interleukin 10 by sublingual immunotherapy for house dust mites: a preliminary report. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 95:38–44
44. Savolainen J, Jacobsen L, Valovirta E (2006) Sublingual immunotherapy in children modulates allergen-induced in vitro expression of cytokine mRNA in PBMC. Allergy 61:1184–1190
45. Eifan AO, Akkoc T, Yildiz A, Keles S, Ozdemir C, Bahceciler NN et al (2010) Clinical efficacy and immunological mechanisms of sublingual and subcutaneous immunotherapy in asthmatic/rhinitis children sensitized to house dust mite: an open randomized controlled trial. Clin Exp Allergy 40:922–932
46. Fujimura T, Yonekura S, Taniguchi Y, Horiguchi S, Saito A, Yasueda H et al (2010) The induced regulatory T Cell level, defined as the proportion of IL-10+ Foxp3+ cells among CD25+ CD4+ leukocytes, is a potential therapeutic biomarker for sublingual immunotherapy: a preliminary report. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 153:378–387
47. Fujimura T, Yonekura S, Horiguchi S, Taniguchi Y, Saito A, Yasueda H et al (2011) Increase of regulatory T cells and the ratio of specific IgE to total IgE are candidates for response monitoring or prognostic biomarkers in 2-year sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) for Japanese cedar pollinosis. Clin Immunol 139:65–74
48. Swamy RS, Reshamwala N, Hunter T, Vissamsetti S, Santos CB, Baroody FM et al (2012) Epigenetic modifications and improved regulatory T-cell function in subjects undergoing dual sublingual immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 130:215–224
49. Moingeon P, Batard T, Fadel R, Frati F, Sieber J, Overtvelt L (2006) Immune mechanisms of allergen-specific sublingual immunotherapy. Allergy 61:151–165
50. O’Hehir RE, Sandrini A, Anderson GP, Rolland JM (2007) Sublingual allergen immunotherapy: immunological mechanisms and prospects for refined vaccine preparation. Curr Med Chem 14:2235–2244
51. Scadding G, Durham S (2009) Mechanisms of sublingual immunotherapy. J Asthma 46:322–334
52. Akdis CA, Akdis M (2011) Mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 127:18–27
53. Bahceciler NN, Galip N (2012) Comparing subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy: what do we know? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 12:640–647
54. Bahceciler NN, Arikan C, Taylor A, Akdis M, Blaser K, Barlan IB et al (2005) Impact of sublingual immunotherapy on specific antibody levels in asthmatic children allergic to house dust mites. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 136:287–294
55. Durham SR, Walker SM, Varga EM et al (1999) Long-term clinical efficacy of grasspollen immunotherapy. N Engl J Med 341:468–475
56. Des Roches A, Paradis L, Knani J et al (1996) Immunotherapy with a standardized Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract. V. Duration of the efficacy of immunotherapy after its cessation. Allergy 51:430–433
57. Durham SR, Emminger W, Kapp A et al (2010) Long-term clinical efficacy in grass pollen–induced rhinoconjunctivitis after treatment with SQ-standardized grass allergy immunotherapy tablet. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125:131–138
58. Bousquet J, Lockey R, Malling HJ (1998) Allergen immunotherapy: therapeutic vaccines for allergic diseases. A WHO position paper. J Allergy Clin Immunol 102:558–562
59. Malling H, Weeke B (1993) Immunotherapy. Position paper of the European academy of allergy and clinical immunology. Allergy 48(Suppl 14):9–35
60. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention (2006) GINA. Update from NHLBI/WHO workshop report 1995, revised 2006. http://www.ginasthma.com
61. Bousquet J, Van Cauwenberge P, Khaltaev N (2001) Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 108(Suppl):S147–S334
62. Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, Denburg J, Fokkens WJ et al (2008) Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA2LEN and Aller- Gen). Allergy 63(Suppl 86):8–160
63. Cox L, Nelson H, Lockey R, Calabria C, Chacko T, Finegold I et al (2011) Allergen immunotherapy: a practice parameter third update. J Allergy Clin Immunol 127(suppl):S1–S55
64. Cox L, Casale TB, Nayak AS, Bernstein DI, Creticos PS, Ambroisine L et al (2012) Clinical efficacy of 300 IR 5-grass pollen sublingual tablet in a US study: the importance of allergen-specific serum IgE. J Allergy Clin Immunol 130:1327–1334
65. Marogna M, Spadolini I, Massolo A, Zanon P, Berra D, Chiodini I et al (2007) Effects of sublingual immunotherapy for multiple or single allergens in polysensitized patients. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 98:274–280
66. (1986) Desensitising vaccines: an allergist’s view. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 293:1169–1170
67. Javeed N, Javeed H, Javeed S, Moussa G, Wong P, Rezai F (1996) Refractory anaphylactoid shock potentiated by betablockers. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 39:383–384
68. Kivity S, Yarchovsky J (1990) Relapsing anaphylaxis to bee sting in a patient treated with beta-blocker and Ca blocker. J Allergy Clin Immunol 85:669–670
69. Lang DM, Alpern MB, Visintainer PF, Smith ST (1991) Increased risk for anaphylactoid reaction from contrast media in patients on beta-adrenergic blockers or with asthma. Ann Intern Med 115:270–276
70. Ridolo E, Montagni M, Bonzano L, Senna G, Incorvaia C (2014) Arguing the misconceptions in allergen-specific immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 6(5):587–595. doi:10.2217/imt.14.23
71. Blaiss MS (2003) Management of rhinitis and asthma in pregnancy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 90:16–22
72. Ibanez MD, Kaiser F, Knecht R et al (2007) Safety of specific sublingual immunotherapy with SQ standardized grass allergen tablets in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 18:516–522
73. Finegold I (2007) Immunotherapy: when to initiate treatment in children. Allergy Asthma Proc 28:698–705
74. Niggemann B, Jacobsen L, Dreborg S et al (2006) Five-year follow-up on the PAT study: specific immunotherapy and long-term prevention of asthma in children. Allergy 61:855–859
75. Jacobsen L, Niggemann B, Dreborg S et al (2007) Specific immunotherapy has longterm preventive effect of seasonal and perennial asthma: 10-year follow-up on the PAT study. Allergy 62:943–948
76. Kuehr J, Brauburger J, Zielen S et al (2002) Efficacy of combination treatment with anti-IgE plus specific immunotherapy in polysensitized children and adolescents with seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 109:274–280
77. Ott H, Sieber J, Brehler R et al (2009) Efficacy of grass pollen sublingual immunotherapy for three consecutive seasons and after cessation of treatment: the ECRIT study. Allergy 64:1394–1401
78. Moller C, Dreborg S, Lanner A, Bjorksten B (1986) Oral immunotherapy of children with rhinoconjunctivitis due to birch pollen allergy. A double blind study. Allergy 41:271–279
79. Des Roches A, Paradis L, Menardo JL, Bouges S, Daures JP, Bousquet J (1997) Immunotherapy with a standardized Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract. VI. Specific immunotherapy prevents the onset of new sensitizations in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 99:450–453
80. Pajno GB, Barberio G, De LF, Morabito L, Parmiani S (2001) Prevention of new sensitizations in asthmatic children monosensitized to house dust mite by specific immunotherapy. A six-year follow-up study. Clin Exp Allergy 31:1392–1397
81. Novembre E, Galli E, Landi F et al (2004) Coseasonal sublingual immunotherapy reduces the development of asthma in children with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 114:851–857
82. Caffarelli C, Sensi LG, Marcucci F, Cavagni G (2000) Preseasonal local allergoid immunotherapy to grass pollen in children: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Allergy 55:1142–1147
83. Zhang L, Wang C, Han D, Wang X, Zhao Y, Liu J (2009) Comparative study of cluster and conventional immunotherapy schedules with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in the treatment of persistent allergic rhinitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 148:161–169
84. Seidenberg J, Pajno GB, Bauer CP, La GS, Sieber J (2009) Safety and tolerability of seasonal ultra-rush, high-dose sublingual-swallow immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis to grass and tree pollens: an observational study in 193 children and adolescents. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 19:125–131
85. Frew AJ, Powell RJ, Corrigan CJ (2006) Durham SR; UK Immunotherapy Study Group. Efficacy and safety of specific immunotherapy with SQ allergen extract in treatment-resistant seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117(2):319–325
86. Durham SR, Yang WH, Pedersen MR, Johansen N, Rak S (2006) Sublingual immunotherapy with once-daily grass allergen tablets: a randomized controlled trial in seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117(4):802–809
87. Durham SR, Riis B (2007) Grass allergen tablet immunotherapy relieves individual seasonal eye and nasal symptoms, including nasal blockage. Allergy 62:954–957
88. Shekelle PG, Woolf SH, Eccles M, Grimshaw J (1999) Clinical guidelines: developing guidelines. BMJ 318:593–596
89. Alvarez-Cuesta E, Bousquet J, Canonica GW, Durham SR, Malling HJ, Valovirta E (2006) Standards for practical allergen-specific immunotherapy. Allergy 61(Suppl 82):1–20
90. Alvarez-Cuesta E, Bousquet J, Canonica WG, Durham S, Malling HJ et al (2008) Reply to the letter by Dr Fleming Madsen (EAACI ‘Standards for practical allergen-specific immunotherapy’). Allergy 63:939–940
91. Coifman RE, Cox LS (2007) 2006 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology member immunotherapy practice patterns and concerns. J Allergy Clin Immunol 119:1012–1013
92. Blazowski L (2008) Anaphylactic shock because of sublingual immunotherapy overdose during third year of maintenance dose. Allergy 63:374
93. Lombardi C, Gargioni S, Cottini M, Canonica GW, Passalacqua G (2008) The safety of sublingual immunotherapy with one or more allergens in adults. Allergy 63:375–376
94. Cox L, Larenas-Linnemann D, Lockey RF, Passalacqua G (2010) Speaking the same language: the world allergy organization subcutaneous immunotherapy systemic reaction grading system. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125:569–574
95. Corrigan CJ, Kettner J, Doemer C, Cromwell O, Narkus A, Study Group (2005) Efficacy and safety of preseasonal-specific immunotherapy with an aluminium-adsorbed six-grass pollen allergoid. Allergy 60(6):801–807
96. Jutel M, Jaeger L, Suck R, Meyer H, Fiebig H, Cromwell O (2005) Allergen-specific immunotherapy with recombinant grass pollen allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 116(3):608–613
97. Malling HJ, Weeke B (1993) Immunotherapy (Position Paper). Allergy 48:9–35
98. Nielsen L, Johnsen CR, Mosbech H, Poulsen LK, Malling HJ (1996) Antihistamine premedication in specific cluster immunotherapy: a double-blind, placebo- controlled study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 97:1207–1213
99. Bernstein DI, Wanner M, Borish L, Liss GM (2004) Twelve-year survey of fatal reactions to allergen injections and skin testing: 1990–2001. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113:1129–1136
100. Andre C, Fadel R (2007) Anaphylaxis caused by allergen sublingual immunotherapy? Allergy 62:1220–1221
101. Dunsky EH, Goldstein MF, Dvorin DJ, Belecanech GA (2006) Anaphylaxis to sublingual immunotherapy. Allergy 61:1235
102. Eifan AO, Keles S, Bahceciler NN, Barlan IB (2007) Anaphylaxis to multiple pollen allergen sublingual immunotherapy. Allergy 62:567–568
103. de Groot H, Bijl A (2009) Anaphylactic reaction after the first dose of sublingual immunotherapy with grass pollen tablet. Allergy 64:963–964
104. Gidaro GB, Marcucci F, Sensi L, Incorvaia C, Frati F, Ciprandi G (2005) The safety of sublingual-swallow immunotherapy: an analysis of published studies. Clin Exp Allergy 35:565–571
105. Cox LS, Larenas LD, Nolte H, Weldon D, Finegold I, Nelson HS (2006) Sublingual immunotherapy: a comprehensive review. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:1021–1035
106. Lombardi C, Gargioni S, Cottini M, Canonica GW, Passalacqua G (2008) The safety of sublingual immunotherapy with one or more allergens in adults. Allergy 63:375–376
107. Cox L, Nelson H, Lockey R (2011) Allergen immunotherapy: A practice parameter third update. J Allergy Clin Immunol S1–S55.
108. Cox L, Larenas-Linnemann D, Lockey RF, Passalacqua G (2010) Speaking the same language: the World Allergy Organization Subcutaneous Immunotherapy Systemic Reaction Grading System. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125:569 e7–574 e7 (IV)
109. Tinkelman DG, Cole WQ 3rd, Tunno J (1995) Immunotherapy: a one-year prospective study to evaluate risk factors of systemic reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 95:8–14 (III)
110. DaVeiga SP, Caruso K, Golubski S, Lang DM (2008) A retrospective survey of systemic reaction from allergen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 121(suppl):S124 (III)
111. Lin MS, Tanner E, Lynn J, Friday GA Jr (1993) Nonfatal systemic allergic reactions induced by skin testing and immunotherapy. Ann Allergy 71:557–562 (III)
112. Rank MA, Oslie CL, Krogman JL, Park MA, Li JT (2008) Allergen immunotherapy safety: characterizing systemic reactions and identifying risk factors. Allergy Asthma Proc 29:400–405 (III)
113. Winther L, Arnved J, Malling HJ, Nolte H, Mosbech H (2006) Side-effects of allergen-specific immunotherapy: a prospective multi-centre study. Clin Exp Allergy 36:254–260 (III)
114. Amin HS, Liss GM, Bernstein DI (2006) Evaluation of near-fatal reactions to allergen immunotherapy injections. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:169–175 (III)
115. Reid MJ, Lockey RF, Turkeltaub PC, Platts-Mills TA (1993) Survey of fatalities from skin testing and immunotherapy 1985–1989. J Allergy Clin Immunol 92:6–15 (III)
116. Alvarez-Cuesta E, Bousquet J, Canonica GW, Durham SR, Malling HJ, Valovirta E (2006) Standards for practical allergen-specific immunotherapy. Allergy 61(suppl 82):1–20 (NR)