A high whey protein-, leucine-, and vitamin D-enriched supplement preserves muscle mass during intentional weight loss in obese older adults: A double-blind randomized controlled trial

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Volumn 101, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 279-286

  Verreijen, Amely M ^a   Verlaan, Sjors ^b   Engberink, Mariëlle F ^a   Swinkels, Sophie ^b   De Vogel Van Den Bosch, Johan ^b   Weijs, Peter J M ^a  

^a AMSTERDAM UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES   (Netherlands)

^b Nutricia Nederland   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Muscle preservation; Obese older adults; Randomized trial; Weight loss; Whey protein

Indexed keywords

LEUCINE; TRACE ELEMENT; VITAMIN D; MILK PROTEIN; PROTEIN INTAKE; WHEY PROTEIN;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BICYCLE ERGOMETER; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT; CALORIC INTAKE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DUAL ENERGY X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; DYNAMOMETER; FAT MASS; FEMALE; GRIP STRENGTH; HUMAN; LOW CALORY DIET; MACRONUTRIENT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MUSCLE FUNCTION; MUSCLE MASS; MUSCLE STRENGTH; OBESITY; PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE; PROTEIN INTAKE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RESISTANCE TRAINING; SELF REPORT; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; WEIGHT REDUCTION; WHEY; ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE; AGED; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; HAND STRENGTH; MOTOR ACTIVITY; PHYSIOLOGY; SARCOPENIA; SKELETAL MUSCLE; VERY ELDERLY;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY MASS INDEX; BODY WEIGHT; DIET, REDUCING; DIETARY PROTEINS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; ENERGY INTAKE; FEMALE; HAND STRENGTH; HUMANS; LEUCINE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MILK PROTEINS; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MUSCLE STRENGTH; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; OBESITY; RESISTANCE TRAINING; SARCOPENIA; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VITAMIN D; WEIGHT LOSS;

EID: 84922749046     PISSN: 00029165     EISSN: 19383207     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.090290     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Mathus-Vliegen EM; Obesity Management Task Force of the European Association for the Study of Obesity. Prevalence, pathophysiology, health consequences and treatment options of obesity in the elderly: a guideline. Obes Facts. 2012;5:460-83.
2. Zamboni M, Mazzali G, Zoico E, Harris TB, Meigs JB, Di Francesco V, Fantin F, Bissoli L, Bosello O. Health consequences of obesity in the elderly: a review of four unresolved questions. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005;29:1011-29.
3. Bales CW, Buhr G. Is obesity bad for older persons? A systematic review of the pros and cons of weight reduction in later life. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2008;9:302-12.
4. Houston DK, Nicklas BJ, Zizza CA. Weighty concerns: the growing prevalence of obesity among older adults. J Am Diet Assoc 2009;109:1886-95.
5. Villareal DT, Apovian CM, Kushner RF, Klein S. Obesity in older adults: technical review and position statement of the American Society for Nutrition and NAASO, The Obesity Society. Obes Res 2005;13:1849-63.
6. Wolfe RR. The underappreciated role of muscle in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:475-82.
7. Mojtahedi MC, Thorpe MP, Karampinos DC, Johnson CL, Layman DK, Georgiadis JG, Evans EM. The effects of a higher protein intake during energy restriction on changes in body composition and physical function in older women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011;66:1218-25.
8. Churchward-Venne TA, Murphy CH, Longland TM, Phillips SM. Role of protein and amino acids in promoting lean mass accretion with resistance exercise and attenuating lean mass loss during energy deficit in humans. Amino Acids 2013;45:231-40.
9. Campbell WW, Haub MD, Wolfe RR, Ferrando AA, Sullivan DH, Apolzan JW, Iglay HB. Resistance training preserves fat-free mass without impacting changes in protein metabolism after weight loss in older women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009;17:1332-9.
10. Frimel TN, Sinacore DR, Villareal DT. Exercise attenuates the weight-loss-induced reduction in muscle mass in frail obese older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008;40:1213-9.
11. Wolfe RR, Miller SL, Miller KB. Optimal protein intake in the elderly. Clin Nutr 2008;27:675-84.
12. Bosse JD, Dixon BM. Dietary protein in weight management: a review proposing protein spread and change theories. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012;9:81.
13. Burd NA, Yang Y, Moore DR, Tang JE, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. Greater stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis with ingestion of whey protein isolate v. micellar casein at rest and after resistance exercise in elderly men. Br J Nutr 2012;108:958-62.
14. Yang Y, Churchward-Venne TA, Burd NA, Breen L, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. Myofibrillar protein synthesis following ingestion of soy protein isolate at rest and after resistance exercise in elderly men. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012;9:57.
15. Pennings B, Boirie Y, Senden JM, Gijsen AP, Kuipers H, van Loon LJ. Whey protein stimulates postprandial muscle protein accretion more effectively than do casein and casein hydrolysate in older men. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93:997-1005.
16. Wall BT, Hamer HM, de Lange A, Kiskini A, Groen BB, Senden JM, Gijsen AP, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJ. Leucine co-ingestion improves post-prandial muscle protein accretion in elderly men. Clin Nutr 2013;32:412-9.
17. Singh MA. Combined exercise and dietary intervention to optimize body composition in aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998;854:378-93.
18. Li Z, Heber D. Sarcopenic obesity in the elderly and strategies for weight management. Nutr Rev 2012;70:57-64.
19. Waters DL, Ward AL, Villareal DT. Weight loss in obese adults 65years and older: a review of the controversy. Exp Gerontol 2013;48:1054-61.
20. Salles J, Chanet A, Giraudet C, Patrac V, Pierre P, Jourdan M, Luiking YC, Verlaan S, Migné C, Boirie Y, et al. 1,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3) enhances the stimulating effect of leucine and insulin on protein synthesis rate through Akt/PKB and mTOR mediated pathways in murine C2C12 skeletal myotubes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013;57:2137-46.
21. Mithal A, Bonjour JP, Boonen S, Burckhardt P, Degens H, El Hajj Fuleihan G, Josse R, Lips P, Morales Torres J, Rizzoli R, et al.; IOF CSA Nutrition Working Group. Impact of nutrition on muscle mass, strength, and performance in older adults. Osteoporos Int 2013;24:1555-66.
22. Guideline diagnostics and treatment of obesity in adults and children. Utrecht (The Netherlands): Dutch Institute for Healthcare Improvement CBO; 2008.
23. Dutch Food Composition Database (NEVO). The Hague (The Netherlands): RIVM/Voedingscentrum; 2011.
24. Guralnik JM, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, Glynn RJ, Berkman LF, Blazer DG, Scherr PA, Wallace RB. A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. J Gerontol 1994;49:M85-94.
25. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for protein. EFSA J 2012;10:2557.
26. Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T, Cesari M, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Morley JE, Phillips S, Sieber C, Stehle P, Teta D, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE study group. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013;14:542-59.
27. Chaston TB, Dixon JB, O'Brien PE. Changes in fat-free mass during significant weight loss: a systematic review. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007;31:743-50.
28. Soenen S, Martens EA, Hochstenbach-Waelen A, Lemmens SG, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Normal protein intake is required for body weight loss and weight maintenance, and elevated protein intake for additional preservation of resting energy expenditure and fat free mass. J Nutr 2013;143:591-6.
29. Breen L, Phillips SM. Skeletal muscle protein metabolism in the elderly: interventions to counteract the 'anabolic resistance' of ageing. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2011;8:68.
30. Tieland M, Dirks ML, van der Zwaluw N, Verdijk LB, van de Rest O, de Groot LC, van Loon LJ. Protein supplementation increases muscle mass gain during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in frail elderly people: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2012;13:713-9.
31. Dangin M, Guillet C, Garcia-Rodenas C, Gachon P, Bouteloup-Demange C, Reiffers-Magnani K, Fauquant J, Ballèvre O, Beaufrère B. The rate of protein digestion affects protein gain differently during aging in humans. J Physiol 2003;549:635-44.
32. Katsanos CS, Kobayashi H, Sheffield-Moore M, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR. A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006;291:E381-7.
33. Heymsfield SB, Thomas D, Nguyen AM, Peng JZ, Martin C, Shen W, Strauss B, Bosy-Westphal A, Muller MJ. Voluntary weight loss: systematic review of early phase body composition changes. Obes Rev 2011;12:e348-61.
34. Wicherts IS, van Schoor NM, Boeke AJ, Visser M, Deeg DJ, Smit J, Knol DL, Lips P. Vitamin D status predicts physical performance and its decline in older persons. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:2058-65.
35. Symons TB, Sheffield-Moore M, Mamerow MM, Wolfe RR, Paddon-Jones D. The anabolic response to resistance exercise and a protein-rich meal is not diminished by age. J Nutr Health Aging 2011;15:376-81.
36. Braam LA, Ocké MC, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Seidell JC. Determinants of obesity-related underreporting of energy intake. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147:1081-6.
37. Villareal DT, Chode S, Parimi N, Sinacore DR, Hilton T, Armamento-Villareal R, Napoli N, Qualls C, Shah K.Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults. N Engl J Med 2011;364:1218-29.
38. Villareal DT, Banks M, Sinacore DR, Siener C, Klein S. Effect of weight loss and exercise on frailty in obese older adults. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:860-6.
39. Lambert CP, Wright NR, Finck BN, Villareal DT. Exercise but not diet-induced weight loss decreases skeletal muscle inflammatory gene expression in frail obese elderly persons. J Appl Physiol 2008;105:473-8.
40. Shah K, Stufflebam A, Hilton TN, Sinacore DR, Klein S, Villareal DT. Diet and exercise interventions reduce intrahepatic fat content and improve insulin sensitivity in obese older adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009;17:2162-8.
41. Kelly KR, Haus JM, Solomon TP, Patrick-Melin AJ, Cook M, Rocco M, Barkoukis H, Kirwan JP. A low-glycemic index diet and exercise intervention reduces TNF(alpha) in isolated mononuclear cells of older, obese adults. J Nutr 2011;141:1089-94.
42. Clark DJ, Patten C, Reid KF, Carabello RJ, Phillips EM, Fielding RA. Muscle performance and physical function are associated with voluntary rate of neuromuscular activation in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011;66:115-21.
43. Patten C, Kamen G, Rowland DM. Adaptations in maximal motor unit discharge rate to strength training in young and older adults. Muscle Nerve 2001;24:542-50.