Canadian guidelines on pharmacotherapy for disruptive and aggressive behaviour in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, or conduct disorder

Canadian Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 60, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 62-76

  Gorman, Daniel A ^a,b   Gardner, David M ^c   Murphy, Andrea L ^c   Feldman, Mark ^a,b   Bélanger, Stacey A ^d,e   Steele, Margaret M ^f   Boylan, Khrista ^g   Cochrane Brink, Kate ^a,h   Goldade, Roxanne ⁱ   Soper, Paul R ^j   Ustina, Judy ^k   Pringsheim, Tamara ^l,m  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN   (Canada)

^c DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MONTREAL   (Canada)

^f WESTERN UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^g MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^h Youthdale Treatment Centres   (Canada)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^j Glenrose Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Clinic   (Canada)

^k UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^l UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^m Calgary Tourette and Pediatric Movement Disorders Clinic   (Canada)

more..

Author keywords

Adolescents; Aggression; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Children; Clinical guidelines; Conduct disorder; Disruptive behaviour; Oppositional defiant disorder; Pharmacotherapy; Psychosocial therapy

Indexed keywords

ALPHA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ATOMOXETINE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CLONIDINE; GUANFACINE; HALOPERIDOL; LITHIUM; PLACEBO; PSYCHOSTIMULANT AGENT; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; VALPROIC ACID;

ADOLESCENT; AGGRESSION; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CANADA; CHILD; CONDUCT DISORDER; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG INDICATION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOM; HUMAN; METABOLIC DISORDER; OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER; OVARY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; ATTENTION DEFICIT AND DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; DRUG EFFECTS; STANDARDS;

ADOLESCENT; AGGRESSION; ATTENTION DEFICIT AND DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CANADA; CHILD; CONDUCT DISORDER; HUMANS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC;

EID: 84922591791     PISSN: 07067437     EISSN: 14970015     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/070674371506000204     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Stringaris A, Goodman R. Longitudinal outcome of youth oppositionality: irritable, headstrong, and hurtful behaviors have distinctive predictions. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(4):404-412.
2. Colman I, Murray J, Abbott RA, et al. Outcomes of conduct problems in adolescence: 40 year follow-up of national cohort. BMJ. 2009;338:a2981.
3. Cleverley K, Szatmari P, Vaillancourt T, et al. Developmental trajectories of physical and indirect aggression from late childhood to adolescence: sex differences and outcomes in emerging adulthood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;51(10):1037-1051.
4. Grol R, Buchan H. Clinical guidelines: what can we do to increase their use? Med J Aust. 2006;185(6):301-302.
5. Graham ID, Logan J, Harrison MB, et al. Lost in knowledge translation: time for a map? J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2006;26(1):13-24.
6. Knapp P, Chait A, Pappadopulos E, et al. Treatment of maladaptive aggression in youth: CERT guidelines I. Engagement, assessment, and management. Pediatrics. 2012;129(6):e1562-e1576.
7. Scotto Rosato N, Correll CU, Pappadopulos E, et al. Treatment of maladaptive aggression in youth: CERT guidelines II. Treatments and ongoing management. Pediatrics. 2012;129(6):e1577-e1586.
8. Pringsheim T, Lam D, Patten SB. The pharmacoepidemiology of antipsychotic medications for Canadian children and adolescents: 2005-2009. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2011;21(6):537-543.
9. Olfson M, Blanco C, Liu SM, et al. National trends in the office-based treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with antipsychotics. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(12):1247-1256.
10. Pringsheim T, Gorman D. Second-generation antipsychotics for the treatment of disruptive behaviour disorders in children: a systematic review. Can J Psychiatry. 2012;57(12):722-727.
11. Pringsheim T, Lam D, Ching H, et al. Metabolic and neurological complications of second-generation antipsychotic use in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Drug Saf. 2011;34(8):651-668.
12. Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, et al. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):383-394.
13. Guyatt G, Vist G, Falck-Ytter Y, et al. An emerging consensus on grading recommendations? ACP J Club. 2006;144(1):A8-A9.
14. Pringsheim T, Hirsch L, Gardner D, et al. The pharmacological management of oppositional behaviour, conduct problems, and aggression in children and adolescents with attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Part 1: psychostimulants, alpha-2 agonists, and atomoxetine. Can J Psychiatry. 2015;60(2):42-51.
15. Pringsheim T, Hirsch L, Gardner D, et al. The pharmacological management of oppositional behaviour, conduct problems, and aggression in children and adolescents with attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Part 2: antipsychotics and traditional mood stabilizers. Can J Psychiatry. 2015;60(2):52-61.
16. Snyder R, Turgay A, Aman M, et al. Effects of risperidone on conduct and disruptive behavior disorders in children with subaverage IQs. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41(9):1026-1036.
17. Aman MG, De Smedt G, Derivan A, et al. Double-blind, placebocontrolled study of risperidone for the treatment of disruptive behaviors in children with subaverage intelligence. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(8):1337-1346.
18. Van Bellinghen M, De Troch C. Risperidone in the treatment of behavioral disturbances in children and adolescents with borderline intellectual functioning: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2001;11(1):5-13.
19. Buitelaar JK, van der Gaag RJ, Cohen-Kettenis P, et al. A randomized controlled trial of risperidone in the treatment of aggression in hospitalized adolescents with subaverage cognitive abilities. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(4):239-248.
20. Findling RL, McNamara NK, Branicky LA, et al. A double-blind pilot study of risperidone in the treatment of conduct disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39(4):509-516.
21. Armenteros JL, Lewis JE, Davalos M. Risperidone augmentation for treatment-resistant aggression in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a placebo-controlled pilot study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(5):558-565.
22. Aman MG, Bukstein OG, Gadow KD, et al. What does risperidone add to parent training and stimulant for severe aggression in child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;53(1):47-60.e1.
23. Brozek JL, Akl EA, Compalati E, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations in clinical practice guidelines part 3 of 3. The GRADE approach to developing recommendations. Allergy. 2011;66(5):588-595.
24. SurveyMonkey. SurveyMonkey [Internet survey software]. Palo Alto (CA): SurveyMonkey; 1990-2014 [cited 2014 Jan 17]. Available from: www.surveymonkey.com. Canadian office: Ottawa, ON.
25. Andrews J, Guyatt G, Oxman AD, et al. GRADE guidelines: 14. Going from evidence to recommendations: the significance and presentation of recommendations. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(7):719-725.
26. Connor DF, Glatt SJ, Lopez ID, et al. Psychopharmacology and aggression. I: A meta-analysis of stimulant effects on overt/covert aggression-related behaviors in ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41(3):253-261.
27. Arnold LE. Methylphenidate vs amphetamine: comparative review. J Atten Disord. 2000;3:200-211.
28. Treuer T, Gau SS, Mendez L, et al. A systematic review of combination therapy with stimulants and atomoxetine for attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder, including patient characteristics, treatment strategies, effectiveness, and tolerability. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2013;23(3):179-193.
29. Bangs ME, Tauscher-Wisniewski S, Polzer J, et al. Meta-analysis of suicide-related behavior events in patients treated with atomoxetine. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47(2):209-218.
30. Schwartz S, Correll CU. Efficacy and safety of atomoxetine in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from a comprehensive meta-analysis and metaregression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;53(2):174-187.
31. Chen Q, Sjolander A, Runeson B, et al. Drug treatment for attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder and suicidal behaviour: register based study. BMJ. 2014;348:g3769.
32. Biederman J, Melmed RD, Patel A, et al. A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study of guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2008;121(1):e73-e84.
33. Sallee FR, McGough J, Wigal T, et al. Guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(2):155-165.
34. Shire Canada Inc. INTUNIV XR guanfacine hydrochloride extended-release tablets [product monograph]. Saint-Laurent (QC): Shire Canada Inc; 2013 Jul. 5.
35. Geyskes GG, Boer P, Dorhout Mees EJ. Clonidine withdrawal. Mechanism and frequency of rebound hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1979;7(1):55-62.
36. Gadow KD, Arnold LE, Molina BS, et al. Risperidone added to parent training and stimulant medication: effects on attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and peer aggression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;53(9):948-959.e1.
37. Reyes M, Buitelaar J, Toren P, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone maintenance treatment in children and adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(3):402-410.
38. Cueva JE, Overall JE, Small AM, et al. Carbamazepine in aggressive children with conduct disorder: a double-blind and placebo-controlled study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35(4):480-490.
39. Campbell M, Small AM, Green WH, et al. Behavioral efficacy of haloperidol and lithium carbonate. A comparison in hospitalized aggressive children with conduct disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984;41(7):650-656.
40. Blader JC, Schooler NR, Jensen PS, et al. Adjunctive divalproex versus placebo for children with ADHD and aggression refractory to stimulant monotherapy. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166(12):1392-1401.
41. Donovan SJ, Stewart JW, Nunes EV, et al. Divalproex treatment for youth with explosive temper and mood lability: a doubleblind, placebo-controlled crossover design. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(5):818-820.
42. Malone RP, Delaney MA, Luebbert JF, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of lithium in hospitalized aggressive children and adolescents with conduct disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(7):649-654.
43. Rifkin A, Karajgi B, Dicker R, et al. Lithium treatment of conduct disorders in adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154(4):554-555.
44. Campbell M, Adams PB, Small AM, et al. Lithium in hospitalized aggressive children with conduct disorder: a double-blind and placebo-controlled study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34(4):445-453.
45. Heres S, Davis J, Maino K, et al. Why olanzapine beats risperidone, risperidone beats quetiapine, and quetiapine beats olanzapine: an exploratory analysis of head-to-head comparison studies of secondgeneration antipsychotics. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(2):185-194.
46. Spielmans GI, Parry PI. From evidence-based medicine to marketing-based medicine: evidence from internal industry documents. J Bioeth Inq. 2010;7(1):13-29.
47. Seixas M, Weiss M, Muller U. Systematic review of national and international guidelines on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Psychopharmacol. 2012;26(6):753-765.
48. Faraone SV. Understanding the effect size of ADHD medications: implications for clinical care. Medscape Psychiatr Ment Health. 2003;8(2).
49. Hirota T, Schwartz S, Correll CU. Alpha-2 agonists for attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder in youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of monotherapy and add-on trials to stimulant therapy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;53(2):153-173.
50. Haas M, Unis AS, Armenteros J, et al. A 6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of risperidone in adolescents with schizophrenia. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009;19(6):611-621.
51. Haas M, Delbello MP, Pandina G, et al. Risperidone for the treatment of acute mania in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Bipolar Disord. 2009;11(7):687-700.
52. Aman MG, Marks RE, Turbott SH, et al. Clinical effects of methylphenidate and thioridazine in intellectually subaverage children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1991;30(2):246-256.
53. Pringsheim T, Panagiotopoulos C, Davidson J, et al. Evidencebased recommendations for monitoring safety of second-generation antipsychotics in children and youth. Paediatr Child Health. 2011;16(9):581-589.
54. Ho J, Panagiotopoulos C, McCrindle B, et al. Management recommendations for metabolic complications associated with second-generation antipsychotic use in children and youth. Paediatr Child Health. 2011;16(9):575-580.
55. Pringsheim T, Doja A, Belanger S, et al. Treatment recommendations for extrapyramidal side effects associated with second-generation antipsychotic use in children and youth. Paediatr Child Health. 2011;16(9):590-598.
56. Chong LY, Nasser M, Glasziou P. What should we call weak recommendations? Newsl Int Soc Evid Based Health Care. 2011;2:6-7.
57. Eli Lilly Canada Inc. Strattera (atomoxetine capsules) [product monograph]. Toronto (ON): Eli Lilly Canada Inc; 2014 Sep. 4.
58. Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada), Limited. Catapres (clonidine hydrochloride) [product monograph]. Burlington (ON): Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada), Limited; 2012 Jun. 21 [date of revision].
59. Janssen Inc. Risperdal (risperidone) tablets [product monograph]. Titusville (NJ): Janssen Inc; 2013 Sep. 9.
60. AztraZeneca Canada Inc. Seroquel quetiapine fumarate immediaterelease tablets [product monograph]. Mississauga (ON): AztraZeneca Canada Inc; 2013 Dec. 20.
61. Abbott Canada. Epival (divalproex sodium enteric-coated tablets) [product monograph]. Saint-Laurent (QC): Abbott Laboratories, Limited; 2013 Nov. 8 [date of revision].
62. ERFA Canada 2012 Inc. Lithane lithium carbonate capsules [prescribing information; product monograph]. Montreal (QC): ERFA Canada 2012 Inc; 2013 Jul. 4.
63. Vitiello B. Understanding the risk of using medications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with respect to physical growth and cardiovascular function. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2008;17(2):459-474, xi.
64. Mosholder AD, Gelperin K, Hammad TA, et al. Hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms associated with the use of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder drugs in children. Pediatrics. 2009;123(2):611-616.
65. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Methylphenidate ADHD medications: drug safety communication-risk of long-lasting erections. Silver Spring (MD): US FDA; 2013 Dec. 17.
66. Bélanger SA, Warren AE, Hamilton RM, et al. Cardiac risk assessment before the use of stimulant medications in children and youth. Paediatr Child Health. 2009;14(9):579-592.
67. Stiefel G, Besag FM. Cardiovascular effects of methylphenidate, amphetamines and atomoxetine in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Drug Saf. 2010;33(10):821-842.
68. Bangs ME, Jin L, Zhang S, et al. Hepatic events associated with atomoxetine treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. 2008;31(4):345-354.
69. Biederman J, Melmed RD, Patel A, et al. Long-term, open-label extension study of guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with ADHD. CNS Spectr. 2008;13(12):1047-1055.
70. Sallee FR, Lyne A, Wigal T, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009;19(3):215-226.
71. Cantwell DP, Swanson J, Connor DF. Case study: adverse response to clonidine. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36(4):539-544.
72. Treatment of ADHD in children with tics: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2002;58(4):527-536.
73. Labellarte MJ, Crosson JE, Riddle MA. The relevance of prolonged QTc measurement to pediatric psychopharmacology. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42(6):642-650.
74. Correll CU, Penzner JB, Parikh UH, et al. Recognizing and monitoring adverse events of second-generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2006;15(1):177-206.
75. De Hert M, Schreurs V, Sweers K, et al. Typical and atypical antipsychotics differentially affect long-term incidence rates of the metabolic syndrome in first-episode patients with schizophrenia: a retrospective chart review. Schizophr Res. 2008;101(1-3):295-303.
76. Moisan J, Turgeon M, Desjardins O, et al. Comparative safety of antipsychotics: another look at the risk of diabetes. Can J Psychiatry. 2013;58(4):218-224.
77. Nanau RM, Neuman MG. Adverse drug reactions induced by valproic acid. Clin Biochem. 2013;46(15):1323-1338.
78. Verrotti A, Scaparrotta A, Grosso S, et al. Anticonvulsant drugs and hematological disease. Neurol Sci. 2014;35(7):983-993.
79. Joffe H, Cohen LS, Suppes T, et al. Valproate is associated with new-onset oligoamenorrhea with hyperandrogenism in women with bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59(11):1078-1086.
80. Petty SJ, O'Brien TJ, Wark JD. Anti-epileptic medication and bone health. Osteoporos Int. 2007;18(2):129-142.
81. Koenig SA, Buesing D, Longin E, et al. Valproic acid-induced hepatopathy: nine new fatalities in Germany from 1994 to 2003. Epilepsia. 2006;47(12):2027-2031.
82. Gerstner T, Busing D, Bell N, et al. Valproic acid-induced pancreatitis: 16 new cases and a review of the literature. J Gastroenterol. 2007;42(1):39-48.
83. Raja M, Azzoni A. Valproate-induced hyperammonaemia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;22(6):631-633.
84. Gerstner T, Buesing D, Longin E, et al. Valproic acid induced encephalopathy-19 new cases in Germany from 1994 to 2003-a side effect associated to VPA-therapy not only in young children. Seizure. 2006;15(6):443-448.
85. Silver M, Factor SA. Valproic acid-induced parkinsonism: levodopa responsiveness with dyskinesia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013;19(8):758-760.
86. Levi N, Bastuji-Garin S, Mockenhaupt M, et al. Medications as risk factors of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in children: a pooled analysis. Pediatrics. 2009;123(2):e297-e304.
87. Patorno E, Bohn RL, Wahl PM, et al. Anticonvulsant medications and the risk of suicide, attempted suicide, or violent death. JAMA. 2010;303(14):1401-1409.
88. Grunfeld JP, Rossier BC. Lithium nephrotoxicity revisited. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2009;5(5):270-276.
89. McKnight RF, Adida M, Budge K, et al. Lithium toxicity profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2012;379(9817):721-728.
90. Dols A, Sienaert P, van Gerven H, et al. The prevalence and management of side effects of lithium and anticonvulsants as mood stabilizers in bipolar disorder from a clinical perspective: a review. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;28(6):287-296.
91. Pellock JM. Carbamazepine side effects in children and adults. Epilepsia. 1987;28(Suppl 3):S64-S70.
92. Dong X, Leppik IE, White J, et al. Hyponatremia from oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine. Neurology. 2005;65(12):1976-1978.
93. Salimipour H, Kazerooni S, Seyedabadi M, et al. Antiepileptic treatment is associated with bone loss: difference in drug type and region of interest. J Nucl Med Technol. 2013;41(3):208-211.
94. Durelli L, Mutani R, Sechi GP, et al. Cardiac side effects of phenytoin and carbamazepine. A dose-related phenomenon? Arch Neurol. 1985;42(11):1067-1068.
95. Bou Khalil R, Richa S. Thyroid adverse effects of psychotropic drugs: a review. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2011;34(6):248-255.
96. European Commission, Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General. A guideline on summary of product characteristics (SmPC). Revision 2 [Internet]. Brussels (BE): European Commission; 2009 Sep. [cited 2014 Jun. 10]. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/health/files/eudralex/vol-2/c/smpc-guideline-rev2-en.pdf.
97. Micromedex Solutions. Micromedex 2.0 [Internet]. Ann Arbor (MI): Truven Health Analytics; c1974-2014 [cited 2014 Jun. 10]. Available from: http://www.micromedexsolutions.com.
98. Swanson JM, Elliott GR, Greenhill LL, et al. Effects of stimulant medication on growth rates across 3 years in the MTA follow-up. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(8):1015-1027.
99. Cooper WO, Habel LA, Sox CM, et al. ADHD drugs and serious cardiovascular events in children and young adults. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(20):1896-1904.
100. Winterstein AG, Gerhard T, Kubilis P, et al. Cardiovascular safety of central nervous system stimulants in children and adolescents: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2012;345:e4627.
101. Olfson M, Huang C, Gerhard T, et al. Stimulants and cardiovascular events in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;51(2):147-156.
102. Schelleman H, Bilker WB, Strom BL, et al. Cardiovascular events and death in children exposed and unexposed to ADHD agents. Pediatrics. 2011;127(6):1102-1110.