메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 16, Issue 9, 2011, Pages 590-598

Treatment recommendations for extrapyramidal side effects associated with second-generation antipsychotic use in children and youth

Author keywords

Antipsychotic medications; Children; Extrapyramidal side effects

Indexed keywords

AMANTADINE; ARIPIPRAZOLE; BACLOFEN; BENZATROPINE; BIPERIDEN; BOTULINUM TOXIN; BRANCHED CHAIN AMINO ACID; CLONAZEPAM; DIAZEPAM; DIPHENHYDRAMINE; ETIRACETAM; LITHIUM; LORAZEPAM; MIRTAZAPINE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; PLACEBO; PROCYCLIDINE; PROPRANOLOL; RESERPINE; RISPERIDONE; SECOND GENERATION ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TETRABENAZINE; TRIHEXYPHENIDYL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID;

EID: 80655144923     PISSN: 12057088     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/pch/16.9.590     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (49)

References (72)
  • 1
    • 0021846840 scopus 로고
    • Assessment of tardive dyskinesia using the abnormal involuntary movement scale
    • Lane R, Glazer W, Hansen T, Berman W, Kramer S. Assessment of tardive dyskinesia using the abnormal involuntary movement scale. J Nerv Ment Dis 1985;173:353-7. (Pubitemid 15079180)
    • (1985) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , vol.173 , Issue.6 , pp. 353-357
    • Lane, R.D.1    Glazer, W.M.2    Hansen, T.E.3
  • 2
    • 67649352514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validity and reliability of the Simpson Angus Scale (SAS) in drug induced Parkinsonism in the elderly
    • Knol W, Keijsers C, Jansen P, et al. Validity and reliability of the Simpson Angus Scale (SAS) in drug induced Parkinsonism in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009;24:183-9.
    • (2009) Int J Geriatr Psychiatry , vol.24 , pp. 183-189
    • Knol, W.1    Keijsers, C.2    Jansen, P.3
  • 3
    • 26444510879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validity of Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS) in a naturalistic schizophrenia population
    • doi:10.1186/147-2377-5-5
    • Janno S, Holi M, Tuisku K, Wahlbeck K. Validity of Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS) in a naturalistic schizophrenia population. BMC Neurol 2005;5(5):doi:10.1186/147-2377-5-5.
    • (2005) BMC Neurol , vol.5 , Issue.5
    • Janno, S.1    Holi, M.2    Tuisku, K.3    Wahlbeck, K.4
  • 4
    • 0024358369 scopus 로고
    • A rating scale for drug-induced akathisia
    • Barnes T. A rating scale for drug induced akathisia. Br J Psychiatry 1989;154:672-6. (Pubitemid 19154942)
    • (1989) British Journal of Psychiatry , vol.154 , Issue.MAY , pp. 672-676
    • Barnes, T.R.E.1
  • 5
    • 20444376911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manual for the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS)
    • DOI 10.1016/j.schres.2005.02.013, PII S0920996405000782
    • Chouinard G, Margolese H. Manual for the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS). Schizophr Res 2005;76:247-65. (Pubitemid 40804771)
    • (2005) Schizophrenia Research , vol.76 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 247-265
    • Chouinard, G.1    Margolese, H.C.2
  • 6
    • 23444456327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) and Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS): Cross-scale comparison in assessing tardive dyskinesia
    • DOI 10.1016/j.schres.2005.03.008, PII S0920996405001180
    • Gharabawi GM, Bossie CA, Lasser RA, Turkoz I, Rodriguez S, Chouinard G. Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) and Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS): Cross-scale comparison in assessing tardive dyskinesia. Schizophr Res 2005;77:119-28. (Pubitemid 41112206)
    • (2005) Schizophrenia Research , vol.77 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 119-128
    • Gharabawi, G.M.1    Bossie, C.A.2    Lasser, R.A.3    Turkoz, I.4    Rodriguez, S.5    Chouinard, G.6
  • 7
    • 0004235298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Psychiatric Association. 4th edn. Text revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association
    • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. Text revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
    • (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
  • 8
    • 0028071587 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of acute neuroleptic-induced movement disorders
    • Tonda M, Guthrie S. Treatment of acute neuroleptic induced movement disorders. Pharmacotherapy 1994;14:543-60. (Pubitemid 24299954)
    • (1994) Pharmacotherapy , vol.14 , Issue.5 , pp. 543-560
    • Tonda, M.E.1    Guthrie, S.K.2
  • 9
    • 69549114805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in children and adolescents on atypical antipsychotic medication. A review
    • Neuhut R, Lindenmayer J, Silva R. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in children and adolescents on atypical antipsychotic medication. A review. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2009;19:415-22.
    • (2009) J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol , vol.19 , pp. 415-422
    • Neuhut, R.1    Lindenmayer, J.2    Silva, R.3
  • 11
    • 60349087399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of the risk of acute extrapyramidal symptoms with intramuscular antipsychotics for the treatment of agitation
    • Satterwaite T, Wolf D, Rosenheck R, Gur R, Caroff S. A meta-analysis of the risk of acute extrapyramidal symptoms with intramuscular antipsychotics for the treatment of agitation. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69:1869-79
    • (2008) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.69 , pp. 1869-1879
    • Satterwaite, T.1    Wolf, D.2    Rosenheck, R.3    Gur, R.4    Caroff, S.5
  • 12
    • 0018088876 scopus 로고
    • Intravenous diazepam in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced acute dystonia and akathisia
    • Gagrat D, Hamilton J, Belmaker R. Intravenous diazepam in the treatment of neuroleptic induced acute dystonia and akathisia. Am J Psychiatry 1978;135:1232-3. (Pubitemid 9006771)
    • (1978) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.135 , Issue.10 , pp. 1232-1233
    • Gagrat, D.1    Hamilton, J.2    Belmaker, R.H.3
  • 13
    • 2442696111 scopus 로고
    • Severe extrapyramidal motor activity induced by prochlorperazine. Its relief by the intravenous injection of diphenhydramine
    • Waugh W, Metts J. Severe extrapyramidal motor activity induced by prochlorperazine. Its relief by the intravenous injection of diphenhydramine. N Engl J Med 1960;162:353-4.
    • (1960) N Engl J Med , vol.162 , pp. 353-354
    • Waugh, W.1    Metts, J.2
  • 14
    • 0023802091 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of anticholinergic prophylaxis for neuroleptic induced acute dystonia
    • Arana G, Goff D, Baldessarini R, Keepers G. Efficacy of anticholinergic prophylaxis for neuroleptic induced acute dystonia. Am J Psychiatry 1988;145:993-6.
    • (1988) Am J Psychiatry , vol.145 , pp. 993-996
    • Arana, G.1    Goff, D.2    Baldessarini, R.3    Keepers, G.4
  • 15
    • 77954574311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anticholinergic use in children and adolescents after initiation of antipsychotic therapy
    • Hong I, Bishop J. Anticholinergic use in children and adolescents after initiation of antipsychotic therapy. Ann Pharmacother 2010;44:1171-80.
    • (2010) Ann Pharmacother , vol.44 , pp. 1171-1180
    • Hong, I.1    Bishop, J.2
  • 17
    • 60149093395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy, safety and tolerability of two risperidone dosing regimens in adolescent schizophrenia: Double-blind study
    • Haas M, Eerdekens M, Kushner S, et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of two risperidone dosing regimens in adolescent schizophrenia: Double-blind study. Br J Psychiatry 2009;194:158-64.
    • (2009) Br J Psychiatry , vol.194 , pp. 158-164
    • Haas, M.1    Eerdekens, M.2    Kushner, S.3
  • 18
    • 14944363483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extrapyramidal symptoms with atypical antipsychotics: Incidence, prevention and management
    • DOI 10.2165/00002018-200528030-00002
    • Pierre J. Extrapyramidal symptoms with atypical antipsychotics. Incidence, prevention and management. Drug Safety 2005;28:191-208. (Pubitemid 40364887)
    • (2005) Drug Safety , vol.28 , Issue.3 , pp. 191-208
    • Pierre, J.M.1
  • 22
    • 33847723427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Valproate-induced Parkinsonism in epilepsy patients
    • DOI 10.1002/mds.21188
    • Jamora D, Lim S, Pan A, Tan L, Tan E. Valproate induced parkinsonism in epilepsy patients. Mov Disord 2007;22:130-3. (Pubitemid 46382687)
    • (2007) Movement Disorders , vol.22 , Issue.1 , pp. 130-133
    • Jamora, D.1    Lim, S.-H.2    Pan, A.3    Tan, L.4    Tan, E.-K.5
  • 24
    • 67449099381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor induced akathisia
    • Koliscak L, Makela E. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor induced akathisia. J Am Pharm Assoc 2009;49:e28-36.
    • (2009) J Am Pharm Assoc , vol.49
    • Koliscak, L.1    Makela, E.2
  • 25
    • 0028936124 scopus 로고
    • No difference in the effect of biperiden and amantadine on parkinsonian and tardive dyskinesia type involuntary movements: A double blind crossover, placebo controlled study in medicated chronic schizophrenic patients
    • Silver H, Geraisy N, Schwartz M. No difference in the effect of biperiden and amantadine on parkinsonian and tardive dyskinesia type involuntary movements: A double blind crossover, placebo controlled study in medicated chronic schizophrenic patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56:167-70.
    • (1995) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.56 , pp. 167-170
    • Silver, H.1    Geraisy, N.2    Schwartz, M.3
  • 26
    • 0017157199 scopus 로고
    • Amantadine versus trihexyphenidyl in the treatment of neuroleptic induced parkinsonism
    • Fann W, Lake C. Amantadine versus trihexyphenidyl in the treatment of neuroleptic induced parkinsonism. Am J Psychiatry 1976;133:940-3.
    • (1976) Am J Psychiatry , vol.133 , pp. 940-943
    • Fann, W.1    Lake, C.2
  • 27
    • 0016246613 scopus 로고
    • A double blind study of amantadine hydrochloride versus benztropine mesylate in drug-induced parkinsonism
    • Kelly J, Zimmerman R, Abuzzahab F, Schiele B. A double blind study of amantadine hydrochloride versus benztropine mesylate in drug-induced parkinsonism. Pharmacology 1974;12:65-73.
    • (1974) Pharmacology , vol.12 , pp. 65-73
    • Kelly, J.1    Zimmerman, R.2    Abuzzahab, F.3    Schiele, B.4
  • 28
    • 0027527605 scopus 로고
    • A controlled comparison of the effects of propranolol, benztropine, and placebo on akathisia: An interim analysis
    • Adler L, Peselow E, Rosenthal M, Angrist B. A controlled comparison of the effects of propranolol, benztropine, and placebo on akathisia. Psychopharmacol Bull 1993;29:283-6. (Pubitemid 23311537)
    • (1993) Psychopharmacology Bulletin , vol.29 , Issue.2 , pp. 283-286
    • Adler, L.A.1    Peselow, E.2    Rosenthal, M.3    Angrist, B.4
  • 30
    • 33744913260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low dose mirtazapine: A new option in the treatment of antipsychotic induced akathisia. A randomized, double blind, placebo and propranolol controlled trial
    • Poyurovsky M, Pashinian A, Weizman R, Fuchs C, Weizman A. Low dose mirtazapine: A new option in the treatment of antipsychotic induced akathisia. A randomized, double blind, placebo and propranolol controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 2006;59:1071-7.
    • (2006) Biol Psychiatry , vol.59 , pp. 1071-1077
    • Poyurovsky, M.1    Pashinian, A.2    Weizman, R.3    Fuchs, C.4    Weizman, A.5
  • 31
    • 0024808968 scopus 로고
    • Successful clonazepam treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia in older adolescents and young adults: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study
    • Kutcher S, Willliamson P, Mackenzie S, Marton P, Ehrlich M. Successful clonazepam treatment of neuroleptic induced akathisia in older adolescents and young adults: A double blind, placebo controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1989;9:403-6. (Pubitemid 20023020)
    • (1989) Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology , vol.9 , Issue.6 , pp. 403-406
    • Kutcher, S.1    Williamson, P.2    MacKenzie, S.3    Marton, P.4    Ehrlich, M.5
  • 32
    • 77953738797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence and persistence of tardive dyskinesia and extrapyramidal symptoms in schizophrenia
    • Tenback D, van Harten P, Slooff C, van Os J. Incidence and persistence of tardive dyskinesia and extrapyramidal symptoms in schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol 2010;24:1031-5.
    • (2010) J Psychopharmacol , vol.24 , pp. 1031-1035
    • Tenback, D.1    Van Harten, P.2    Slooff, C.3    Van Os, J.4
  • 33
    • 0027443030 scopus 로고
    • Changes in psychopathology and dyskinesia after neuroleptic withdrawal in a double-blind design
    • DOI 10.1016/0920-9964(93)90061-M
    • Dixon L, Thaker G, Conley R, Ross D, Cascella N, Tamminga C. Changes in psychopathology and dyskinesia after neuroleptic withdrawal in a double blind design. Schizophrenia Res 1993;10:267-71. (Pubitemid 23353442)
    • (1993) Schizophrenia Research , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 267-271
    • Dixon, L.1    Thaker, G.2    Conley, R.3    Ross, D.4    Cascella, N.5    Tamminga, C.6
  • 34
    • 0021236844 scopus 로고
    • Effect of anticholinergics on tardive dyskinesia. A controlled discontinuation study
    • Greil W, Haag H, Rossnagl G, Ruther E. Effect of anticholinergics on tardive dyskinesia. A controlled discontinuation study. Br J Psychiatry1984;145:304-10. (Pubitemid 14066482)
    • (1984) British Journal of Psychiatry , vol.145 , Issue.SEPT. , pp. 304-310
    • Greil, W.1    Haag, H.2    Rossnagl, G.3    Ruther, E.4
  • 35
    • 15444378596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maintenance treatment of severe tardive dyskinesia with clozapine: 5 Years' follow-up
    • DOI 10.1097/01.jcp.0000155823.59585.88
    • Louza MR, Bassitt DP. Maintenance treatment of severe tardive dyskinesia with clozapine: Five years follow-up. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005;25:180-2. (Pubitemid 40395098)
    • (2005) Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology , vol.25 , Issue.2 , pp. 180-182
    • Louza, M.R.1    Bassitt, D.P.2
  • 38
    • 0032818966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tetrabenazine treatment for tardive dyskinesia: Assessment by randomized videotape protocol
    • Ondo W, Hanna P, Jankovic J. Tetrabenazine treatment for tardive dyskinesia: Assessment by randomized videotape protocol. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1279-81. (Pubitemid 29374894)
    • (1999) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.156 , Issue.8 , pp. 1279-1281
    • Ondo, W.G.1    Hanna, P.A.2    Jankovic, J.3
  • 39
    • 0031029072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term effects of tetrabenazine in hyperkinetic movement disorders
    • Jankovic J, Beach J. Long term effects of tetrabenazine in hyperkinetic movement disorders. Neurology 1997;48:358-62. (Pubitemid 27087603)
    • (1997) Neurology , vol.48 , Issue.2 , pp. 358-362
    • Jankovic, J.1    Beach, J.2
  • 40
    • 85040733798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benzodiazepines for neuroleptic induced tardive dyskinesia
    • CD000205
    • Bhoopati P, Soares-Weiser K. Benzodiazepines for neuroleptic induced tardive dyskinesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(33):CD000205.
    • (2006) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.33
    • Bhoopati, P.1    Soares-Weiser, K.2
  • 41
  • 43
    • 33748346041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levetiracetam in tardive dyskinesia: An open label study
    • DOI 10.1002/mds.20835
    • Konitsiotis S, Pappa S, Mantas C, Mavreas V. Levetiracetam in tardive dyskinesia: An open label study. Mov Disord 2006;21:1219-21. (Pubitemid 44336612)
    • (2006) Movement Disorders , vol.21 , Issue.8 , pp. 1219-1221
    • Konitsiotis, S.1    Pappa, S.2    Mantas, C.3    Mavreas, V.4
  • 44
    • 44849130867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of levetiracetam on tardive dyskinesia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
    • Woods S, Saksa J, Baker B, Cohen S, Tek C. Effects of levetiracetam on tardive dyskinesia: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69:546-54. (Pubitemid 351792328)
    • (2008) Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , vol.69 , Issue.4 , pp. 546-554
    • Woods, S.W.1    Saksa, J.R.2    Baker, C.B.3    Cohen, S.J.4    Tek, C.5
  • 45
    • 1442284529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Branched chain amino acid treatment of tardive dyskinesia in children and adolescents
    • Richardson M, Small A, Read L, Chao H, Clelland J. Branched chain amino acid treatment of tardive dyskinesia in children and adolescents. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:92-6.
    • (2004) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.65 , pp. 92-96
    • Richardson, M.1    Small, A.2    Read, L.3    Chao, H.4    Clelland, J.5
  • 46
    • 0031885626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case series: Spectrum of neuroleptic-induced movement disorders and extrapyramidal side effects in childhood-onset schizophrenia
    • Kumra S, Jacobsen L, Lenane M, et al. Case series: Spectrum of neuroleptic-induced movement disorders and extrapyramidal side effects in childhood-onset schizophrenia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998;37:221-6.
    • (1998) J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry , vol.37 , pp. 221-226
    • Kumra, S.1    Jacobsen, L.2    Lenane, M.3
  • 48
    • 0020404121 scopus 로고
    • Tardive dystonia: Late-onset and persistent dystonia caused by antipsychotic drugs
    • Burke R, Fahn S, Jankovic J, et al. Tardive dystonia: Late onset and persistent dystonia caused by antipsychotic drugs. Neurology 1982;32:1335-46. (Pubitemid 13203738)
    • (1982) Neurology , vol.32 , Issue.12 , pp. 1335-1346
    • Burke, R.E.1    Fahn, S.2    Jankovic, J.3
  • 49
    • 57349097819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Olanzapine induced tardive dystonia
    • Aggarwal A, Jiloha R. Olanzapine induced tardive dystonia. Indian J Pharmacol 2008;40:237-8.
    • (2008) Indian J Pharmacol , vol.40 , pp. 237-238
    • Aggarwal, A.1    Jiloha, R.2
  • 51
    • 0032426436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risperidone induced tardive dystonia: A case of torticollis
    • Fdhil H, Krebs M, Bayle F, Vanelle J, Olie J. Risperidone induced tardive dystonia: A case of torticollis. Encephale 1998;24:581-3.
    • (1998) Encephale , vol.24 , pp. 581-583
    • Fdhil, H.1    Krebs, M.2    Bayle, F.3    Vanelle, J.4    Olie, J.5
  • 52
    • 79955163037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Missed case of tardive dystonia in an adolescent girl treated with risperidone
    • In press
    • Pringsheim T. Missed case of tardive dystonia in an adolescent girl treated with risperidone. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2011. (In press)
    • (2011) J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol
    • Pringsheim, T.1
  • 56
    • 0029895604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Successful treatment of tardive dystonia with clozapine
    • Adityanjee, Esterera AB. Successful treatment of tardive dystonia with clozapine. Biol Psychiatry 1996;39:1064-5.
    • (1996) Biol Psychiatry , vol.39 , pp. 1064-1065
    • Adityanjee1    Esterera, A.B.2
  • 57
    • 0028285125 scopus 로고
    • Clozapine treatment of psychosis in patients with tardive dystonia: Report of three cases
    • Friedman J. Clozapine treatment of psychosis in patients with tardive dystonia: Report of three cases. Mov Disord 1994;9:321-4. (Pubitemid 24150118)
    • (1994) Movement Disorders , vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp. 321-324
    • Friedman, J.H.1
  • 58
    • 0036281104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clozapine is more efficacious for tongue dystonia than olanzapine
    • DOI 10.1007/s00213-002-1063-9
    • Conus P, Zullino D, Baumann P. Clozapine is more efficacious for tongue dystonia than olanzapine. Psychopharmacology 2002;162:89. (Pubitemid 34639564)
    • (2002) Psychopharmacology , vol.162 , Issue.1 , pp. 89
    • Conus, P.1    Zullino, D.2    Baumann, P.3
  • 59
    • 0022410202 scopus 로고
    • Tardive dyskinesia controlled by anticholinergic agents
    • Monteiro L. Tardive dyskinesia controlled by anticholinergic agents. Clin Neuropharmacol 1985;8:372-6. (Pubitemid 16183923)
    • (1985) Clinical Neuropharmacology , vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp. 372-376
    • Monteiro, L.M.1
  • 61
    • 0022549479 scopus 로고
    • Baclofen treatment in a patient with tardive dystonia
    • Rosse R, Allen A, Lux W. Baclofen treatment in a patient with tardive dystonia. J Clin Psychiatry 1986;47:474-5. (Pubitemid 16027685)
    • (1986) Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , vol.47 , Issue.9 , pp. 474-475
    • Rosse, R.B.1    Allen, A.2    Lux, W.E.3
  • 62
    • 0030873826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe tardive dystonia: Treatment with continuous intrathecal baclofen administration
    • DOI 10.1002/mds.870120416
    • Dressler D, Oeljeschlager R, Ruther E. Severe tardive dystonia: Treatment with continuous intrathecal baclofen administration. Mov Disord 1997;12:585-7. (Pubitemid 27322889)
    • (1997) Movement Disorders , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 585-587
    • Dressler, D.1    Oeljeschlager, R.-O.2    Ruther, E.3
  • 63
    • 18744375475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term high-frequency bilateral pallidal stimulation for neuroleptic-induced tardive dystonia: Report of two cases
    • Franzini A, Marras C, Ferroli P, et al. Long term high frequency bilateral pallidal stimulation for neuroleptic induced tardive dystonia. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 2005;102:721-5. (Pubitemid 43186678)
    • (2005) Journal of Neurosurgery , vol.102 , Issue.4 , pp. 721-725
    • Franzini, A.1    Marras, C.2    Ferroli, P.3    Zorzi, G.4    Bugiani, O.5    Romito, L.6    Broggi, G.7
  • 64
    • 0024598720 scopus 로고
    • Tardive akathisia: An analysis of clinical features and response to open therapeutic trials
    • DOI 10.1002/mds.870040208
    • Burke R, Kang U, Jankovic J, Miller L, Fahn S. Tardive akathisia: An analysis of clinical features and response to open therapeutic trials. Mov Disord 1989;4:157-75. (Pubitemid 19128939)
    • (1989) Movement Disorders , vol.4 , Issue.2 , pp. 157-175
    • Burke, R.E.1    Kang, U.J.2    Jankovic, J.3    Miller, L.G.4    Fahn, S.5
  • 65
    • 0023806089 scopus 로고
    • Propranolol in the treatment of tardive akathisia: A report of two cases
    • Yassa R, Iskandar H, Nastase C. Propranolol in the treatment of tardive akathisia: A report of two cases. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1988;8:283-5.
    • (1988) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.8 , pp. 283-285
    • Yassa, R.1    Iskandar, H.2    Nastase, C.3
  • 66
    • 0025141564 scopus 로고
    • Lorazepam and anticholinergics in tardive akathisia
    • DOI 10.1016/0006-3223(90)90562-G
    • Yassa R, Bloom D. Lorazepam and anticholinergics in tardive akathisia. Biol Psychiatry 1990;27:463-4. (Pubitemid 20083780)
    • (1990) Biological Psychiatry , vol.27 , Issue.4 , pp. 463-464
    • Yassa, R.1    Bloom, D.2
  • 67
    • 0026656528 scopus 로고
    • Should chronic treatment-refractory akathisia be an indication for the use of clozapine in schizophrenic patients?
    • Levin H, Chengappa K, Kambhampati R, Mahdavi N, Ganguli R. Should chronic treatment-refractory akathisia be an indication for the use of clozapine in schizophrenic patients? J Clin Psychiatry 1992;53:248-51.
    • (1992) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.53 , pp. 248-251
    • Levin, H.1    Chengappa, K.2    Kambhampati, R.3    Mahdavi, N.4    Ganguli, R.5
  • 68
    • 84875417563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed on October 3, 2011
    • Lexicomp Online. 〈http://online.lexi.com/crlsql/servlet/ crlonline〉 (Accessed on October 3, 2011).
    • Lexicomp Online
  • 69
    • 80655144196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed on October 3, 2011
    • Thomson Reuters Micromedex. 〈www.micromedex.com〉 (Accessed on October 3, 2011).
  • 71
    • 0023605732 scopus 로고
    • Paradoxical reactions elicited by diazepam in children with classic autism
    • Marrosu F, Marrosu G, Rachel M, Biggio G. Paradoxical reactions elicited by diazepam in children with classic autism. Funct Neurol 1987;2:355-61. (Pubitemid 18039190)
    • (1987) Functional Neurology , vol.2 , Issue.3 , pp. 355-361
    • Marrosu, F.1    Marrosu, G.2    Rachel, M.G.3    Biggio, G.4
  • 72
    • 4344712721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paradoxical reactions to benzodiazepines: Literature review and treatment options
    • DOI 10.1592/phco.24.13.1177.38089
    • Mancuso C, Tanzi M, Gabay M. Paradoxical reactions to benzodiazepines: Literature review and treatment options. Pharmacotherapy 2004;24:1177-85. (Pubitemid 39128841)
    • (2004) Pharmacotherapy , vol.24 , Issue.9 , pp. 1177-1185
    • Mancuso, C.E.1    Tanzi, M.G.2    Gabay, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.