메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 69, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 321-340

Patterns of morphological integration in the appendicular skeleton of mammalian carnivores

Author keywords

Appendicular skeleton; Carnivorans; Cursorial; Locomotion; Morphological integration; Morphometrics

Indexed keywords

BODY SHAPE; BOOTSTRAPPING; CARNIVORE; EVOLUTIONARY THEORY; INTRASPECIFIC INTERACTION; LOCOMOTION; MAMMAL; MORPHOMETRY; SKELETON; SPECIALIZATION;

EID: 84922566987     PISSN: 00143820     EISSN: 15585646     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/evo.12566     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (62)

References (158)
  • 2
    • 1242288230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting carnivoran body mass from a weight-bearing joint
    • Andersson, K. 2004. Predicting carnivoran body mass from a weight-bearing joint. J. Zool. 262:161-172.
    • (2004) J. Zool. , vol.262 , pp. 161-172
    • Andersson, K.1
  • 3
    • 12344311143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Were there pack-hunting canids in the Tertiary, and how can we know
    • Andersson, K. 2005. Were there pack-hunting canids in the Tertiary, and how can we know? Paleobiology 31:56-72.
    • (2005) Paleobiology , vol.31 , pp. 56-72
    • Andersson, K.1
  • 4
    • 0242574703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of cursorial carnivores in the Tertiary: implications of elbow-joint morphology
    • Andersson K., and L. Werdelin. 2003. The evolution of cursorial carnivores in the Tertiary: implications of elbow-joint morphology. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. (Suppl.) 270:S163-S165.
    • (2003) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. (Suppl.) , vol.270 , pp. S163-S165
    • Andersson, K.1    Werdelin, L.2
  • 5
    • 0034926657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental drive: an important determinant of the direction of phenotypic evolution
    • Arthur, W. 2001. Developmental drive: an important determinant of the direction of phenotypic evolution. Evol. Dev. 3:271-278.
    • (2001) Evol. Dev. , vol.3 , pp. 271-278
    • Arthur, W.1
  • 7
    • 0002206538 scopus 로고
    • Canis latrans
    • Bekoff, M. 1977. Canis latrans. Mamm. Spec. 79:1-9.
    • (1977) Mamm. Spec. , vol.79 , pp. 1-9
    • Bekoff, M.1
  • 8
    • 81155138324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integration and dissociation of limb elements in flying vertebrates: a comparison of pterosaurs, birds and bats
    • Bell, E., B. Andres, and A. Goswami. 2011. Integration and dissociation of limb elements in flying vertebrates: a comparison of pterosaurs, birds and bats. J. Evol. Biol. 24:2586-2599.
    • (2011) J. Evol. Biol. , vol.24 , pp. 2586-2599
    • Bell, E.1    Andres, B.2    Goswami, A.3
  • 9
    • 78650225448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does developmental strategy drive limb integration in marsupials and monotremes
    • Bennett, C. V., and A. Goswami. 2011. Does developmental strategy drive limb integration in marsupials and monotremes? Mammal. Biol. 76:79-83.
    • (2011) Mammal. Biol. , vol.76 , pp. 79-83
    • Bennett, C.V.1    Goswami, A.2
  • 10
    • 0039021494 scopus 로고
    • Cerdocyon thous
    • Berta, A. 1982. Cerdocyon thous. Mamm. Spec. 186:1-4.
    • (1982) Mamm. Spec. , vol.186 , pp. 1-4
    • Berta, A.1
  • 11
    • 0032433449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) predation on pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) in Central Brazil
    • Bestelmeyer, S. V., and C. Westbrook. 1998. Maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) predation on pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) in Central Brazil. Mammalia 62:591-595.
    • (1998) Mammalia , vol.62 , pp. 591-595
    • Bestelmeyer, S.V.1    Westbrook, C.2
  • 14
    • 84874005778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pectoral girdle and forelimb variation in extant Crocodylia: the coracoid-humerus pair as an evolutionary module
    • Chamero, B., Á. D. Buscalioni, and J. Marugán-Lobón. 2013. Pectoral girdle and forelimb variation in extant Crocodylia: the coracoid-humerus pair as an evolutionary module. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lon. 108:600-618.
    • (2013) Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lon. , vol.108 , pp. 600-618
    • Chamero, B.1    Buscalioni, A.D.2    Marugán-Lobón, J.3
  • 15
    • 68949100383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bootstrap standard error and confidence intervals for the difference between two squared multiple correlation coefficients
    • Chan, W. 2009. Bootstrap standard error and confidence intervals for the difference between two squared multiple correlation coefficients. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 69:566-584.
    • (2009) Educ. Psychol. Meas. , vol.69 , pp. 566-584
    • Chan, W.1
  • 17
    • 0020409974 scopus 로고
    • Relationships among ontogenetic, static, and evolutionary allometry
    • Cheverud, J. M. 1982. Relationships among ontogenetic, static, and evolutionary allometry. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 59:139-149.
    • (1982) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.59 , pp. 139-149
    • Cheverud, J.M.1
  • 18
    • 33746158977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental integration and the evolution of pleiotropy
    • Cheverud, J. M. 1996. Developmental integration and the evolution of pleiotropy. Am. Zool. 36:44-50.
    • (1996) Am. Zool. , vol.36 , pp. 44-50
    • Cheverud, J.M.1
  • 19
    • 0004827690 scopus 로고
    • Ailuropoda melanoleuca
    • Chorn, J., and R. S. Hoffmann. 1978. Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Mamm. Spec. 110:1-6.
    • (1978) Mamm. Spec. , vol.110 , pp. 1-6
    • Chorn, J.1    Hoffmann, R.S.2
  • 20
    • 33846186148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Otocyon megalotis
    • Clark, H. O. Jr. 2005. Otocyon megalotis. Mamm. Spec. 766:1-5.
    • (2005) Mamm. Spec. , vol.766 , pp. 1-5
    • Clark Jr, H.O.1
  • 21
    • 0008537247 scopus 로고
    • Cuon alpinus
    • Cohen, J. A. 1978. Cuon alpinus. Mamm. Spec. 100:1-3.
    • (1978) Mamm. Spec. , vol.100 , pp. 1-3
    • Cohen, J.A.1
  • 22
    • 0000195988 scopus 로고
    • Felis concolor
    • Currier, M. J. P. 1983. Felis concolor. Mamm. Spec. 200:1-7.
    • (1983) Mamm. Spec. , vol.200 , pp. 1-7
    • Currier, M.J.P.1
  • 24
    • 0032226106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of branch length errors on the performance of phylogenetically independent contrasts
    • Díaz-Uriarte, R., and T. Garland. 1998. Effects of branch length errors on the performance of phylogenetically independent contrasts. Syst. Biol. 47: 654-672.
    • (1998) Syst. Biol. , vol.47 , pp. 654-672
    • Díaz-Uriarte, R.1    Garland, T.2
  • 25
    • 0039834639 scopus 로고
    • Chrysocyon brachyurus
    • Dietz, J. M. 1985. Chrysocyon brachyurus. Mamm. Spec. 234:1-4.
    • (1985) Mamm. Spec. , vol.234 , pp. 1-4
    • Dietz, J.M.1
  • 26
    • 36349010900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pace of morphological change: historical transformation of skull shape in St Bernard dogs
    • Drake, A. G., and C. P. Klingenberg. 2008. The pace of morphological change: historical transformation of skull shape in St Bernard dogs. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 275:71-76.
    • (2008) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. , vol.275 , pp. 71-76
    • Drake, A.G.1    Klingenberg, C.P.2
  • 28
    • 0000256876 scopus 로고
    • Le traitement des variables vectorielles
    • Escoufier, Y. 1973. Le traitement des variables vectorielles. Biometrics 29:751-760.
    • (1973) Biometrics , vol.29 , pp. 751-760
    • Escoufier, Y.1
  • 29
    • 84880701008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Getting a grip on the evolution of grasping in musteloid carnivorans: a three-dimensional analysis of forelimb shape
    • Fabre, A.-C., R. Cornette, G. Slater, C. Argot, S. Peigné, A. Goswami, and E. Pouydebat. 2013. Getting a grip on the evolution of grasping in musteloid carnivorans: a three-dimensional analysis of forelimb shape. J. Evol. Biol. 26:1521-1535.
    • (2013) J. Evol. Biol. , vol.26 , pp. 1521-1535
    • Fabre, A.-C.1    Cornette, R.2    Slater, G.3    Argot, C.4    Peigné, S.5    Goswami, A.6    Pouydebat, E.7
  • 30
    • 84902244632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological integration in the forelimb of musteloid carnivorans
    • Fabre, A.-C., A. Goswami, S. Peigné, and R. Cornette. 2014. Morphological integration in the forelimb of musteloid carnivorans. J. Anat. 225:19-30
    • (2014) J. Anat. , vol.225 , pp. 19-30
    • Fabre, A.-C.1    Goswami, A.2    Peigné, S.3    Cornette, R.4
  • 31
    • 0022203256 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenies and the comparative method
    • Felsenstein, J. J. 1985. Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am. Nat. 125:1-15.
    • (1985) Am. Nat. , vol.125 , pp. 1-15
    • Felsenstein, J.J.1
  • 32
    • 82455192858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The predatory behaviour of the thylacine: Tasmanian tiger or marsupial wolf
    • Figueirido, B., and C. M. Janis. 2011. The predatory behaviour of the thylacine: Tasmanian tiger or marsupial wolf? Biol. Lett. 7:937-940.
    • (2011) Biol. Lett. , vol.7 , pp. 937-940
    • Figueirido, B.1    Janis, C.M.2
  • 33
    • 79959576793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: a multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton
    • Figueirido, B., J. A. Pérez-Claros, R. M. Hunt Jr., and P. Palmqvist. 2011. Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: a multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 56:225-246.
    • (2011) Acta Palaeontol. Pol. , vol.56 , pp. 225-246
    • Figueirido, B.1    Pérez-Claros, J.A.2    Hunt Jr, R.M.3    Palmqvist, P.4
  • 34
    • 84879782953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skull shape evolution in durophagous carnivorans
    • Figueirido, B., Z. J. Tseng, and A. Martín-Serra. 2013. Skull shape evolution in durophagous carnivorans. Evolution 67:1975-1993.
    • (2013) Evolution , vol.67 , pp. 1975-1993
    • Figueirido, B.1    Tseng, Z.J.2    Martín-Serra, A.3
  • 35
    • 0028191536 scopus 로고
    • Association of propulsive swimming mode with behavior in river otters (Lutra canadensis)
    • Fish, F. E. 1994. Association of propulsive swimming mode with behavior in river otters (Lutra canadensis). J. Mammal. 55:989-997.
    • (1994) J. Mammal. , vol.55 , pp. 989-997
    • Fish, F.E.1
  • 38
    • 84880456031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resampling-based approaches to study variation in morphological modularity
    • Fruciano, C., P. Franchini, and A. Meyer. 2013. Resampling-based approaches to study variation in morphological modularity. PLoS One 8:e69376.
    • (2013) PLoS One , vol.8 , pp. e69376
    • Fruciano, C.1    Franchini, P.2    Meyer, A.3
  • 39
    • 77955418202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary constraint and ecological consequences
    • Futuyma, D. J. 2010. Evolutionary constraint and ecological consequences. Evolution 64:1865-1884.
    • (2010) Evolution , vol.64 , pp. 1865-1884
    • Futuyma, D.J.1
  • 40
    • 0035685785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative aspects of gait, scaling and mechanics in mammals
    • Gasc, J.-P. 2001. Comparative aspects of gait, scaling and mechanics in mammals. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 131:121-133.
    • (2001) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A , vol.131 , pp. 121-133
    • Gasc, J.-P.1
  • 41
    • 84891631238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterochrony and post-natal growth in mammals-an examination of growth plates in limbs
    • Geiger, M., A. M. Forasiepi, D. Koyabu, and M. R. Sánchez-Villagra. 2014. Heterochrony and post-natal growth in mammals-an examination of growth plates in limbs. J. Evol. Biol. 27:98-115.
    • (2014) J. Evol. Biol. , vol.27 , pp. 98-115
    • Geiger, M.1    Forasiepi, A.M.2    Koyabu, D.3    Sánchez-Villagra, M.R.4
  • 42
    • 66849087494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of sexual dimorphism of wing shape in the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup
    • Gidaszewski, N. A., M. Baylac, and C. P. Klingenberg. 2009. Evolution of sexual dimorphism of wing shape in the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup. BMC Evol. Biol. 9:110.
    • (2009) BMC Evol. Biol. , vol.9 , pp. 110
    • Gidaszewski, N.A.1    Baylac, M.2    Klingenberg, C.P.3
  • 44
    • 0018099928 scopus 로고
    • Functional implications of felid forelimb morphology
    • Gonyea, W. J. 1978. Functional implications of felid forelimb morphology. Acta Anat. 102:111-121.
    • (1978) Acta Anat. , vol.102 , pp. 111-121
    • Gonyea, W.J.1
  • 45
    • 33646682399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological integration in the carnivoran skull
    • Goswami, A. 2006a. Morphological integration in the carnivoran skull. Evolution 60:169-183.
    • (2006) Evolution , vol.60 , pp. 169-183
    • Goswami, A.1
  • 46
    • 33747352800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cranial modularity shifts during mammalian evolution
    • Goswami, A. 2006b. Cranial modularity shifts during mammalian evolution. Am. Nat. 168:270-280.
    • (2006) Am. Nat. , vol.168 , pp. 270-280
    • Goswami, A.1
  • 47
    • 77949782335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of modularity on cranial morphological disparity in Carnivora and Primates (Mammalia)
    • Goswami, A., and P. D. Polly. 2010a. The influence of modularity on cranial morphological disparity in Carnivora and Primates (Mammalia). PLoS One 5:e9517.
    • (2010) PLoS One , vol.5 , pp. e9517
    • Goswami, A.1    Polly, P.D.2
  • 48
    • 80054908634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods for studying morphological integration and modularity
    • in J. Alroy and G. Hunt, eds. The Paleontological Society, Chicago.
    • Goswami, A., and P. D. Polly. 2010b. Methods for studying morphological integration and modularity. Pp. 213-243 in J. Alroy and G. Hunt, eds. Quantitative methods in paleobiology. The Paleontological Society, Chicago.
    • (2010) Quantitative methods in paleobiology , pp. 213-243
    • Goswami, A.1    Polly, P.D.2
  • 49
    • 67049153940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental modularity and the marsupial-placental dichotomy
    • Goswami, A., V. Weisbecker, and M. R. Sánchez-Villagra. 2009. Developmental modularity and the marsupial-placental dichotomy. J. Exp. Zool. 312B:186-195.
    • (2009) J. Exp. Zool. , vol.312 B , pp. 186-195
    • Goswami, A.1    Weisbecker, V.2    Sánchez-Villagra, M.R.3
  • 50
    • 84925351512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The macroevolutionary consequences of phenotypic integration: from development to deep time
    • Goswami, A., J. B. Smaers, C. Soligo, and P. D. Polly. 2014. The macroevolutionary consequences of phenotypic integration: from development to deep time. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 369:20130254.
    • (2014) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B , vol.369 , pp. 20130254
    • Goswami, A.1    Smaers, J.B.2    Soligo, C.3    Polly, P.D.4
  • 53
    • 84930065113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canalization, developmental stability, and morphological integration in primate limbs
    • Hallgrímsson, B., K. Willmore, and B. K. Hall. 2002. Canalization, developmental stability, and morphological integration in primate limbs. Yearb. Phys. Anthropol. 45:131-158.
    • (2002) Yearb. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.45 , pp. 131-158
    • Hallgrímsson, B.1    Willmore, K.2    Hall, B.K.3
  • 54
    • 72249110894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deciphering the palimpsest: studying the relationship between morphological integration and phenotypic covariation
    • Hallgrímsson, B., H. Jamniczky, N. M. Young, C. Rolian, T. E. Parsons, J. C. Boughner, and R. S. Marcucio. 2009. Deciphering the palimpsest: studying the relationship between morphological integration and phenotypic covariation. Evol. Biol. 36:355-376.
    • (2009) Evol. Biol. , vol.36 , pp. 355-376
    • Hallgrímsson, B.1    Jamniczky, H.2    Young, N.M.3    Rolian, C.4    Parsons, T.E.5    Boughner, J.C.6    Marcucio, R.S.7
  • 55
    • 0037402339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is modularity necessary for evolvability? Remarks on the relationship between pleiotropy and evolvability
    • Hansen, T. F. 2003. Is modularity necessary for evolvability? Remarks on the relationship between pleiotropy and evolvability. BioSistems 69:83-94
    • (2003) BioSistems , vol.69 , pp. 83-94
    • Hansen, T.F.1
  • 56
    • 33745611531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postcranial anatomy of Viverravus (Mammalia, Carnivora) and implications for substrate use in basal Carnivora
    • Heinrich, R. E., and P. Houde. 2006. Postcranial anatomy of Viverravus (Mammalia, Carnivora) and implications for substrate use in basal Carnivora. J. Vertebrate Paleontol. 26:422-435.
    • (2006) J. Vertebrate Paleontol. , vol.26 , pp. 422-435
    • Heinrich, R.E.1    Houde, P.2
  • 57
    • 0028975284 scopus 로고
    • Partial skeleton of the primitive carnivoran Miacis petilus from the early Eocene of Wyoming
    • Heinrich, R. E., and K. D. Rose. 1995. Partial skeleton of the primitive carnivoran Miacis petilus from the early Eocene of Wyoming. J. Mammal. 76:148-162.
    • (1995) J. Mammal. , vol.76 , pp. 148-162
    • Heinrich, R.E.1    Rose, K.D.2
  • 58
    • 0031451705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postcranial morphology and locomotor behaviour of two Early Eocene miacoid carnivorans, Vulpavus and Didymictis
    • Heinrich, R. E., and K. D. Rose. 1997. Postcranial morphology and locomotor behaviour of two Early Eocene miacoid carnivorans, Vulpavus and Didymictis. Palaeontology 40:279-305.
    • (1997) Palaeontology , vol.40 , pp. 279-305
    • Heinrich, R.E.1    Rose, K.D.2
  • 59
    • 33645309178 scopus 로고
    • Uncia uncia
    • Hemmer, H. 1972. Uncia uncia. Mamm. Spec. 20:1-5.
    • (1972) Mamm. Spec. , vol.20 , pp. 1-5
    • Hemmer, H.1
  • 60
    • 0003158636 scopus 로고
    • Walking and running
    • in M. Hildebrand, D. M. Bramble, K. F. Liem, and D. B. Wake, eds. Belknap, Harvard, Cambridge, MA.
    • Hildebrand, M. 1985. Walking and running. Pp. 38-57 in M. Hildebrand, D. M. Bramble, K. F. Liem, and D. B. Wake, eds. Functional vertebrate morphology. Belknap, Harvard, Cambridge, MA.
    • (1985) Functional vertebrate morphology , pp. 38-57
    • Hildebrand, M.1
  • 62
    • 0033558159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How skilled are the skilled limb movements of the raccoon (Procyon lotor)?
    • Iwaniuk, A. N., and I. Q. Whishaw. 1999. How skilled are the skilled limb movements of the raccoon (Procyon lotor)? Behav. Brain Res. 99:35-44.
    • (1999) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.99 , pp. 35-44
    • Iwaniuk, A.N.1    Whishaw, I.Q.2
  • 63
    • 0034255297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the origin of skilled forelimb movements
    • Iwaniuk, A. N., and I. Q. Whishaw. 2000. On the origin of skilled forelimb movements. Trends Neurosci. 23:372-376.
    • (2000) Trends Neurosci. , vol.23 , pp. 372-376
    • Iwaniuk, A.N.1    Whishaw, I.Q.2
  • 64
    • 0033305469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between forelimb morphology and behaviour in North American carnivores (Carnivora)
    • Iwaniuk, A. N., S. M. Pellis, and I. Q. Whishaw. 1999. The relationship between forelimb morphology and behaviour in North American carnivores (Carnivora). Can. J. Zool. 77:1064-1074.
    • (1999) Can. J. Zool. , vol.77 , pp. 1064-1074
    • Iwaniuk, A.N.1    Pellis, S.M.2    Whishaw, I.Q.3
  • 65
    • 0033826881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relative importance of body size, phylogeny, locomotion, and diet in the evolution of forelimb dexterity in fissiped carnivores (Carnivora)
    • Iwaniuk, A. N., S. M. Pellis, and I. Q. Whishaw. 2000. The relative importance of body size, phylogeny, locomotion, and diet in the evolution of forelimb dexterity in fissiped carnivores (Carnivora). Can. J. Zool. 78:1110-1125.
    • (2000) Can. J. Zool. , vol.78 , pp. 1110-1125
    • Iwaniuk, A.N.1    Pellis, S.M.2    Whishaw, I.Q.3
  • 66
    • 84916882832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forelimb anatomy and the discrimination of the predatory behavior of carnivorous mammals: the thylacine as a case study
    • Janis, C. M., and B. Figueirido. 2014. Forelimb anatomy and the discrimination of the predatory behavior of carnivorous mammals: the thylacine as a case study. J. Morphol. 275:1321-1338.
    • (2014) J. Morphol. , vol.275 , pp. 1321-1338
    • Janis, C.M.1    Figueirido, B.2
  • 67
    • 0000476994 scopus 로고
    • Were there mammalian pursuit predators in the Tertiary? Dances with wolf avatars
    • Janis, C. M., and P. B. Wilhelm. 1993. Were there mammalian pursuit predators in the Tertiary? Dances with wolf avatars. J. Mammal. Evol. 1:103-125.
    • (1993) J. Mammal. Evol. , vol.1 , pp. 103-125
    • Janis, C.M.1    Wilhelm, P.B.2
  • 68
    • 0016291421 scopus 로고
    • The movement of the shoulder in claviculate and aclaviculate mammals
    • Jenkins, F. A. 1974. The movement of the shoulder in claviculate and aclaviculate mammals. J. Morphol. 144:71-83.
    • (1974) J. Morphol. , vol.144 , pp. 71-83
    • Jenkins, F.A.1
  • 69
    • 51749086345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing the significance of the RV coefficient
    • Josse, J., J. Pagès, and F. Husson. 2008. Testing the significance of the RV coefficient. Comput. Stat. Data Anal. 53:82-91.
    • (2008) Comput. Stat. Data Anal , vol.53 , pp. 82-91
    • Josse, J.1    Pagès, J.2    Husson, F.3
  • 71
    • 78650039608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced phenotypic covariation in marsupial limbs and the implications for mammalian evolution
    • Kelly, E. M., and K. E. Sears. 2011. Reduced phenotypic covariation in marsupial limbs and the implications for mammalian evolution. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lon. 102:22-36.
    • (2011) Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lon. , vol.102 , pp. 22-36
    • Kelly, E.M.1    Sears, K.E.2
  • 72
    • 26844437202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional trade-offs in the limb bones of dogs selected for running versus fighting
    • Kemp, T. J., K. N. Bachus, J. A. Nairn, and D. R. Carrier. 2005. Functional trade-offs in the limb bones of dogs selected for running versus fighting. J. Exp. Biol. 208:3475-3482.
    • (2005) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.208 , pp. 3475-3482
    • Kemp, T.J.1    Bachus, K.N.2    Nairn, J.A.3    Carrier, D.R.4
  • 74
    • 0002959125 scopus 로고
    • Social behavior of the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) and bush dog (Speothos venaticus): a study in contrast
    • Kleiman, D. G. 1972. Social behavior of the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) and bush dog (Speothos venaticus): a study in contrast. J. Mammal. 53:791-806.
    • (1972) J. Mammal. , vol.53 , pp. 791-806
    • Kleiman, D.G.1
  • 75
    • 58549116543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological integration and developmental modularity
    • Klingenberg, C. P. 2008. Morphological integration and developmental modularity. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 39:115-132.
    • (2008) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. , vol.39 , pp. 115-132
    • Klingenberg, C.P.1
  • 76
    • 67649986245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphometric integration and modularity in configurations of landmarks: tools for evaluating a priori hypotheses
    • Klingenberg, C. P. 2009. Morphometric integration and modularity in configurations of landmarks: tools for evaluating a priori hypotheses. Evol. Dev. 11:405-421.
    • (2009) Evol. Dev. , vol.11 , pp. 405-421
    • Klingenberg, C.P.1
  • 77
    • 77955922325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution and development of shape: integrating quantitative approaches
    • Klingenberg, C. P. 2010. Evolution and development of shape: integrating quantitative approaches. Nat. Rev. Genet. 11:623-635.
    • (2010) Nat. Rev. Genet. , vol.11 , pp. 623-635
    • Klingenberg, C.P.1
  • 78
    • 84922498232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MorphoJ
    • University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K. Available from:
    • Klingenberg, C. P. 2011. MorphoJ. Faculty of life sciences. University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K. Available from: http://www.flywings.org.uk/MorphoJ_page.htm.
    • (2011) Faculty of life sciences
    • Klingenberg, C.P.1
  • 79
    • 84877802241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cranial integration and modularity: insights into evolution and development from morphometric data
    • Klingenberg, C. P. 2013. Cranial integration and modularity: insights into evolution and development from morphometric data. Hystrix 24:43-58.
    • (2013) Hystrix , vol.24 , pp. 43-58
    • Klingenberg, C.P.1
  • 80
    • 84925231753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Studying morphological integration and modularity at multiple levels: concepts and analysis
    • Klingenberg, C. P. 2014. Studying morphological integration and modularity at multiple levels: concepts and analysis. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 369:20130249.
    • (2014) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B , vol.369 , pp. 20130249
    • Klingenberg, C.P.1
  • 81
    • 77950800361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing and quantifying phylogenetic signals and homoplasy in morphometric data
    • Klingenberg, C. P., and N. A. Gidaszewski. 2010. Testing and quantifying phylogenetic signals and homoplasy in morphometric data. Syst. Biol. 59:245-261.
    • (2010) Syst. Biol. , vol.59 , pp. 245-261
    • Klingenberg, C.P.1    Gidaszewski, N.A.2
  • 82
    • 84877814267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary covariation in geometric morphometric data: analyzing integration, modularity, and allometry in a phylogenetic context
    • Klingenberg, C. P., and J. Marugán-Lobón. 2013. Evolutionary covariation in geometric morphometric data: analyzing integration, modularity, and allometry in a phylogenetic context. Syst. Biol. 62:591-610.
    • (2013) Syst. Biol. , vol.62 , pp. 591-610
    • Klingenberg, C.P.1    Marugán-Lobón, J.2
  • 83
    • 0031731745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geometric morphometrics of developmental instability: analyzing patterns of fluctuating asymmetry with Procrustes methods
    • Klingenberg, C. P., and G. S. McIntyre. 1998. Geometric morphometrics of developmental instability: analyzing patterns of fluctuating asymmetry with Procrustes methods. Evolution 52:1363-1375.
    • (1998) Evolution , vol.52 , pp. 1363-1375
    • Klingenberg, C.P.1    McIntyre, G.S.2
  • 84
    • 0033626266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological integration between developmental compartments in the Drosophila wing
    • Klingenberg, C. P., and S. D. Zaklan. 2000. Morphological integration between developmental compartments in the Drosophila wing. Evolution 54:1273-1285.
    • (2000) Evolution , vol.54 , pp. 1273-1285
    • Klingenberg, C.P.1    Zaklan, S.D.2
  • 85
    • 0027100925 scopus 로고
    • Static, ontogenetic, and evolutionary allometry: a multivariate comparison in nine species of water striders
    • Klingenberg, C. P., and M. Zimmermann. 1992. Static, ontogenetic, and evolutionary allometry: a multivariate comparison in nine species of water striders. Am. Nat. 140:601-620.
    • (1992) Am. Nat. , vol.140 , pp. 601-620
    • Klingenberg, C.P.1    Zimmermann, M.2
  • 86
  • 88
    • 0002350235 scopus 로고
    • Ecology and evolution in the South American canids
    • in M. V. Fox, ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY.
    • Langguth, A. 1975. Ecology and evolution in the South American canids. Pp. 192-206 in M. V. Fox, ed. The wild canids: their systematics, behavioural ecology and evolution. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY.
    • (1975) The wild canids: their systematics, behavioural ecology and evolution , pp. 192-206
    • Langguth, A.1
  • 89
    • 0012297152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ursus americanus
    • Lariviére, S. 2001. Ursus americanus. Mamm. Spec. 647:1-11.
    • (2001) Mamm. Spec. , vol.647 , pp. 1-11
    • Lariviére, S.1
  • 92
    • 4644237660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of body size, Cope's rule and the origin of amniotes
    • Laurin, M. 2004. The evolution of body size, Cope's rule and the origin of amniotes. Syst. Biol. 53:594-622.
    • (2004) Syst. Biol. , vol.53 , pp. 594-622
    • Laurin, M.1
  • 93
    • 44349171660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological integration and natural selection in the postcranium of wild Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi)
    • Lawler, R. R. 2008. Morphological integration and natural selection in the postcranium of wild Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 136:204-213.
    • (2008) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.136 , pp. 204-213
    • Lawler, R.R.1
  • 97
    • 0034757621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New tools for studying integration and modularity
    • Magwene, P. M. 2001. New tools for studying integration and modularity. Evolution 55:1734-1745.
    • (2001) Evolution , vol.55 , pp. 1734-1745
    • Magwene, P.M.1
  • 99
    • 84898605108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A three-dimensional analysis of morphological evolution and locomotor performance of the carnivoran forelimb
    • Martín-Serra, A., B. Figueirido, and P. Palmqvist. 2014a. A three-dimensional analysis of morphological evolution and locomotor performance of the carnivoran forelimb. PloS One 9:e85574.
    • (2014) PloS One , vol.9 , pp. e85574
    • Martín-Serra, A.1    Figueirido, B.2    Palmqvist, P.3
  • 100
    • 84902052930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A three-dimensional analysis of the morphological evolution and locomotor behaviour of the carnivoran hind limb
    • Martín-Serra, A., B. Figueirido, and P. Palmqvist. 2014b. A three-dimensional analysis of the morphological evolution and locomotor behaviour of the carnivoran hind limb. BMC Evol. Biol. 14:129.
    • (2014) BMC Evol. Biol. , vol.14 , pp. 129
    • Martín-Serra, A.1    Figueirido, B.2    Palmqvist, P.3
  • 101
    • 0002602903 scopus 로고
    • Panthera tigris
    • Mazák, V. 1981. Panthera tigris. Mamm. Spec. 152:1-8.
    • (1981) Mamm. Spec. , vol.152 , pp. 1-8
    • Mazák, V.1
  • 102
    • 0002983592 scopus 로고
    • Canis lupus
    • Mech, L. D. 1974. Canis lupus. Mamm. Spec. 37:1-6.
    • (1974) Mamm. Spec. , vol.37 , pp. 1-6
    • Mech, L.D.1
  • 103
    • 84961407443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cats in the forest: predicting habitat adaptations from humerus morphometry in extant and fossil Felidae (Carnivora)
    • Meloro, C., S. Elton, J. Louys, L. C. Bishop, and P. Ditchfield. 2013. Cats in the forest: predicting habitat adaptations from humerus morphometry in extant and fossil Felidae (Carnivora). Paleobiology 39:323-344.
    • (2013) Paleobiology , vol.39 , pp. 323-344
    • Meloro, C.1    Elton, S.2    Louys, J.3    Bishop, L.C.4    Ditchfield, P.5
  • 104
    • 0033832152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the genotype-phenotype map modular?: a statistical approach using mouse quantitative trait loci data
    • Mezey, J. G., J. M. Cheverud, and G. P. Wagner. 2000. Is the genotype-phenotype map modular?: a statistical approach using mouse quantitative trait loci data. Genetics 156:305-311.
    • (2000) Genetics , vol.156 , pp. 305-311
    • Mezey, J.G.1    Cheverud, J.M.2    Wagner, G.P.3
  • 105
    • 0345875454 scopus 로고
    • Hyaena brunnea
    • Mills, M. G. L. 1982. Hyaena brunnea. Mamm. Spec. 194:1-6.
    • (1982) Mamm. Spec. , vol.194 , pp. 1-6
    • Mills, M.G.L.1
  • 107
    • 0033084978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multivariate regression models and geometric morphometrics: the search for causal factors in the analysis of shape
    • Monteiro, L. R. 1999. Multivariate regression models and geometric morphometrics: the search for causal factors in the analysis of shape. Syst. Biol. 48:192-199
    • (1999) Syst. Biol. , vol.48 , pp. 192-199
    • Monteiro, L.R.1
  • 108
    • 28444461489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary integration and morphological diversification in complex morphological structures: mandible shape divergence in spiny rats (Rodentia, Echimyidae)
    • Monteiro, L. R., V. Bonato, and S. F. Dos Reis. 2005. Evolutionary integration and morphological diversification in complex morphological structures: mandible shape divergence in spiny rats (Rodentia, Echimyidae). Evol. Dev. 7:429-439.
    • (2005) Evol. Dev. , vol.7 , pp. 429-439
    • Monteiro, L.R.1    Bonato, V.2    Dos Reis, S.F.3
  • 110
    • 84857422378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Updating the evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia): a new species-level supertree complete with divergence time estimates
    • Nyakatura, K., and O. R. P. Bininda-Emonds. 2012. Updating the evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia): a new species-level supertree complete with divergence time estimates. BMC Biol. 10:12.
    • (2012) BMC Biol. , vol.10 , pp. 12
    • Nyakatura, K.1    Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P.2
  • 111
    • 0000180861 scopus 로고
    • A mathematical model applied to a study of the evolution of species
    • Olson, E. C., and R. A. Miller. 1951. A mathematical model applied to a study of the evolution of species. Evolution 5:256-338.
    • (1951) Evolution , vol.5 , pp. 256-338
    • Olson, E.C.1    Miller, R.A.2
  • 113
    • 0037371151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional trade-offs in the limb muscles of dogs selected for running versus fighting
    • Pasi, B. M., and D. R. Carrier. 2003. Functional trade-offs in the limb muscles of dogs selected for running versus fighting. J. Evol. Biol. 16:324-332.
    • (2003) J. Evol. Biol. , vol.16 , pp. 324-332
    • Pasi, B.M.1    Carrier, D.R.2
  • 115
    • 84886077159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bite of the cats: relationships between functional integration and mechanical performance as revealed by mandible geometry
    • Piras, P., L. Maiorino, L. Teresi, C. Meloro, F. Lucci, T. Kotsakis, and P. Raia. 2013. Bite of the cats: relationships between functional integration and mechanical performance as revealed by mandible geometry. Syst. Biol. 62:878-900.
    • (2013) Syst. Biol. , vol.62 , pp. 878-900
    • Piras, P.1    Maiorino, L.2    Teresi, L.3    Meloro, C.4    Lucci, F.5    Kotsakis, T.6    Raia, P.7
  • 117
    • 38149003422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limbs in mammalian evolution
    • in B. K. Hall, ed. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    • Polly, P. D. 2007. Limbs in mammalian evolution. Pp. 245-268 in B. K. Hall, ed. Fins into limbs: evolution, development and transformation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    • (2007) Fins into limbs: evolution, development and transformation , pp. 245-268
    • Polly, P.D.1
  • 118
    • 0011018367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eira barbara
    • Presley, S. J. 2000. Eira barbara. Mamm. Spec. 636:1-6.
    • (2000) Mamm. Spec. , vol.636 , pp. 1-6
    • Presley, S.J.1
  • 119
    • 0007861783 scopus 로고
    • Limb proportions in terrestrial mammals
    • Raich, J., and A. Casinos. 1991. Limb proportions in terrestrial mammals. Belg. J. Zool. 121:295-314.
    • (1991) Belg. J. Zool. , vol.121 , pp. 295-314
    • Raich, J.1    Casinos, A.2
  • 120
    • 0011733975 scopus 로고
    • Hyaena hyaena
    • Rieger, I. 1981. Hyaena hyaena. Mamm. Spec. 150:1-5.
    • (1981) Mamm. Spec. , vol.150 , pp. 1-5
    • Rieger, I.1
  • 123
    • 0034351393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of two-block partial least-squares to study covariation in shape
    • Rohlf, F. J., and M. Corti. 2000. Use of two-block partial least-squares to study covariation in shape. Syst. Biol. 49:740-753.
    • (2000) Syst. Biol. , vol.49 , pp. 740-753
    • Rohlf, F.J.1    Corti, M.2
  • 125
    • 84872031009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postcranial morphology and the locomotor habits of living and extinct carnivorans
    • Samuels, J. X., J. A. Meachen, and S. A. Sakai. 2013. Postcranial morphology and the locomotor habits of living and extinct carnivorans. J. Morphol. 274:121-146.
    • (2013) J. Morphol. , vol.274 , pp. 121-146
    • Samuels, J.X.1    Meachen, J.A.2    Sakai, S.A.3
  • 126
    • 60849101534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological integration in mammalian limb proportions: dissociation between function and development
    • Schmidt, M., and M. S. Fischer. 2009. Morphological integration in mammalian limb proportions: dissociation between function and development. Evolution 63:749-766.
    • (2009) Evolution , vol.63 , pp. 749-766
    • Schmidt, M.1    Fischer, M.S.2
  • 128
    • 34547671128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postcranial element shape and function: assessing locomotor mode in extant and extinct mustelid carnivorans
    • Schutz, H, and R. P. Guralnick. 2007. Postcranial element shape and function: assessing locomotor mode in extant and extinct mustelid carnivorans. Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 150:895-914.
    • (2007) Zool. J. Linnean Soc. , vol.150 , pp. 895-914
    • Schutz, H.1    Guralnick, R.P.2
  • 129
    • 7544232400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constraints on the morphological evolution of marsupial shoulder girdles
    • Sears, K. E. 2004. Constraints on the morphological evolution of marsupial shoulder girdles. Evolution 58:2353-2370.
    • (2004) Evolution , vol.58 , pp. 2353-2370
    • Sears, K.E.1
  • 130
    • 68149118974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in the timing of early limb development in mammals: the marsupial-placental dichotomy resolved
    • Sears, K. E. 2009. Differences in the timing of early limb development in mammals: the marsupial-placental dichotomy resolved. Evolution 63:2193-2200.
    • (2009) Evolution , vol.63 , pp. 2193-2200
    • Sears, K.E.1
  • 131
    • 0002952225 scopus 로고
    • Panthera onca
    • Seymour, K. L. 1989. Panthera onca. Mamm. Spec. 340:1-9.
    • (1989) Mamm. Spec. , vol.340 , pp. 1-9
    • Seymour, K.L.1
  • 132
  • 133
    • 84870798530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postnatal cranial development in papionin primates: an alternative model for hominin evolutionary development
    • Singleton, M. 2012. Postnatal cranial development in papionin primates: an alternative model for hominin evolutionary development. Evol. Biol. 39:499-520.
    • (2012) Evol. Biol. , vol.39 , pp. 499-520
    • Singleton, M.1
  • 134
    • 75449085114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of "Miacis" uintensis (Mammalia: Carnivoramorpha)
    • Spaulding, M., and J. J. Flynn. 2009. Anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of "Miacis" uintensis (Mammalia: Carnivoramorpha). J. Vertebrate Paleontol. 29:1212-1223.
    • (2009) J. Vertebrate Paleontol. , vol.29 , pp. 1212-1223
    • Spaulding, M.1    Flynn, J.J.2
  • 136
    • 0000850234 scopus 로고
    • Locomotor adaptations by carnivores
    • in J. L. Gittleman, ed. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY.
    • Taylor, M. E. 1989. Locomotor adaptations by carnivores. Pp. 382-409 in J. L. Gittleman, ed. Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY.
    • (1989) Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution , pp. 382-409
    • Taylor, M.E.1
  • 137
    • 0000513204 scopus 로고
    • Comparative aspects of the hind limbs of the river otter, sea otter, and seals
    • in R. J. Harrison, ed. Academic Press, New York.
    • Tarasoff, F. J. 1972. Comparative aspects of the hind limbs of the river otter, sea otter, and seals. Pp. 333-359 in R. J. Harrison, ed. Functional anatomy of marine mammals. Academic Press, New York.
    • (1972) Functional anatomy of marine mammals , pp. 333-359
    • Tarasoff, F.J.1
  • 138
    • 0036018076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vertebrate limb development and possible clues to diversity in limb form
    • Tickle, C. 2002. Vertebrate limb development and possible clues to diversity in limb form. J. Morphol. 252:252-237.
    • (2002) J. Morphol. , vol.252 , pp. 237-252
    • Tickle, C.1
  • 139
    • 80052857339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new basal caniform (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Middle Eocene of North America and remarks on the phylogeny of early carnivorans
    • Tomiya, S. 2011. A new basal caniform (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Middle Eocene of North America and remarks on the phylogeny of early carnivorans. PLoS One 6:e24146.
    • (2011) PLoS One , vol.6 , pp. e24146
    • Tomiya, S.1
  • 140
    • 0001090303 scopus 로고
    • The study of morphological integration
    • Van Valen, L. 1965. The study of morphological integration. Evolution 19:347-349.
    • (1965) Evolution , vol.19 , pp. 347-349
    • Van Valen, L.1
  • 141
    • 0022173876 scopus 로고
    • Locomotor diversity within past and present guilds of large predatory mammals
    • Van Valkenburgh, B. 1985. Locomotor diversity within past and present guilds of large predatory mammals. Paleobiology 11:406-428.
    • (1985) Paleobiology , vol.11 , pp. 406-428
    • Van Valkenburgh, B.1
  • 142
    • 84859587007 scopus 로고
    • Skeletal indicators of locomotor behavior in living and extinct carnivores
    • Van Valkenburgh, B. 1987. Skeletal indicators of locomotor behavior in living and extinct carnivores. J. Vertebrate Paleontol. 7:162-182.
    • (1987) J. Vertebrate Paleontol. , vol.7 , pp. 162-182
    • Van Valkenburgh, B.1
  • 143
    • 4243773720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homologues, natural kinds and the evolution of modularity
    • Wagner, G. P. 1996. Homologues, natural kinds and the evolution of modularity. Am. Zool. 36:36-43.
    • (1996) Am. Zool. , vol.36 , pp. 36-43
    • Wagner, G.P.1
  • 144
    • 0029661332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complex adaptations and the evolution of evolvability
    • Wagner, G. P., and L. Altenberg. 1996. Complex adaptations and the evolution of evolvability. Evolution 50:967-976.
    • (1996) Evolution , vol.50 , pp. 967-976
    • Wagner, G.P.1    Altenberg, L.2
  • 146
    • 84869089519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Humeral epiphyseal shape in the felidae: the influence of phylogeny, allometry, and locomotion
    • Walmsley A, S. Elton, J. Louys, L. C. Bishop, and C. Meloro. 2012. Humeral epiphyseal shape in the felidae: the influence of phylogeny, allometry, and locomotion. J. Morphol. 273:1424-1438.
    • (2012) J. Morphol. , vol.273 , pp. 1424-1438
    • Walmsley, A.1    Elton, S.2    Louys, J.3    Bishop, L.C.4    Meloro, C.5
  • 149
    • 79955132194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monotreme ossification sequences and the riddle of mammalian skeletal development
    • Weisbecker, V. 2011. Monotreme ossification sequences and the riddle of mammalian skeletal development. Evolution 65:1323-1335.
    • (2011) Evolution , vol.65 , pp. 1323-1335
    • Weisbecker, V.1
  • 150
    • 47849131373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ossification heterochrony in the therian postcranial skeleton and the marsupial-placental dichotomy
    • Weisbecker, V., A. Goswami, S. Wroe, and M. R. Sánchez-Villagra. 2008. Ossification heterochrony in the therian postcranial skeleton and the marsupial-placental dichotomy. Evolution 62:2027-2041.
    • (2008) Evolution , vol.62 , pp. 2027-2041
    • Weisbecker, V.1    Goswami, A.2    Wroe, S.3    Sánchez-Villagra, M.R.4
  • 152
    • 59849085598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring the mechanical basis for acceleration: pelvic limb locomotor function during accelerations in racing greyhounds (Canis familiaris)
    • Williams, S. B., J. R. Usherwood, K. Jespers, A. J. Channon, and A. M. Wilson. 2009. Exploring the mechanical basis for acceleration: pelvic limb locomotor function during accelerations in racing greyhounds (Canis familiaris). J. Exp. Biol. 212:550-565.
    • (2009) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.212 , pp. 550-565
    • Williams, S.B.1    Usherwood, J.R.2    Jespers, K.3    Channon, A.J.4    Wilson, A.M.5
  • 153
    • 34347265091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolfram Research, Inc., Champaign, IL.
    • Wolfram, S. 2005. Mathematica 5.2. Wolfram Research, Inc., Champaign, IL.
    • (2005) Mathematica 5.2
    • Wolfram, S.1
  • 154
    • 3042764441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modularity and integration in the hominoid scapula
    • Young, N. 2004. Modularity and integration in the hominoid scapula. J. Exp. Zool. 302:226-240.
    • (2004) J. Exp. Zool. , vol.302 , pp. 226-240
    • Young, N.1
  • 155
    • 33748581009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary persistence of phenotypic integration: influence of developmental and functional relationships on complex trait evolution
    • Young, R. L., and A. V. Badyaev. 2006. Evolutionary persistence of phenotypic integration: influence of developmental and functional relationships on complex trait evolution. Evolution 60:1291-1299.
    • (2006) Evolution , vol.60 , pp. 1291-1299
    • Young, R.L.1    Badyaev, A.V.2
  • 156
    • 30344471812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serial homology and the evolution of mammalian limb covariation structure
    • Young, N. M., and B. Hallgrímsson. 2005. Serial homology and the evolution of mammalian limb covariation structure. Evolution 59:2691-2704.
    • (2005) Evolution , vol.59 , pp. 2691-2704
    • Young, N.M.1    Hallgrímsson, B.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.