A new basal caniform (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the middle Eocene of North America and remarks on the phylogeny of early carnivorans

PLoS ONE

Volumn 6, Issue 9, 2011, Pages

  Tomiya, Susumu ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BODY WEIGHT; CARNIVORA; CLADISTICS; DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS; EOCENE; EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION; LYCOPHOCYON HUTCHISONI; MOLAR TOOTH; NONHUMAN; NORTH AMERICA; PALEOGENE; PARSIMONY ANALYSIS; PHYLOGENETIC TREE; PLESIOMORPHY; SKULL DEVELOPMENT; TAXON; TOOTH CROWN; TOOTH DEVELOPMENT; ANIMAL; BONE; CALIBRATION; CLASSIFICATION; DIET; EVOLUTION; FOSSIL; GEOGRAPHY; GEOLOGY; HISTOLOGY; PHYLOGENY; PHYSIOLOGY; TIME; UNITED STATES;

AMPHICYONIDAE; CANIFORMIA; CARNIVORA; FELIFORMIA; MAMMALIA; MIACIS; NIMRAVIDAE; TAPOCYON ROBUSTUS;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; BODY WEIGHT; BONE AND BONES; CALIBRATION; CALIFORNIA; CARNIVORA; DIET; FOSSILS; GEOGRAPHY; GEOLOGY; NORTH AMERICA; PHYLOGENY; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 80052857339     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024146     Document Type: Article

References (145)

1. Scott WB, (1898) Notes on the Canidae of the White River Oligocene. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 19: 325-416.
2. Wortman JL, Matthew WD, (1899) The ancestry of certain members of the Canidae, the Viverridae, and Procyonidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 7: 109-138.
3. Matthew WD, (1909) The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9: 289-576.
4. Teilhard de Chardin P, (1914-1915) Les carnassiers des Phosphorites du Quercy. Annales de Paléontologie 9: 101-192.
5. Flynn JJ, Galliano H, (1982) Phylogeny of early Tertiary Carnivora, with a description of a new species of Protictis from the middle Eocene of northwestern Wyoming. American Museum Novitates 2725: 1-64.
6. Wang X, Tedford RH, (1994) Basicranial anatomy and phylogeny of primitive canids and closely related miacids (Carnivora: Mammalia). American Museum Novitates 3092: 1-34.
7. Wesley-Hunt GD, Flynn JJ, (2005) Phylogeny of the Carnivora: basal relationships among the carnivoramorphans, and assessment of the position of 'Miacoidea' relative to Carnivora. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3: 1-28.
8. Flynn JJ, Wesley-Hun GD, (2005) Carnivora. In: Rose KD, Archibald JD, editors. The rise of placental mammals: origins and relationships of the major extant clades Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press pp. 175-198.
9. Hunt RM Jr, (1996) Biogeography of the order Carnivora. In: Gittleman JL, editors. Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution, Volume 2 Ithaca Cornell University Press pp. 485-541.
10. Bininda-Emonds ORP, Cardillo M, Jones KE, MacPhee RDE, Beck RMD, et al. (2007) The delayed rise of present-day mammals. Nature 446: 507-512.
11. Bininda-Emonds ORP, Cardillo M, Jones KE, MacPhee RDE, Beck RMD, et al. (2008) Corrigendum: the delayed rise of present-day mammals. Nature 456: 274.
12. Eizirik E, Murphy WJ, Koepfli KP, Johnson WE, Dragoo JW, et al. (2010) Pattern and timing of diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56: 49-63.
13. Bryant HN, (1996) Explicitness, stability, and universality in the phylogenetic definition and usage of taxon names: a case study of the phylogenetic taxonomy of the Carnivora (Mammalia). Systematic Biology 45: 174-189.
14. Wyss AR, Flynn JJ, (1993) A phylogenetic analysis and definition of the Carnivora. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC, editors. Mammal phylogeny: placentals, Volume 2 New York Springer-Verlag pp. 32-52.
15. Wilson DE, Reeder DM, (1993) Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, Second edition Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press.
16. Rowe T, (1988) Definition, diagnosis, and origin of Mammalia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8: 241-264.
17. Carroll RL, (1988) Vertebrate paleontology and evolution New York Freeman.
18. Polly PD, (1996) The skeleton of Gazinocyon vulpeculus gen. et comb. nov. and the cladistic relationships of Hyaenodontidae (Eutheria, Mammalia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16: 303-319.
19. Garland T Jr, Harvey PH, Ives AR, (1992) Procedures for the analysis of comparative data using phylogenetically independent contrasts. Systematic Biology 41: 18-32.
20. Arnason U, Gullberg A, Janke A, Kullberg M, Lehman N, et al. (2006) Pinniped phylogeny and a new hypothesis for their origin and dispersal. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41: 345-354.
21. Gaubert P, Cordeiro-Estrela P, (2006) Phylogenetic systematics and tempo of evolution of the Viverrinae (Mammalia, Carnivora, Viverridae) within feliformians: implications for faunal exchange between Asia and Africa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41: 266-278.
22. Koepfli K-P, Gompper ME, Eizirik E, Ho C-C, Linden L, et al. (2007) Phylogeny of the Procyonidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): molecules, morphology and the Great American Interchange. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43: 1076-1095.
23. Koepfli K-P, Deere KA, Slater GJ, Begg C, Begg K, et al. (2008) Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation. BMC Biology 6: 10.
24. Cooper N, Rodríguez J, Purvis A, (2008) A common tendency for phylogenetic overdispersion in mammalian assemblages. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences 275: 2031-2037.
25. Diniz-Filho JAF, (2004) Phylogenetic diversity and conservation priorities under distinct models of phenotypic evolution. Conservation Biology 18: 698-704.
26. Isaac NJB, Turvey ST, Collen B, Waterman C, Baillie JEM, (2007) Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PLoS ONE 2: e296.
27. Eizirik E, Murphy WJ, O'Brien SJ, (2001) Molecular dating and biogeography of the early placental mammal radiation. Journal of Heredity 92: 212-219.
28. Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, O'Brien SJ, Madsen O, Scally M, et al. (2001) Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics. Science 294: 2348-2351.
29. Corneli PS, (2003) Complete mitochondrial genomes and eutherian evolution. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 9: 281-305.
30. Springer MS, Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, O'Brien SJ, (2003) Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100: 1056-1061.
31. Woodburne MO, Rich TH, Springer MS, (2003) The evolution of tribospheny and the antiquity of mammalian clades. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28: 360-385.
32. Yoder AD, Burns MM, Zehr S, Delefosse T, Veron G, et al. (2003) Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor. Nature 421: 734-737.
33. Arnason U, Gullberg A, Janke A, Kullberg M, (2007) Mitogenomic analysis of caniform relationships. Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution 45: 863-874.
34. Arnason U, Adegoke JA, Gullberg A, Harley EH, Janke A, et al. (2008) Mitogenomic relationships of placental mammals and molecular estimates of their divergences. Gene 421: 37-51.
35. Johnson WE, Eizirik E, Pecon-Slattery J, Murphy WJ, Antunes A, et al. (2006) The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment. Science 311: 73-77.
36. Kitazoe Y, Kishino H, Waddell PJ, Nakajima N, Okabayashi T, et al. (2007) Robust time estimation reconciles views of the antiquity of placental mammals. PLoS ONE 2: e384.
37. Poux C, Madsen O, Glos J, de Jong WW, Vences M, (2008) Molecular phylogeny and divergence times of Malagasy tenrecs: influence of data partitioning and taxon sampling on dating analyses. BMC Evolutionary Biology 8: 102.
38. Wan Q-H, Zeng C-J, Ni X-W, Pan H-J, Fang S-G, (2009) Giant panda genomic data provide insight into the birth-and-death process of mammalian major histocompatibility complex class II genes. PLoS ONE 4: e4147.
39. Fulton TL, Strobeck C, (2010) Multiple fossil calibrations, nuclear loci and mitochondrial genomes provide new insight into biogeography and divergence timing for true seals (Phocidae, Pinnipedia). Journal of Biogeography 37: 814-829.
40. Wilson KL, (1972) Eocene and related geology of a portion of the San Luis Rey and Encinitas quadrangles, San Diego County, California (M.S. thesis). Riverside: University of California, Riverside.
41. Golz DJ, (1976) Eocene Artiodactyla of southern California. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Bulletin pp. 1-85.
42. Walsh SL, (1996) Middle Eocene mammal faunas of San Diego County, California. In: Prothero DR, Emry RJ, editors. The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp. 75-119.
43. Mihlbachler MC, Deméré TA, (2009) A new species of Brontotheriidae (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Santiago Formation (Duchesnean, middle Eocene) of southern California. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History 41: 1-36.
44. Petter G, (1966) Cynodictis, canidé oligocène d'Europe: région tympanique et affinités. Annales de Paléontologie 52: 1-19.
45. Hunt RM Jr, (2001) Small Oligocene amphicyonids from North America (Paradaphoenus, Mammalia, Carnivora). American Museum Novitates 3331: 1-20.
46. Hunt RM Jr, (1977) Basicranial anatomy of Cynelos Jourdan (Mammalia: Carnivora), an Aquitanian Amphicyonid from the Allier Basin, France. Journal of Paleontology 51: 826-843.
47. Wang X, McKenna MC, Dashzeveg D, (2005) Amphicticeps and Amphicynodon (Arctoidea, Carnivora) from Hsanda Gol Formation, central Mongolia and phylogeny of basal arctoids with comments on zoogeography. American Museum Novitates 3483: 1-57.
48. Gustafson EP, (1986) Carnivorous mammals of the late Eocene and early Oligocene of Trans-Pecos Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Memorial Museum 33: 1-66.
49. Wesley GD, Flynn JJ, (2003) A revision of Tapocyon (Carnivoramorpha), including analysis of the first cranial specimens and identification of a new species. Journal of Paleontology 77: 769-783.
50. Wang X, (1994) Phylogenetic systematics of the Hesperocyoninae (Carnivora: Canidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 221: 1-207.
51. Wang X, Tedford RH, (1996) Canidae. In: Prothero DR, Emry RJ, editors. The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp. 433-452.
52. Kotsakis T, (1980) Revisione sistematica e distribuzione stratigrafica e geografica del genere Cynodictis Bravard & Pomel (Carnivora, Mammalia). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 19: 259-273.
53. Hunt RM Jr, (1996) Amphicyonidae. In: Prothero DR, Emry RJ, editors. The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp. 476-485.
54. Hunt RM Jr, (1998) Amphicyonidae. In: Janis CM, Scott KM, Jacobs LL, editors. Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp. 196-227.
55. Youlatos D, (2003) Osteological correlates of tail prehensility in carnivorans. Journal of Zoology 259: 423-430.
56. Hatcher JB, (1902) Oligocene Canidae. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 1: 65-108.
57. Spaulding M, Flynn JJ, (2009) Anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of "Miacis" uintensis (Mammalia: Carnivoramorpha). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29: 1212-1223.
58. Clark J, (1939) Miacis gracilis, a new carnivore from the Uinta Eocene. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 27: 349-371.
59. Heinrich RE, Rose KD, (1997) Postcranial morphology and locomotor behaviour of two early Eocene miacoid carnivorans, Vulpavus and Didymictis. Palaeontology 40: 279-305.
60. Leach D, (1977) The descriptive and comparative osteology of marten (Martes americana Turton) and fisher (Martes pennanti Erxleben): the appendicular skeleton. Canadian Journal of Zoology 55: 199-214.
61. Taylor ME, (1976) The functional anatomy of the hindlimb of some African Viverridae (Carnivora). Journal of Morphology 148: 227-253.
62. Gingerich PD, (1983) Systematics of early Eocene Miacidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 26: 197-225.
63. Heinrich RE, Houde P, (2006) Postcranial anatomy of Viverravus (Mammalia, Carnivora) and implications for substrate use in basal Carnivora. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26: 422-435.
64. Wang X, (1993) Transformation from plantigrady to digitigrady: functional morphology of locomotion in Hesperocyon (Canidae: Carnivora). American Museum Novitates 3069: 1-23.
65. Gonyea W, Ashworth R, (1975) The form and function of retractile claws in the Felidae and other representative carnivorans. Journal of Morphology 145: 229-238.
66. Gingerich PD, (1974) Size variability of the teeth in living mammals and the diagnosis of closely related sympatric fossil species. Journal of Paleontology 48: 895-903.
67. Gingerich PD, Winkler DA, (1979) Patterns of variation and correlation in the dentition of the red fox, Vulpes vulpes. Journal of Mammalogy 60: 691-704.
68. Simpson GG, Roe A, Lewontin RC, (1960) Quantitative zoology, Revised edition New York Harcourt.
69. Haldane JBS, (1955) The measurement of variation. Evolution 9: 484-484.
70. Lockwood CA, Richmond BG, Jungers WL, Kimbel WH, (1996) Randomization procedures and sexual dimorphism in Australopithecus afarensis. Journal of Human Evolution 31: 537-548.
71. Friscia AR, Van Valkenburgh B, Biknevicius AR, (2007) An ecomorphological analysis of extant small carnivorans. Journal of Zoology 272: 82-100.
72. Spaulding M, Flynn JJ, Stucky RK, (2010) A new basal carnivoramorphan (Mammalia) from the 'Bridger B' (Black's Fork Member, Bridger Formation, Bridgerian NALMA, middle Eocene) of Wyoming, USA. Palaeontology 53: 815-832.
73. Wesley-Hunt GD, Werdelin L, (2005) Basicranial morphology and phylogenetic position of the upper Eocene carnivoramorphan Quercygale. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50: 837-846.
74. Polly PD, Wesley-Hunt GD, Heinrich RE, Davis G, Houde P, (2006) Earliest known carnivoran auditory bulla and support for a recent origin of crown-group Carnivora (Eutheria, Mammalia). Palaeontology 49: 1019-1027.
75. Flynn JJ, Nedbal MA, (1998) Phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): congruence vs incompatibility among multiple data sets. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9: 414-426.
76. Flynn JJ, Finarelli JA, Zehr S, Hsu J, Nedbal MA, (2005) Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships. Systematic Biology 54: 317-337.
77. Hunt G, (2004) Phenotypic variation in fossil samples: modeling the consequences of time-averaging. Paleobiology 30: 426-443.
78. Hunt G, (2004) Phenotypic variance inflation in fossil samples: an empirical assessment. Paleobiology 30: 487-506.
79. Szuma E, (2007) Geography of dental polymorphism in the red fox Vulpes vulpes and its evolutionary implications. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 90: 61-84.
80. Dayan T, Wool D, Simberloff D, (2002) Variation and covariation of skulls and teeth: modern carnivores and the interpretation of fossil mammals. Paleobiology 28: 508-526.
81. Daitch DJ, Guralnick RP, (2007) Geographic variation in tooth morphology of the arctic fox, Vulpes (Alopex) lagopus. Journal of Mammalogy 88: 384-393.
82. Szuma E, (2004) Evolutionary implications of morphological variation in the lower carnassial of red fox Vulpes vulpes. Acta Theriologica 49: 433-447.
83. Angelici FM, (2000) Food habits and resource partitioning of carnivores (Herpestidae, Viverridae) in the rainforests of southeastern Nigeria: preliminary results. La Terre et la Vie-Revue d'écologie 55: 67-76.
84. Crooks KR, Van Vuren D, (1995) Resource utilization by two insular endemic mammalian carnivores, the island fox and island spotted skunk. Oecologia 104: 301-307.
85. Zielinski WJ, Duncan NP, (2004) Diets of sympatric populations of American martens (Martes americana) and fishers (Martes pennanti) in California. Journal of Mammalogy 85: 470-477.
86. Phillips RB, Winchell CS, Schmidt RH, (2007) Dietary overlap of an alien and native carnivore on San Clemente Island, California. Journal of Mammalogy 88: 173-180.
87. Palomares F, (1993) Opportunistic feeding of the Egyptian mongoose, Herpestes ichneumon, (L.) in southwestern Spain. La Terre et la Vie-Revue d'écologie 48: 295-304.
88. Rosalino LM, Santos MJ, Pereira I, Santos-Reis M, (2009) Sex-driven differences in Egyptian mongoose's (Herpestes ichneumon) diet in its northwestern European range. European Journal of Wildlife Research 55: 293-299.
89. Van Valkenburgh B, (2007) Déjà vu: the evolution of feeding morphologies in the Carnivora. Integrative and Comparative Biology 47: 147-163.
90. Van Valkenburgh B, (1987) Skeletal indicators of locomotor behavior in living and extinct carnivores. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7: 162-182.
91. Fritzell EK, Haroldson KJ, (1982) Urocyon cinereoargenteus. Mammalian Species 189: 1-8.
92. Garland T Jr, Janis CM, (1993) Does metatarsal/femur ratio predict maximal running speed in cursorial mammals? Journal of Zoology 229: 133-151.
93. Larson SG, Stern JT, (1989) Role of supraspinatus in the quadrupedal locomotion of vervets (Cercopithecus ethiops): implications for the interpretation of humeral morphology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 79: 369-377.
94. Taylor ME, (1974) The functional anatomy of the forelimb of some African Viverridae (Carnivora). Journal of Morphology 143: 307-335.
95. Hildebrand M, Goslow GE, (2001) Analysis of vertebrate structure, Fifth edition New York John Wiley.
96. Jenkins FA Jr, McClearn D, (1984) Mechanisms of hindfoot reversal in climbing mammals. Journal of Morphology 182: 197-219.
97. Gompper ME, (1995) Nasua narica. Mammalian Species 487: 1-10.
98. Pasitschniak-Arts M, Larivière S, (1995) Gulo gulo. Mammalian Species 499: 1-10.
99. Szalay FS, Decker RL, (1974) Origins, evolution, and function of the tarsus in Late Cretaceous Eutheria and Paleocene Primates. In: Jenkins FA, editors. Primate locomotion New York Academic Press pp. 223-259.
100. Finarelli JA, (2008) A total evidence phylogeny of the Arctoidea (Carnivora: Mammalia): relationships among basal taxa. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 15: 231-259.
101. Gaubert P, Veron G, (2003) Exhaustive sample set among Viverridae reveals the sister-group of felids: the linsangs as a case of extreme morphological convergence within Feliformia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270: 2523-2530.
102. Donoghue MJ, Doyle JA, Gauthier J, Kluge AG, Rowe T, (1989) The importance of fossils in phylogeny reconstruction. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 20: 431-460.
103. Bergsten J, (2005) A review of long-branch attraction. Cladistics 21: 163-193.
104. Gaubert P, Wozencraft WC, Cordeiro-Estrela P, Veron G, (2005) Mosaics of convergences and noise in morphological phylogenies: what's in a viverrid-like carnivoran? Systematic Biology 54: 865-894.
105. Hunt RM Jr, (1989) Evolution of the aeluroid Carnivora: significance of the ventral promontorial process of the petrosal, and the origin of basicranial patterns in the living families. American Museum Novitates 2930: 1-32.
106. Wang X, Tedford RH, Taylor BE, (1999) Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora: Canidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 243: 1-391.
107. Clark HO Jr, (2005) Otocyon megalotis. Mammalian Species 766: 1-5.
108. Wood AE, Wood HE, (1933) The genetic and phylogenetic significance of the presence of a third upper molar in a modern dog. American Midland Naturalist 14: 36-48.
109. Guilday JE, (1962) Supernumerary molars of Otocyon. Journal of Mammalogy 43: 455-462.
110. Van Valen L, (1964) Nature of the supernumerary molars of Otocyon. Journal of Mammalogy 45: 284-286.
111. Bryant HN, (1991) Phylogenetic relationships and systematics of the Nimravidae (Carnivora). Journal of Mammalogy 72: 56-78.
112. Benton MJ, Donoghue PCJ, (2007) Paleontological evidence to date the tree of life. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24: 26-53.
113. Robinson P, Gunnell GF, Walsh SL, Clyde WC, Storer JE, et al. (2004) Wasatchian through Duchesnean biochronology. In: Woodburne MO, editors. Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic mammals of North America: biostratigraphy and geochronology New York Columbia University Press pp. 106-155.
114. Bryant HN, (1992) The Carnivora of the Lac Pelletier Lower Fauna (Eocene: Duchesnean), Cypress Hills Formation, Saskatchewan. Journal of Paleontology 66: 847-855.
115. Hanson CB, (1996) Stratigraphy and vertebrate faunas of the Bridgerian-Duchesnean Clarno Formation, northern Oregon. In: Prothero DR, Emry RJ, editors. The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp. 206-239.
116. Lander EB, Hanson CB, (2006) Agriochoerus matthewi crassus (Artiodactyla, Agriochoeridae) of the late middle Eocene Hancock Mammal Quarry Local Fauna, Clarno Formation, John Day Basin, north-central Oregon. PaleoBios 26: 19-34.
117. Murphey PC, Lester A, Bohor B, Robinson P, Evanoff E, et al. (1999) 40Ar/39Ar dating of volcanic ash deposits in the Bridger Formation (middle Eocene) southwestern Wyoming. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 31: A233.
118. McKenna MC, Bell SK, (1997) Classification of mammals above the species level New York Columbia University Press.
119. Stucky RK, McKenna MC, (1993) Mammalia. In: Benton MJ, editors. The fossil record 2 London Chapman & Hall pp. 739-771.
120. Kumar S, Hedges SB, (1998) A molecular timescale for vertebrate evolution. Nature 392: 917-920.
121. Graur D, Martin W, (2004) Reading the entrails of chickens: molecular timescales of evolution and the illusion of precision. Trends in Genetics 20: 80-86.
122. Hug LA, Roger AJ, (2007) The impact of fossil and taxon sampling on ancient molecular dating analyses. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24: 1889-1897.
123. Wilson DE, Reeder DM, (2005) Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, Third edition Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press.
124. Mac Intyre GT, (1966) The Miacidae (Mammalia, Carnivora): part 1, the systematics of Ictidopappus and Protictis. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 131: 117-209.
125. Van Valen L, (1966) Deltatheridia, a new order of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 132: 1-126.
126. Heinrich RE, Strait SG, Houde P, (2008) Earliest Eocene Miacidae (Mammalia: Carnivora) from northwestern Wyoming. Journal of Paleontology 82: 154-162.
127. Meachen-Samuels J, Van Valkenburgh B, (2009) Forelimb indicators of prey-size preference in the Felidae. Journal of Morphology 270: 729-744.
128. Polly PD, (1998) Variability in mammalian dentitions: size-related bias in the coefficient of variation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 64: 83-99.
129. Plavcan JM, Cope DA, (2001) Metric variation and species recognition in the fossil record. Evolutionary Anthropology 10: 204-222.
130. Efron B, (1979) Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife. Annals of Statistics 7: 1-26.
131. Efron B, (1981) Nonparametric standard errors and confidence intervals. Canadian Journal of Statistics 9: 139-158.
132. R Development Core Team (2009) R: a language and environment for statistical computing Vienna R Foundation for Statistical Computing Available at www.R-project.org. Accessed December 15, 2009.
133. Van Valkenburgh B, (1990) Skeletal and dental predictors of body mass in carnivores. In: Damuth J, MacFadden BJ, editors. Body size in mammalian paleobiology Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp. 181-205.
134. Venables WN, Ripley BD, (2010) Main package of Venables and Ripley's MASS, Version 7.3-5. Available at www.stats.ox.ac.uk/pub/MASS4. Accessed January 17, 2010.
135. Mellett JS, (1977) Paleobiology of North American Hyaenodon (Mammalia, Creodonta). In: Hecht MK, Szalay FS, editors. Contributions to vertebrate evolution, Volume 1 Basel S. Karger pp. 1-131.
136. Polly PD, (1997) Ancestry and species definition in paleontology: a stratocladistic analysis of Viverravidae (Carnivora, Mammalia) from Wyoming. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 30: 1-53.
137. Hough JR, (1948) A systematic revision of Daphoenus and some allied genera. Journal of Paleontology 22: 573-600.
138. Goloboff PA, Farris JS, Nixon KC, (2003) T.N.T.: tree analysis using new technology, Willi Hennig Society Edition. TNT website. Available at www.zmuc.dk/public/phylogeny/tnt. Accessed March 4, 2010.
139. Goloboff PA, Farris JS, Nixon KC, (2008) TNT: a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 24: 774-786.
140. Bremer K, (1994) Branch support and tree stability. Cladistics 10: 295-304.
141. Felsenstein J, (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783-791.
142. Kluge AG, Farris JS, (1969) Quantitative phyletics and the evolution of anurans. Systematic Zoology 18: 1-32.
143. Farris JS, (1989) The retention index and the rescaled consistency index. Cladistics 5: 417-419.
144. Maddison WP, Maddison DR, (2009) Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis, Version 2.72. Mesquite website. Available at mesquiteproject.org/mesquite/mesquite.html. Accessed March 23, 2010.
145. Szuma E, (2008) Geographic variation of tooth and skull sizes in the arctic fox Vulpes (Alopex) lagopus. Annales Zoologici Fennici 45: 185-199.