Exploring the mechanical basis for acceleration: Pelvic limb locomotor function during accelerations in racing greyhounds (Canis familiaris)

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 212, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 550-565

  Williams, S B ^a   Usherwood, J R ^b   Jespers, K ^b   Channon, A J ^b   Wilson, A M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Acceleration; Biomechanics; Effective mechanical advantage; Greyhound; Locomotion; Power

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BIOMECHANICS; DOG; HINDLIMB; JOINT; LOCOMOTION; PELVIS; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICS; DOGS; HINDLIMB; JOINTS; LOCOMOTION; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PELVIS;

ANIMALIA; CANIS FAMILIARIS;

EID: 59849085598     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.018093     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Aerts, P. (1998). Vertical jumping in Galago senegalensis: the quest for an obligate mechanical power amplifier. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 353, 1607-1620.
2. Alexander, R. M. (1991). Energy-saving mechanisms in walking and running. J. Exp. Biol. 160, 55-69.
3. Alexander, R. M., Dimery, N. J. and Ker, R. F. (1985). Elastic structures in the back and their role in galloping in some mammals. J. Zool. Lond. A 207, 467-482.
4. Biewener, A. A. (1983). Allometry of quadrupedal locomotion: the scaling of duty factor, bone curvature and limb orientation to body size. J. Exp. Biol. 105, 147-171.
5. Biewener, A. A. (1989). Scaling body support in mammals: limb posture and muscle mechanics. Science 245, 45-48.
6. Biewener, A. A. and Blickhan, R. (1988). Kangaroo rat locomotion: design for elastic energy storage or acceleration? J. Exp. Biol. 140, 243-255.
7. Biewener, A. A., Farley, C. T., Roberts, T. J. and Temaner, M. (2004). Muscle mechanical advantage of human walking and running: implications for energy cost. J. Appl. Physiol. 97, 2266-2274.
8. Carrier, D. R., Heglund, N. C. and Earls, K. D. (1994). Variable gearing during locomotion in the human musculoskeletal system. Science 265, 651-653.
9. Carrier, D. R., Gregersen, C. S. and Silverton, N. A. (1998). Dynamic gearing in running dogs. J. Exp. Biol. 201, 3185-3195.
10. Cavagna, G. A., Heglund, N. C. and Taylor, C. R. (1977). Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure. Am. J. Physiol. 233, R243-R261.
11. Cavagna, G. A., Komarek, L. and Mazzoleni, S. (1971). The mechanics of sprint running. J. Physiol. 217, 709-721.
12. Crompton, R. H., Li, Y., Alexander, R. M., Wang, W. and Gunther, M. M. (1996). Segment inertial properties of primates: new techniques for laboratory and field studies of locomotion. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 99, 547-570.
13. Dutto, D. J., Hoyt, D. F., Clayton, H. M., Cogger, E. A. and Wickler, S. J. (2004). Moments and power generated by the horse (Equus caballus) hind limb during jumping. J. Exp. Biol. 207, 667-674.
14. Gambaryan, P. P. (1974). How Mammals Run: Anatomical Adaptations. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
15. Gregersen, C. S. and Carrier, D. R. (2004). Gear ratios at the limb joints of jumping dogs. J. Biomech. 37, 1011-1018.
16. Gregersen, C. S., Silverton, N. A. and Carrier, D. R. (1998). External work and potential for elastic storage at the limb joints of running dogs. J. Exp. Biol. 201, 3197-3210.
17. Harland, M. J. and Steele, J. R. (1997). Biomechanics of the sprint start. Sports Med. 23, 11-20.
18. Hill, A. V. (1950). Mechanics of the contractile element of muscle. Nature 166, 415-419.
19. Isler, K., Payne, R. C., Günther, M. M., Thorpe, S., Li, Y., Savage, R. and Crompton. R. H. (2006). Inertial properties of hominoid limb segments. J. Anat. 209, 201-218.
20. Jacobs, R., Bobbert, M. F. and van Ingan Schenau, G. J. (1996). Mechanical power output from individual muscles during explosive leg extensions: the role of biarticular muscles. J. Biomech. 29, 513-523.
21. Johnson M. D. and Buckley, J. G. (2001). Muscle power patterns in the mid-acceleration phase of sprinting. J. Sports Sci. 19, 263-272.
22. Lee, D. V., Bertram, J. E. and Todhunter, R. J. (1999). Acceleration and balance in trotting dogs. J. Exp. Biol. 202, 3565-3573.
23. Lichtwark, G. A. and Wilson, A. M. (2005). Effects of series elasticity and activation conditions on muscle power output and efficiency. J. Exp. Biol. 208, 2845.
24. Lichtwark, G. A. and Wilson, A. M. (2006). Interactions between the human gastrocnemius muscle and the Achilles tendon during incline, level and decline locomotion. J. Exp. Biol. 209, 4379-4388.
25. Lieber, R. L. and Blevins, F. T. (1989). Skeletal muscle architecture of the rabbit hindlimb: functional implications of muscle design. J. Morphol. 199, 93-101.
26. McGowan, C. P., Baudinette, R. V. and Biewener, A. A. (2005a). Joint work and power associated with acceleration and deceleration in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii). J. Exp. Biol. 208, 41-53.
27. McGowan, C. P., Baudinette, R. V., Usherwood, J. R. and Biewener, A. A. (2005b). The mechanics of jumping versus steady hopping in yellow-footed rock wallabies. J. Exp. Biol. 208, 2741-2751.
28. Neptune, R. R. and van den Bogert, A. J. (1998). Standard mechanical energy analyses do not correlate with muscle work in cycling. J. Biomech. 31, 239-245.
29. Pardoe, C. H., McGuigan, M. P., Rogers, K. M., Rowe, L. L. and Wilson, A. M. (2001). The effect of shoe material on the kinetics and kinematics of foot slip at impact on concrete. Equine Vet. J. Suppl. 70-73.
30. Payne, R. C., Hutchinson, J. R., Robilliard, J. J., Smith, N. C. and Wilson, A. M. (2005a). Functional specialisation of pelvic limb anatomy in horses (Equus caballus). J. Anat. 206, 557-574.
31. Payne, R. C., Veenman, P. and Wilson, A. M. (2005b). The role of the extrinsic thoracic limb muscles in equine locomotion. J. Anat. 206, 193-204.
32. Payne, R. C., Crompton, R. H., Isler, K., Savage, R., Vereecke, E., Gunther, M., Thorpe, S. and D'Aout, K. (2006a). Morphological analysis of the hindlimb in apes and humans. Part II: moment arms. J. Anat. 208, 725-742.
33. Payne, R. C., Crompton, R. H., Isler, K., Savage, R., Vereecke, E. E., Gunther, M. M., Thorpe, S. K. and D'Aout, K. (2006b). Morphological analysis of the hindlimb in apes and humans. I. Muscle architecture. J. Anat. 208, 709-724.
34. Peplowski, M. M. and Marsh, R. L. (1997). Work and power output in the hindlimb muscles of Cuban tree frogs Osteopilus septentrionalis during jumping. J. Exp. Biol. 200, 2861-2870.
35. Phillips, C. J. and Morris, I. D. (2000). The locomotion of dairy cows on concrete floors that are dry, wet, or covered with a slurry of excreta. J. Dairy Sci. 83, 1767-1772.
36. Phillips, C. J. and Morris, I. D. (2001). The locomotion of dairy cows on floor surfaces with different frictional properties. J. Dairy Sci. 84, 623-628.
37. Prilutsky, B. I. and Zatsiorsky, V. M. (1994). Tendon action of two-joint muscles: transfer of mechanical energy between joints during jumping, landing, and running. J. Biomech. 27, 25-34.
38. Prilutsky, B. I., Herzog, W. and Leonard, T. (1996). Transfer of mechanical energy between ankle and knee joints by gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles during cat locomotion. J. Biomech. 29, 391-403.
39. Roberts, T. J. and Marsh, R. L. (2003). Probing the limits to muscle-powered accelerations: lessons from jumping bullfrogs. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 2567-2580.
40. Roberts, T. J. and Scales, J. A. (2002). Mechanical power output during running accelerations in wild turkeys. J. Exp. Biol. 205, 1485-1494.
41. Roberts, T. J. and Scales, J. A. (2004). Adjusting muscle function to demand: joint work during acceleration in wild turkeys. J. Exp. Biol. 207, 4165-4174.
42. Smith, N. C., Wilson, A. M., Jespers, K. and Payne, R. C. (2006). Muscle architecture and functional anatomy of the pelvic limb of the ostrich (Struthio camelus). J. Anat. 209, 765-780.
43. Thorpe, S. K., Crompton, R. H., Gunther, M. M., Ker, R. F. and McNeill Alexander, R. (1999). Dimensions and moment arms of the hind- and forelimb muscles of common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 110, 179-199.
44. Usherwood, J. R. and Wilson, A. M. (2005). Biomechanics: no force limit on greyhound sprint speed. Nature 438, 753-754.
45. Vos, N. and Riebersma, D. (2007). Determination of coefficient of friction between the equine foot and different ground surfaces. Equine Comp. Exerc. Physiol. 3, 191-198.
46. Walter, R. M. and Carrier, D. R. (2007). Ground forces applied by galloping dogs. J. Exp. Biol. 210, 208-216.
47. Weis-Fogh, T. and Alexander, R. M. (1977). The sustained power output from striated muscle. In Scale Effects in Animal Locomotion (ed. T. J. Pedley), pp. 511-525. London: Academic Press.
48. Williams, S. B., Payne, R. C. and Wilson, A. M. (2007a). Functional specialisation of the pelvic limb of the hare (Lepus europeus). J. Anat. 210, 472-490.
49. Williams, S. B., Wilson, A. M. and Payne, R. C. (2007b). Functional specialisation of the thoracic limb of the hare (Lepus europeus). J. Anat. 210, 491-505.
50. Williams, S. B., Wilson, A. M., Rhodes, L., Andrews, J. and Payne, R. C. (2008). Functional anatomy and muscle moment arms of the pelvic limb of an elite sprinting athlete: the racing greyhound (Canis familiaris). J. Anat. 213, 361-372.
51. Winter, D. A. (1990). Biomechanics and motor control of human movement. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.