Joint scientific statement of the European Association for the Study of Obesity and the European Society of Hypertension: Obesity and early vascular ageing

Journal of Hypertension

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 425-434

  Jordan, Jens ^a   Nilsson, Peter M ^b   Kotsis, Vasilios ^c   Olsen, Michael H ^d,e   Grassi, Guido ^f   Yumuk, Volkan ^g   Hauner, Hans ^h   Zahorska Markiewicz, Barbara ⁱ   Toplak, Hermann ^j   Engeli, Stefan ^a   Finer, Nick ^k  

^a HANNOVER MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Germany)

^b LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

^d ODENSE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^e NORTH WEST UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA   (Italy)

^g ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^h TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

ⁱ Obesity Management Clinic 'Waga'   (Poland)

^j MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF GRAZ   (Austria)

^k UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

atherosclerosis; cardiovascular disease; cardiovascular risk factor; carotid intima media thickness; early vascular ageing; flow mediated vasodilation; hypertension obesity; pulse wave velocity; type 2 diabetes mellitus

Indexed keywords

ADIPOCYTOKINE; FATTY ACID; FLAVONOL; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; INCRETIN; LIRAGLUTIDE; QUINAPRIL;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; AGING; ARTERIAL STIFFNESS; ARTERIAL WALL THICKNESS; ARTICLE; BARIATRIC SURGERY; BLOOD PRESSURE; BLOOD VESSEL PARAMETERS; CACAO; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR PARAMETERS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; EARLY VASCULAR AGEING; EXERCISE; FITNESS; FLOW MEDIATED VASODILATION; GASTRIC BANDING; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; INTERVENTION STUDY; LOW CALORY DIET; LOW CARBOHYDRATE DIET; MEDICAL SOCIETY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; POPULATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULSE WAVE; RISK ASSESSMENT; VASCULITIS; VASODILATATION; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; WEIGHT REDUCTION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COMPLICATION; PHYSIOLOGY; RISK FACTOR; VASCULAR DISEASES;

AGING; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CAROTID INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS; HUMANS; OBESITY; RISK FACTORS; VASCULAR DISEASES; VASCULAR STIFFNESS; VASODILATION;

EID: 84922374734     PISSN: 02636352     EISSN: 14735598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000473     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Peeters A, Barendregt JJ, Willekens F, Mackenbach JP, Al Mamun A, Bonneux L. Obesity in adulthood and its consequences for life expectancy: a life-table analysis. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138:24-32
2. Finer N. Better measures of fat mass: beyond BMI. Clin Obesity 2012; 2:65
3. Khan UI, Wang D, Thurston RC, Sowers M, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Matthews KA, et al. Burden of subclinical cardiovascular disease in 'metabolically benign' and 'at-risk' overweight and obese women: the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Atherosclerosis 2011; 217:179-186
4. JBS3 Board. Joint British Societies' consensus recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (JBS3). Heart 2014; 100 (Suppl 2):ii1-ii67
5. Nilsson PM, Boutouyrie P, Laurent S. Vascular aging: a tale of EVA and ADAM in cardiovascular risk assessment and prevention. Hypertension 2009; 54:3-10
6. Kotsis V, Stabouli S, Karafillis I, Nilsson P. Early vascular aging and the role of central blood pressure. J Hypertens 2011; 29:1847-1853
7. Nilsson PM, Boutouyrie P, Cunha P, Kotsis V, Narkiewicz K, Parati G, et al. Early vascular ageing in translation: from laboratory investigations to clinical applications in cardiovascular prevention. J Hypertens 2013; 31:1517-1526
8. Weisbrod RM, Shiang T, Al SL, Fry JL, Bajpai S, Reinhart-King CA, et al. Arterial stiffening precedes systolic hypertension in diet-induced obesity. Hypertension 2013; 62:1105-1110
9. Mitchell GF. Arterial stiffness and hypertension. Hypertension 2014; 64:13-18
10. Charakida M, Masi S, Luscher TF, Kastelein JJ, Deanfield JE. Assessment of atherosclerosis: the role of flow-mediated dilatation. Eur Heart J 2010; 31:2854-2861
11. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, Spiegelhalter DJ, Miller OI, Sullivan ID, et al. Noninvasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. Lancet 1992; 340:1111-1115
12. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Spiegelhalter DJ, Georgakopoulos D, Robinson J, Deanfield JE. Aging is associated with endothelial dysfunction in healthy men years before the age-related decline in women. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 24:471-476
13. Lind L. Relationships between three different tests to evaluate endothelium-dependent vasodilation and cardiovascular risk in a middleaged sample. J Hypertens 2013; 31:1570-1574
14. Oflaz H, Ozbey N, Mantar F, Genchellac H, Mercanoglu F, Sencer E, et al. Determination of endothelial function and early atherosclerotic changes in healthy obese women. Diabetes Nutr Metab 2003; 16:176-181
15. Pulerwitz T, Grahame-Clarke C, Rodriguez CJ, Miyake Y, Sciacca RR, Hirata K, et al. Association of increased body mass index and impaired endothelial function among Hispanic women. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97:68-70
16. Brook RD, Bard RL, Rubenfire M, Ridker PM, Rajagopalan S. Usefulness of visceral obesity (waist/hip ratio) in predicting vascular endothelial function in healthy overweight adults. Am J Cardiol 2001; 88:1264-1269
17. Hashimoto M, Akishita M, Eto M, Kozaki K, Ako J, Sugimoto N, et al. The impairment of flow-mediated vasodilatation in obese men with visceral fat accumulation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998; 22:477-484
18. Doupis J, Rahangdale S, Gnardellis C, Pena SE, Malhotra A, Veves A. Effects of diabetes and obesity on vascular reactivity, inflammatory cytokines, and growth factors. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:729-735
19. Naylor LH, Green DJ, Jones TW, Kalic RJ, Suriano KL, Shah M, et al. Endothelial function and carotid intima-medial thickness in adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr 2011; 159:971-974
20. Joly L, Perret-Guillaume C, Kearney-Schwartz A, Salvi P, Mandry D, Marie PY, et al. Pulse wave velocity assessment by external noninvasive devices and phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging in the obese. Hypertension 2009; 54:421-426
21. Wildman RP, Mackey RH, Bostom A, Thompson T, Sutton-Tyrrell K. Measures of obesity are associated with vascular stiffness in young and older adults. Hypertension 2003; 42:468-473
22. Mizia-Stec K, Gasior Z, Zahorska-Markiewicz B, Holecki M, Haberka M, Mizia M, et al. The indexes of arterial structure and function in women with simple obesity: a preliminary study. Heart Vessels 2008; 23:224-229
23. Nakanishi N, Suzuki K, Tatara K. Clustered features of the metabolic syndrome and the risk for increased aortic pulse wave velocity in middle-aged Japanese men. Angiology 2003; 54:551-559
24. Lin WY, Lai MM, Li CI, Lin CC, Li TC, Chen CC, et al. In addition to insulin resistance and obesity, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome in Chinese - a population-based study (Taichung Community Health Study, TCHS). J Atheroscler Thromb 2009; 16:105-112
25. Toto-Moukouo JJ, Achimastos A, Asmar RG, Hugues CJ, Safar ME. Pulse wave velocity in patients with obesity and hypertension. Am Heart J 1986; 112:136-140
26. Aatola H, Hutri-Kahonen N, Juonala M, Viikari JS, Hulkkonen J, Laitinen T, et al. Lifetime risk factors and arterial pulse wave velocity in adulthood: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. Hypertension 2010; 55:806-811
27. Lee JW, Lee HR, Shim JY, Im JA, Kim SH, Choi H, et al. Viscerally obese women with normal body weight have greater brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity than nonviscerally obese women with excessive body weight. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007; 66:572-578
28. Majane OH, Woodiwiss AJ, Maseko MJ, Crowther NJ, Dessein PH, Norton GR. Impact of age on the independent association of adiposity with pulse-wave velocity in a population sample of African ancestry. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21:936-942
29. Teoh WL, Price JF, Williamson RM, Payne RA, Van Look LA, Reynolds RM, et al. Metabolic parameters associated with arterial stiffness in older adults with Type 2 diabetes: the Edinburgh Type 2 diabetes study. J Hypertens 2013; 31:1010-1017
30. Rodrigues SL, Baldo MP, Lani L, Nogueira L, Mill JG, Sa CR. Body mass index is not independently associated with increased aortic stiffness in a Brazilian population. Am J Hypertens 2012; 25:1064-1069
31. Sakuragi S, Abhayaratna K, Gravenmaker KJ, O'Reilly C, Srikusalanukul W, Budge MM, et al. Influence of adiposity and physical activity on arterial stiffness in healthy children: the lifestyle of our kids study. Hypertension 2009; 53:611-616
32. Shah AS, Dolan LM, Lauer A, Davis C, Dabelea D, Daniels SR, et al. Adiponectin and arterial stiffness in youth with type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2012; 25 (7-8):717-721
33. Mitchell GF, Parise H, Benjamin EJ, Larson MG, Keyes MJ, Vita JA, et al. Changes in arterial stiffness and wave reflection with advancing age in healthy men and women: the Framingham Heart Study. Hypertension 2004; 43:1239-1245
34. Hvidt KN, Olsen MH, Holm JC, Ibsen H. Obese children and adolescents have elevated nighttime blood pressure independent of insulin resistance and arterial stiffness. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27:1408-1415
35. Mitchell GF, Guo CY, Benjamin EJ, Larson MG, Keyes MJ, Vita JA, et al. Cross-sectional correlates of increased aortic stiffness in the community: The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2007; 115:2628-2636
36. Niboshi A, Hamaoka K, Sakata K, Inoue F. Characteristics of brachialankle pulse wave velocity in Japanese children. Eur J Pediatr 2006; 165:625-629
37. Charakida M, Jones A, Falaschetti E, Khan T, Finer N, Sattar N, et al. Childhood obesity and vascular phenotypes: a population study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60:2643-2650
38. Dangardt F, Osika W, Volkmann R, Gan LM, Friberg P. Obese children show increased intimal wall thickness and decreased pulse wave velocity. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2008; 28:287-293
39. Corden B, Keenan NG, De Marvao AS, Dawes TJ, Decesare A, Diamond T, et al. Body fat is associated with reduced aortic stiffness until middle age. Hypertension 2013; 61:1322-1327
40. Lurbe E, Torro I, Garcia-Vicent C, Alvarez J, Fernandez-Fornoso JA, Redon J. Blood pressure and obesity exert independent influences on pulse wave velocity in youth. Hypertension 2012; 60:550-555
41. Lu Q, Cheng LT, Wang T, Wan J, Liao LL, Zeng J, et al. Visceral fat, arterial stiffness, and endothelial function in peritoneal dialysis patients. J Ren Nutr 2008; 18:495-502
42. Seetho IW, Parker RJ, Craig S, Duffy N, Hardy KJ, Wilding JP. Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with increased arterial stiffness in severe obesity. J Sleep Res 2014; [Epub ahead of print]
43. Mulders TA, Van den Bogaard B, Bakker A, Trip MD, Stroes ES, Van den Born BJ, et al. Arterial stiffness is increased in families with premature coronary artery disease. Heart 2012; 98:490-494
44. Karason K, Wikstrand J, Sjostrom L, Wendelhag I. Weight loss and progression of early atherosclerosis in the carotid artery: a four-year controlled study of obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999; 23:948-956
45. Stabouli S, Kotsis V, Papamichael C, Constantopoulos A, Zakopoulos N. Adolescent obesity is associated with high ambulatory blood pressure and increased carotid intimal-medial thickness. J Pediatr 2005; 147:651-656
46. Skilton MR, Lai NT, Griffiths KA, Molyneaux LM, Yue DK, Sullivan DR, et al. Meal-related increases in vascular reactivity are impaired in older and diabetic adults: insights into roles of aging and insulin in vascular flow. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 288:H1404-H1410
47. Freedman DS, Patel DA, Srinivasan SR, Chen W, Tang R, Bond MG, et al. The contribution of childhood obesity to adult carotid intimamedia thickness: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32:749-756
48. Johnson W, Kuh D, Tikhonoff V, Charakida M, Woodside J, Whincup P, et al. Body mass index and height from infancy to adulthood and carotid intima-media thickness at 60 to 64 years in the 1946 British Birth Cohort Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:654-660
49. Juonala M, Viikari JS, Kahonen M, Taittonen L, Laitinen T, Hutri-Kahonen N, et al. Life-time risk factors and progression of carotid atherosclerosis in young adults: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study. Eur Heart J 2010; 31:1745-1751
50. Dangardt F, Chen Y, Berggren K, Osika W, Friberg P. Increased rate of arterial stiffening with obesity in adolescents: a five-year follow-up study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57454
51. Czernichow S, Bertrais S, Oppert JM, Galan P, Blacher J, Ducimetiere P, et al. Body composition and fat repartition in relation to structure and function of large arteries in middle-aged adults (the SU.VI.MAX study). Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29:826-832
52. Lakka TA, Lakka HM, Salonen R, Kaplan GA, Salonen JT. Abdominal obesity is associated with accelerated progression of carotid atherosclerosis in men. Atherosclerosis 2001; 154:497-504
53. De Michele M, Panico S, Iannuzzi A, Celentano E, Ciardullo AV, Galasso R, et al. Association of obesity and central fat distribution with carotid artery wall thickening in middle-aged women. Stroke 2002; 33:2923-2928
54. Hassinen M, Lakka TA, Komulainen P, Haapala I, Nissinen A, Rauramaa R. Association of waist and hip circumference with 12-year progression of carotid intima-media thickness in elderly women. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 31:1406-1411
55. Liu KH, Chan YL, Chan WB, Chan JC, Chu CW. Mesenteric fat thickness is an independent determinant of metabolic syndrome and identifies subjects with increased carotid intima-media thickness. Diabetes Care 2006; 29:379-384
56. Wang Y, Ma X, Zhou M, Zong W, Zhang L, Hao Y, et al. Contribution of visceral fat accumulation to carotid intima-media thickness in a Chinese population. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 36:1203-1208
57. Pannacciulli N, De PG, Ciccone M, Rizzon P, Giorgino F, Giorgino R. Effect of family history of type 2 diabetes on the intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery in normal-weight, overweight, and obese glucose-tolerant young adults. Diabetes Care 2003; 26:1230-1234
58. Scuteri A, Najjar SS, Muller DC, Andres R, Hougaku H, Metter EJ, et al. Metabolic syndrome amplifies the age-associated increases in vascular thickness and stiffness. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43:1388-1395
59. Kotsis VT, Stabouli SV, Papamichael CM, Zakopoulos NA. Impact of obesity in intima media thickness of carotid arteries. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14:1708-1715
60. Westerbacka J, Vehkavaara S, Bergholm R, Wilkinson I, Cockcroft J, Yki-Jarvinen H. Marked resistance of the ability of insulin to decrease arterial stiffness characterizes human obesity. Diabetes 1999; 48:821-827
61. Sengstock DM, Vaitkevicius PV, Supiano MA. Arterial stiffness is related to insulin resistance in nondiabetic hypertensive older adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:2823-2827
62. Lee JW, Lee DC, Im JA, Shim JY, Kim SM, Lee HR. Insulin resistance is associated with arterial stiffness independent of obesity in male adolescents. Hypertens Res 2007; 30:5-11
63. Faintuch J, Marques PC, Bortolotto LA, Faintuch JJ, Cecconello I. Systemic inflammation and cardiovascular risk factors: are morbidly obese subjects different? Obes Surg 2008; 18:854-862
64. Riksen NP, Bosselaar M, Bakker SJ, Heine RJ, Rongen GA, Tack CJ, et al. Acute elevation of plasma nonesterified fatty acids increases pulse wave velocity and induces peripheral vasodilation in humans in vivo. Clin Sci (Lond) 2007; 113:33-40
65. Markus HS, Labrum R, Bevan S, Reindl M, Egger G, Wiedermann CJ, et al. Genetic and acquired inflammatory conditions are synergistically associated with early carotid atherosclerosis. Stroke 2006; 37:2253-2259
66. Festa A, D'Agostino R Jr, Williams K, Karter AJ, Mayer-Davis EJ, Tracy RP, et al. The relation of body fat mass and distribution to markers of chronic inflammation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25:1407-1415
67. Mizia-Stec K, Gasior Z, Holecki M, Mizia M, Haberka M, Janowska J, et al. Arterial structure remodeling in women with simple obesity is related to osteoprotegerin serum levels. Endocrinol Obes Metab Dis 2009; 5:60-65
68. Cooper JN, Tepper P, Barinas-Mitchell E, Woodard GA, Sutton-Tyrrell K. Serum aldosterone is associated with inflammation and aortic stiffness in normotensive overweight and obese young adults. Clin Exp Hypertens 2012; 34:63-70
69. Pierce GL, Lesniewski LA, Lawson BR, Beske SD, Seals DR. Nuclear factor-{kappa}B activation contributes to vascular endothelial dysfunction via oxidative stress in overweight/obese middle-aged and older humans. Circulation 2009; 119:1284-1292
70. Jackson EK, Dubinion JH, Mi Z. Effects of dipeptidyl peptidase iv inhibition on arterial blood pressure. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35:29-34
71. Boschmann M, Engeli S, Adams F, Gorzelniak K, Franke G, Klaua S, et al. Adipose tissue metabolism and CD11b expression on monocytes in obese hypertensives. Hypertension 2005; 46:130-136
72. Farb MG, Bigornia S, Mott M, Tanriverdi K, Morin KM, Freedman JE, et al. Reduced adipose tissue inflammation represents an intermediate cardiometabolic phenotype in obesity. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58:232-237
73. Barandier C, Montani JP, Yang Z. Mature adipocytes and perivascular adipose tissue stimulate vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation:effects of aging and obesity. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 289:H1807-H1813
74. Sommer G, Kralisch S, Stangl V, Vietzke A, Kohler U, Stepan H, et al. Secretory products from human adipocytes stimulate proinflammatory cytokine secretion from human endothelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2009; 106:729-737
75. Windham BG, Griswold ME, Farasat SM, Ling SM, Carlson O, Egan JM, et al. Influence of leptin, adiponectin, and resistin on the association between abdominal adiposity and arterial stiffness. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23:501-507
76. Iglseder B, Mackevics V, Stadlmayer A, Tasch G, Ladurner G, Paulweber B. Plasma adiponectin levels and sonographic phenotypes of subclinical carotid artery atherosclerosis: data from the SAPHIR Study. Stroke 2005; 36:2577-2582
77. Lo J, Dolan SE, Kanter JR, Hemphill LC, Connelly JM, Lees RS, et al. Effects of obesity, body composition, and adiponectin on carotid intima-media thickness in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:1677-1682
78. Gaborit B, Abdesselam I, Dutour A. Epicardial fat: more than just an 'epi' phenomenon? Horm Metab Res 2013; 45:991-1001
79. Lohn M, Dubrovska G, Lauterbach B, Luft FC, Gollasch M, Sharma AM. Periadventitial fat releases a vascular relaxing factor. FASEB J 2002; 16:1057-1063
80. Manka D, Chatterjee TK, Stoll LL, Basford JE, Konaniah ES, Srinivasan R, et al. Transplanted perivascular adipose tissue accelerates injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia: role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1723-1730
81. Britton KA, Wang N, Palmisano J, Corsini E, Schlett CL, Hoffmann U, et al. Thoracic periaortic and visceral adipose tissue and their crosssectional associations with measures of vascular function. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:1496-1503
82. Rittig K, Staib K, Machann J, Bottcher M, Peter A, Schick F, et al. Perivascular fatty tissue at the brachial artery is linked to insulin resistance but not to local endothelial dysfunction. Diabetologia 2008; 51:2093-2099
83. Engeli S. Is there a pathophysiological role for perivascular adipocytes? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 289:H1794-H1795
84. Charakida M, Khan T, Johnson W, Finer N, Woodside J, Whincup PH, et al. Lifelong patterns of BMI and cardiovascular phenotype in individuals aged 60-64 years in the 1946 British birth cohort study: An epidemiological study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2:648-654
85. Merlotti C, Morabito A, Ceriani V, Pontiroli AE. Prevention of type 2diabetes in obese at-risk subjects: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Acta Diabetol 2014; 51:853-863
86. Wing RR, Bolin P, Brancati FL, Bray GA, Clark JM, Coday M, et al. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:145-154
87. Gerstein HC. Do lifestyle changes reduce serious outcomes in diabetes?N Engl J Med 2013; 369:189-190
88. James WP, Caterson ID, Coutinho W, Finer N, Van Gaal LF, Maggioni AP, et al. Effect of sibutramine on cardiovascular outcomes in overweight and obese subjects. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:905-917
89. Caterson ID, Finer N, Coutinho W, Van Gaal LF, Maggioni AP, Torp-Pedersen C, et al. Maintained intentional weight loss reduces cardiovascular outcomes: results from the Sibutramine Cardiovascular OUTcomes (SCOUT) trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14:523-530
90. The CONSORT Group. http://www.consort-statement.org [Accessed 12 August 2014]
91. Pierce GL, Beske SD, Lawson BR, Southall KL, Benay FJ, Donato AJ, et al. Weight loss alone improves conduit and resistance artery endothelial function in young and older overweight/obese adults. Hypertension 2008; 52:72-79
92. Clifton PM, Keogh JB, Foster PR, Noakes M. Effect of weight loss on inflammatory and endothelial markers and FMD using two low-fat diets. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29:1445-1451
93. Raitakari M, Ilvonen T, Ahotupa M, Lehtimaki T, Harmoinen A, Suominen P, et al. Weight reduction with very-low-caloric diet and endothelial function in overweight adults: role of plasma glucose. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:124-128
94. Orr JS, Dengo AL, Rivero JM, Davy KP. Arterial destiffening with atorvastatin in overweight and obese middle-aged and older adults. Hypertension 2009; 54:763-768
95. Mavri A, Stegnar M, Sentocnik JT, Videcnik V. Impact of weight reduction on early carotid atherosclerosis in obese premenopausal women. Obes Res 2001; 9:511-516
96. De las FL, Waggoner AD, Mohammed BS, Stein RI, Miller BV III, Foster GD, et al. Effect of moderate diet-induced weight loss and weight regain on cardiovascular structure and function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54:2376-2381
97. Keogh JB, Grieger JA, Noakes M, Clifton PM. Flow-mediated dilatation is impaired by a high-saturated fat diet but not by a high-carbohydrate diet. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:1274-1279
98. Keogh JB, Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Belobrajdic DP, Buckley JD, Clifton PM. Effects of weight loss from a very-low-carbohydrate diet on endothelial function and markers of cardiovascular disease risk in subjects with abdominal obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87:567-576
99. Phillips SA, Jurva JW, Syed AQ, Syed AQ, Kulinski JP, Pleuss J, et al. Benefit of low-fat over low-carbohydrate diet on endothelial health in obesity. Hypertension 2008; 51:376-382
100. Figueroa A, Vicil F, Sanchez-Gonzalez MA, Wong A, Ormsbee MJ, Hooshmand S, et al. Effects of diet and/or low-intensity resistance exercise training on arterial stiffness, adiposity, and lean mass in obese postmenopausal women. Am J Hypertens 2013; 26:416-423
101. Harris RA, Padilla J, Hanlon KP, Rink LD, Wallace JP. The flowmediated dilation response to acute exercise in overweight active and inactive men. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:578-584
102. Watts K, Beye P, Siafarikas A, Davis EA, Jones TW, O'Driscoll G, et al. Exercise training normalizes vascular dysfunction and improves central adiposity in obese adolescents. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43:1823-1827
103. Swift DL, Earnest CP, Blair SN, Church TS. The effect of different doses of aerobic exercise training on endothelial function in postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure: results from the DREW study. Br J Sports Med 2012; 46:753-758
104. Baynard T, Carhart RL Jr, Weinstock RS, Ploutz-Snyder LL, Kanaley JA. Short-term exercise training improves aerobic capacity with no change in arterial function in obesity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 107:299-308
105. Stewart KJ, Bacher AC, Turner KL, Fleg JL, Hees PS, Shapiro EP, et al. Effect of exercise on blood pressure in older persons: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165:756-762
106. Nordstrand N, Gjevestad E, Hertel JK, Johnson LK, Saltvedt E, Roislien J, et al. Arterial stiffness, lifestyle intervention and a low-calorie diet in morbidly obese patients: a nonrandomized clinical trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:690-697
107. Hamdy O, Ledbury S, Mullooly C, Jarema C, Porter S, Ovalle K, et al. Lifestyle modification improves endothelial function in obese subjects with the insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes Care 2003; 26:2119-2125
108. Fayh AP, Lopes AL, da Silva AM, Reischak-Oliveira A, Friedman R. Effects of 5% weight loss through diet or diet plus exercise on cardiovascular parameters of obese: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Nutr 2013; 52:1443-1450
109. Barinas-Mitchell E, Kuller LH, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Hegazi R, Harper P, Mancino J, et al. Effect of weight loss and nutritional intervention on arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29:2218-2222
110. Shechter M, Beigel R, Freimark D, Matetzky S, Feinberg MS. Shortterm sibutramine therapy is associated with weight loss and improved endothelial function in obese patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97:1650-1653
111. O'Leary DH, Reuwer AQ, Nissen SE, Despres JP, Deanfield JE, Brown MW, et al. Effect of rimonabant on carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) progression in patients with abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome: the AUDITOR Trial. Heart 2011; 97:1143-1150
112. Nystrom T, Gutniak MK, Zhang Q, Zhang F, Holst JJ, Ahren B, et al. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on endothelial function in type 2 diabetes patients with stable coronary artery disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 287:E1209-E1215
113. Ceriello A, Esposito K, Testa R, Bonfigli AR, Marra M, Giugliano D. The possible protective role of glucagon-like peptide 1 on endothelium during the meal and evidence for an 'endothelial resistance' to glucagon-like peptide 1 in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011; 34:697-702
114. Gaspari T, Welungoda I, Widdop RE, Simpson RW, Dear AE. The GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide inhibits progression of vascular disease via effects on atherogenesis, plaque stability and endothelial function in an ApoE(-/-) mouse model. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2013; 10:353-360
115. Rizzo M, Chandalia M, Patti AM, Di B, Rizvi V, Montalto AA, et al. Liraglutide decreases carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes: 8-month prospective pilot study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:49
116. Shargorodsky M, Fleed A, Boaz M, Gavish D, Zimlichman R. The effect of a rapid weight loss induced by laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding on arterial stiffness, metabolic and inflammatory parameters in patients with morbid obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30:1632-1638
117. Rider OJ, Tayal U, Francis JM, Ali MK, Robinson MR, Byrne JP, et al. The effect of obesity and weight loss on aortic pulse wave velocity as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:2311-2316
118. Nerla R, Tarzia P, Sestito A, Di MA, Infusino F, Matera D, et al. Effect of bariatric surgery on peripheral flow-mediated dilation and coronary microvascular function. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22:626-634
119. Bigornia SJ, Farb MG, Tiwari S, Karki S, Hamburg NM, Vita JA, et al. Insulin status and vascular responses to weight loss in obesity. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62:2297-2305
120. Tschoner A, Sturm W, Gelsinger C, Ress C, Laimer M, Engl J, et al. Long-term effects of weight loss after bariatric surgery on functional and structural markers of atherosclerosis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:1960-1965
121. Habib P, Scrocco JD, Terek M, Vanek V, Mikolich JR. Effects of bariatric surgery on inflammatory, functional and structural markers of coronary atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 2009; 104:1251-1255
122. Saleh MH, Bertolami MC, Assef JE, Taha MI, De Freitas W Jr, Petisco AC, et al. Improvement of atherosclerotic markers in nondiabetic patients after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg 2012; 22:1701-1707
123. Figueroa A, Wong A, Kinsey A, Kalfon R, Eddy W, Ormsbee MJ. Effects of milk proteins and combined exercise training on aortic hemodynamics and arterial stiffness in young obese women with high blood pressure. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27:338-344
124. Satoh-Asahara N, Shimatsu A, Sasaki Y, Nakaoka H, Himeno A, Tochiya M, et al. Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid increases interleukin-10 levels of peripheral blood monocytes in obese patients with dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care 2012; 35:2631-2639
125. West SG, McIntyre MD, Piotrowski MJ, Poupin N, Miller DL, Preston AG, et al. Effects of dark chocolate and cocoa consumption on endothelial function and arterial stiffness in overweight adults. Br J Nutr 2014; 111:653-661
126. Mattison JA, Wang M, Bernier M, Zhang J, Park SS, Maudsley S, et al. Resveratrol prevents high fat/sucrose diet-induced central arterial wall inflammation and stiffening in nonhuman primates. Cell Metab 2014; 20:183-190
127. Wong RH, Berry NM, Coates AM, Buckley JD, Bryan J, Kunz I, et al. Chronic resveratrol consumption improves brachial flow-mediated dilatation in healthy obese adults. J Hypertens 2013; 31:1819-1827
128. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redon J, Zanchetti A, Bohm M, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2013; 34:2159-2219