From Intrapsychic Moral Awareness to the Role of Social Disruptions, Labeling, and Actions in the Emergence of Moral Issues

Organization Studies

Volumn 35, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 1101-1126

  Parmar, Bidhan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

case study; philosophical analysis of organizations; sensemaking

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922372159     PISSN: 01708406     EISSN: 17413044     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0170840613517595     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. Abelson R. P.Psychological status of the script concept.American Psychologist. 1981;36:715-729
2. Aquinas T.Commentary on the Nicomachean Ethics. Chicago, IL: Regnery; 1964:
3. Nicomachean Ethics. New York: Macmillan; 1962:
4. Ashcraft A. B.,Schuermann T.Understanding the securitization of subprime mortgage credit.Foundations and Trends in Finance. 2008;2:191-309
5. Ashforth B. E.,Anand V.The normalization of corruption in organizations.Research in Organizational Behavior. 2003;25 (3): 1-52
6. Awasthi V. N.Managerial decision-making on moral issues and the effects of teaching ethics.Journal of Business Ethics. 2008;78:207-223
7. Bar-Gill O.,Warren E.Making credit safer.University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 2008;157:1-100
8. Bargh J. A.,Thein R. D.Individual construct accessibility, person memory, and the recall-judgment link: The case of information overload.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1985;49:1129-1146
9. Baucus M. S.,Rechner P. L.Framing and reframing: A process model of ethical decision making.International Association of Business and Society Proceedings. 1995;:2-7
10. Baumeister R. F.,Vohs K. D.,DeWall C. N.,Zhang L.How emotion shapes behavior: Feedback, anticipation, and reflection, rather than direct causation.Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2007;11:167-203
11. Bazerman M. H.Judgment in managerial decision making. (1994). Judgment in managerial decision making, 3rd ed.New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 1994.
12. Bebeau M. J.,Brabeck M. M.Integrating care and justice issues in professional moral education: A gender perspective.Journal of Moral Education. 1987;16:189-203
13. Bigley G. A.,Roberts K. H.The incident command system: High-reliability organizing for complex and volatile task environments.Academy of Management Journal. 2001;44:1281-1299
14. Bird F. B.,Waters J. A.The moral muteness of managers.California Management Review. 1989;32:73-88
15. Blasi A.Bridging moral cognition and moral action: A critical review of the literature.Psychological Bulletin. 1980;88:1-45
16. Blasi A.The moral domain: Essays on the ongoing discussion between philosophy and the social sciences. Wren T., ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1990:38-70.
17. Blodgett J. G.,Lu L.,Rose G. M.,Vitell S. J.Ethical sensitivity to stakeholder interests: A cross-cultural comparison.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. 2001;29:190-202
18. Bowie N. E.Business ethics: A Kantian perspective. Malden, MA: Blackwell; 1999:
19. Boyle B. A.,Dahlstrom R. F.,Kellaris J. J.Points of reference and individual differences as sources of bias in ethical judgments.Journal of Business Ethics. 1998;17:517-525
20. Brief A. P.,Buttram R. T.,Elliot J. D.,Reizenstein R. M.,McCline R. L.Releasing the beast: A study of compliance to use race as a selection criterion.Journal of Social Issues. 1995;51:177-193
21. Brockner J.Making sense of procedural fairness: How high procedural fairness can reduce or heighten the influence of outcome favorability.Academy of Management Review. 2002;27:58-76
22. Brockner J.,Wiesenfeld B. M.An integrative framework for explaining reactions to a decision: The interactive effects of outcomes and procedures.Psychological Bulletin. 1996;120:189-208
23. Bruner J. S.Contemporary approaches to cognition. Gruber H.Hammond K. R.Jesser R., ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1957:41-69.
24. Bruner J. S.Beyond the information given. New York: W. W. Norton & Co; 1973:
25. Butterfield K. D.,Treviño L. K.,Weaver G. R.Moral awareness in business organizations: Influences of issue related and social context factors.Human Relations. 2000;53:981-1018
26. Cherry J.,Lee M.,Chien C.A cross-cultural application of a theoretical model of business ethics: Bridging the gap between theory and data.Journal of Business Ethics. 2003;44:359-376
27. Chia R.Discourse analysis as organizational analysis.Organization. 2000;7:513-518
28. Condry J.,Condry S.Sex differences: A study of the eye of the beholder.Child Development. 1976;47:812-819
29. Conroy S. J.,Emerson T.Business ethics and religion: Religiosity as a predictor of ethical awareness among students.Journal of Business Ethics. 2004;50:383-396
30. Cooren F.The organizing property of communication. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins; 2000:
31. Crary A.Beyond moral judgment. Cambridge, HA: Harvard University Press; 2007:
32. Czarniawska-Joerges B.Narratives in social science research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications; 2004:
33. Darley J. M.,Batson C. D.From Jerusalem to Jericho: A study of situational and dispositional variables in helping behavior.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1973;27:100-108
34. Davidson D.Three varieties of knowledge.Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement. 1991;30:153-166
35. Donaldson T.Editor’s comments: Taking ethics seriously – A mission now more possible.Academy of Management Review. 2003;28:363-366
36. Donaldson T.,Dunfee T. W.Toward a unified conception of business ethics: Integrative social contracts theory.Academy of Management Review. 1994;19:252-284
37. Donaldson T.,Dunfee T. W.Ties that bind: A social contracts approach to business ethics. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press; 1999:
38. Dutton J.,Jackson S.Categorizing strategic issues: Links to organizational action.Academy of Management Review. 1987;12:76-90
39. Eichenwald K.,Henriques D. B.Enron buffed image to shine even as it rotted from within.New York Times. 2002;1:26-27
40. Elm D. R.,Weber J.Measuring moral judgment: The moral judgment interview or the defining issues test?.Journal of Business Ethics. 1994;13:341-355
41. Ericsson K. A.,Simon H. A.How to study thinking in everyday life: Contrasting think-aloud protocols with descriptions and explanations of thinking.Mind, Culture, and Activity. 1998;5:178-186
42. Fairhurst G. T.,Uhl-Bien M.Organizational discourse analysis (ODA): Examining leadership as a relational process.Leadership Quarterly. 2012;23:1043-1062
43. Fiske S. T.,Taylor S. E.Social cognition. New York: McGraw Hill; 1991:
44. Fleischman G.,Valentine S.Professionals’ tax liability assessments and ethical evaluations in an equitable relief innocent spouse case.Journal of Business Ethics. 2003;42:27-44
45. Flynn F.,Wiltermuth S. S.Who’s with me? False consensus, brokerage, and ethical decision making in organizations.Academy of Management Journal. 2010;53:1074-1089
46. Ford R. C.,Richardson W. D.Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature.Journal of Business Ethics. 1994;13:207-224
47. Forte A.Locus of control and the moral reasoning of managers.Journal of Business Ethics. 2005;58:65-77
48. Freeman R. E.Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Boston, MA: Pitman; 1984:
49. Freeman R. E.,Wicks A.,Parmar B.Stakeholder theory and the corporate objective revisited.Organization Science. 2004;15:364-369
50. Friedman M.Capitalism and freedom. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1962:
51. Gentile M. C.New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 2010:
52. Gioia D. A.Pinto fires and personal ethics: A script analysis of missed opportunities.Journal of Business Ethics. 1992;11:379-389
53. Gioia D. A.,Poole P. P.Scripts in organizational behavior.Academy of Management Review. 1984;9:449-459
54. Goffman E.The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Anchor/Doubleday; 1959:
55. Greene J. D.From neutral ‘is’ to moral ‘ought’: What are the moral implications of neuroscientific moral psychology?.Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2003;4:846-849
56. Greene J. D.Emotion and morality: A tasting menu.Emotion Review. 2011;3 (3): 1-3
57. Greene J.,Haidt J.How (and where) does moral judgment work?.Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2002;6:517-523
58. Greenwald A. G.,McGhee D. E.,Schwartz J. L.Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1998;74:1464-1480
59. Greenwood R.,Hinings C. R.Understanding radical organizational change: Bringing together the old and the new institutionalism.Academy of Management Review. 1996;21:1022-1054
60. Greil A. L.,Rudy D. R.Social cocoons: Encapsulation and identity transformation organizations.Sociological Inquiry. 1984;54:260-278
61. Greve H. R.,Palmer D.,Pozner J.Organizations gone wild: The causes, processes, and consequences of organizational misconduct.Academy of Management Annals. 2010;4:53-107
62. Hannah S. T.,Avolio B. J.,May D. R.Moral maturation and moral conation: A capacity approach to explaining moral thought and action.Academy of Management Review. 2012;36:663-685
63. Haidt J.The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment.Psychological Review. 2001;108:814-834
64. Haidt J.,Koller S.,Dias M.Affect, culture, and morality, or is it wrong to eat your dog?.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1993;65:613-628
65. Harris J.,Bromiley P.Incentives to cheat: The influence of executive compensation and firm performance on financial misrepresentation.Organization Science. 2007;18:350-367
66. Harris J. D.,Freeman R. E.The impossibility of the separation thesis.Business Ethics Quarterly. 2009;18:541-548
67. Hartman E. M.Organizational ethics and the good life. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996:
68. Higgins E. T.,King G. A.,Mavin G. H.Individual construct accessibility and subjective impressions and recall.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1982;43:35-47
69. Hunt S. D.,Vitell S. M.A general theory of marketing ethics.Journal of Macromarketing. 1986;6:5-15
70. Jackall R.Moral mazes: The world of corporate managers. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1988:
71. Jones T. M.Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue contingent model.Academy of Management Review. 1991;16:366-395
72. Jones E. E.,Harris V. A.The attribution of attitudes.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 1967;3:1-24
73. Jones T. M.,Ryan L. V.The link between ethical judgment and action in organizations: A moral approbation approach.Organization Science. 1997;8:663-680
74. Jordan J.Taking the first step toward a moral action: An examination of moral sensitivity measurement across domains.Journal of Genetic Psychology. 2007;168:323-359
75. Jordan J.A social cognition framework for examining moral awareness in managers and academics.Journal of Business Ethics. 2009;84:237-258
76. Kant I.Critique of practical reason. Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing; 2002:
77. Kant I.Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs Merrill Co Inc; 1785/1949:
78. Kelman H. C.,Hamilton V. L.Crimes of obedience: Toward a social psychology of authority and responsibility. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 1989:
79. Key S.Organizational ethical culture: Real or imagined?.Journal of Business Ethics. 1999;20:217-225
80. Kidder R. M.How good people make tough choices: Resolving the dilemmas of ethical living. New York: Fireside; 1995:
81. Kohlberg L.Handbook of socialization theory. Goslin D. A., ed. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally; 1969:347-480.
82. Kohlberg L.Essays in moral development, Volume 1: The philosophy of moral development. New York: Harper & Row; 1981:
83. Kohlberg L.,Candee D.Essays in moral development, Vol. 2: The psychology of moral development. Kohlberg L., ed. New York: Harper & Row; 1984:498-581.
84. Krebs D. L.,Denton K.Toward a more pragmatic approach to morality: A critical evaluation of Kohlberg’s model.Psychological Review. 2005;112:629-649
85. Krebs D. L.,Denton K.Explanatory limitations of cognitive-developmental approaches to morality.Psychological Review. 2006;113:672-675
86. Krebs D.,Janicki M.The psychological foundations of culture. Schaller M.Crandall C., ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Elrbaum Associates; 2004:125-148.
87. Lakoff G.,Johnson M.Metaphors we live by. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1980:
88. Lee M. T.,Ermann M. D.Pinto “madness” as a flawed landmark narrative: An organizational and network analysis.Social Problems. 1999;46 (1): 30-47
89. Loe T. L.,Ferrell L.,Mansfield P.A review of empirical studies assessing ethical decision making in business.Journal of Business Ethics. 2000;25:185-204
90. Maguire S.,Hardy C.Discourse and deinstitutionalization: The decline of DDT.Academy of Management Journal. 2009;52:148-178
91. Mandler G.Mind and body: Psychology of Emotion and Stress. New York: W. W. Norton; 1984:
92. McCabe D.,Treviño L. K.,Butterfield K.The influence of collegiate and corporate codes of conduct on ethics-related behavior in the workplace.Business Ethics Quarterly. 1996;6:441-460
93. Messick D. M.,Kramer R. M.Codes of conduct. Messick D. M.Tenbrunsel A. E., ed. New York: Russell Sage; 1996:59-85.
94. Milgram S.Obedience to authority: An experimental view. New York: Harper & Row; 1974:
95. Mill J. S.Utilitarianism. Cambridge, MA: Hackett Press; 1861:
96. Moberg D.Ethics blind spots in organizations: How systematic errors in person perception undermine moral agency.Organization Studies. 2006;27:413-428
97. Molinsky A. L.,Margolis J. D.Necessary evils and interpersonal sensitivity in organizations.Academy of Management Review. 2005;30:245-268
98. Monin B.,Pizarro D.,Beer J.Deciding vs. reacting: Conceptions of moral judgment and the reason-affect debate.Review of General Psychology. 2007;11 (2): 99-111
99. Moore G.Re-imagining the morality of management: A modern virtue ethics approach.Business Ethics Quarterly. 2008;18:483-511
100. Moore D.,Loewenstein G.Self-interest, automaticity, and the psychology of conflict of interest.Social Justice Research. 2004;17:189-202
101. Murdoch IrisThe sovereignty of good. London: Routledge; 2001
102. Nisbett R.,Wilson T.Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.Psychological Review. 1977;84:231-259
103. O’Fallon M. J.,Butterfield K. D.A review of the empirical ethical decision making literature: 1996–2003.Journal of Business Ethics. 2005;59:375-413
104. Painter-Morland M. J.Business ethics as practice. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press; 2008:
105. Phillips N.,Hardy C.Discourse analysis: Investigating processes of social construction. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications; 2002:
106. Piaget J.The language and thought of the child. Cleveland, OH: Meridian; 1955:
107. Proulx T.,Heine S. J.The frog in Kierkegaard’s beer: Finding meaning in the threat-compensation literature.Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2010;10:889-905
108. Psathas G.Conversation analysis: The study of talk-in-interaction. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications; 1994:
109. Putnam H.Realism with a human face. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1990:
110. Raiborn C. A.,Payne D.Corporate codes of conduct: A collective conscience and continuum.Journal of Business Ethics. 1990;9:879-889
111. Rest J. R.Development in judging moral issues. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; 1979:
112. Rest J. R.Moral development: Advances in research and theory. New York: Praeger; 1986:
113. Reynolds S. J.A neurocognitive model of the ethical decision making process: Implications for study and practice.Journal of Applied Psychology. 2006a;91:737-748
114. Reynolds S. J.Moral awareness and ethical predispositions: Investigating the role of individual differences in the recognition of moral issues.Journal of Applied Psychology. 2006b;91:233-243
115. Reynolds S. J.Moral attentiveness: Who pays attention to the moral aspects of life?.Journal of Applied Psychology. 2008;93:1027-1041
116. Rochlin G. I.New challenges to understanding organizations. Roberts K. H., ed. New York: Macmillan; 1993:
117. Rorty R.Philosophy and the mirror of nature. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1979:
118. Schacter D. L.Searching for memory: The brain, the mind, and the past. New York: Basic Books; 1996:
119. Sen A.Does business ethics make economic sense?.Business Ethics Quarterly. 1993;3:45-54
120. Shaub M. K.,Finn D. W.,Munter P.The effects of auditors’ ethical orientation on commitment and ethical sensitivity.Behavioral Research in Accounting. 1993;5:145-169
121. Singhapakdi A.,Marta J. K.,Rallapalli K. C.,Rao C. P.Toward an understanding of religiousness and marketing ethics: An empirical study.Journal of Business Ethics. 2000;27:305-319
122. Sitkin S. B.,Sutcliffe K. M.,Schroeder R. G.Distinguishing control from learning in total quality management: A contingency perspective.Academy of Management Review. 1994;19:537-564
123. Solomon R.Aristotle, ethics, and business organizations.Organization Studies. 2004;25:1021-1043
124. Sonenshein S.The role of construction, intuition and justification in responding to ethical issues at work: The sensemaking-intuition model.Academy of Management Review. 2007;32:1022-1040
125. Sonenshein S.The emergence of ethical issues during strategic change implementation.Organization Science. 2009;20:223-239
126. Soule E.Managing moral strategies: In search of a few good principles.Academy of Management Review. 2002;27:114-124
127. Tenbrunsel A. E.,Messick D. M.Sanctioning systems, decision frames, and cooperation.Administrative Science Quarterly. 1999;44:684-707
128. Tenbrunsel A. E.,Messick D. M.Ethical fading: The role of self-deception in unethical behavior.Social Justice Research. 2004;17:223-236
129. Tenbrunsel A. E.,Smith-Crowe K.Ethical decision making: Where we’ve been and where we’re going.Academy of Management Annals. 2008;2:545-607
130. Tenbrunsel A.E.,Smith-Crowe K.,Umphress E. E.Building houses on rocks: The role of the ethical infrastructure in organizations.Social Justice Research. 2003;16:285-307
131. Tetlock P. E.Cognitive biases and organizational correctives: Do both disease and cure depend on the politics of the beholder?.Administrative Science Quarterly. 2000;45 (2): 293-326
132. Treviño L. K.Ethical decision making in organizations: A person-situation interactionist model.Academy of Management Review. 1986;11:601-617
133. Treviño L. K.The social effects of punishment in organizations: A justice perspective.Academy of Management Review. 1992;17:647-676
134. Treviño L. K.,Butterfield K. D.,McCabe D. L.The ethical context in organizations: Influences on employee attitudes and behaviors.Business Ethics Quarterly. 1998;8:447-476
135. Treviño L. K.,Weaver G. R.,Reynolds S.Behavioral ethics in organizations: A review.Journal of Management. 2006;32:951-990
136. Treviño L. K.,Youngblood S. A.Bad apples in bad barrels: A causal analysis of ethical decision-making behavior.Journal of Applied Psychology. 1990;75:378-385
137. Walzer M.Law, politics, and morality in Judaism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 2006:
138. Warren D. E.,Smith-Crowe K.Deciding what’s right: The role of external sanctions and embarrassment in shaping moral judgments in the workplace.Research in Organizational Behavior. 2008;28:81-105
139. Waters J. A.,Bird F.The moral muteness of managers.California Management Review. 1989;32:73-88
140. Weick K. E.Theory construction as disciplined imagination.Academy of Management Review. 1989;14:516-531
141. Weick K. E.Sensemaking in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications; 1995:
142. Weick K. E.,Roberts K. H.Collective mind in organizations: Heedful interrelating on flight decks.Administrative Science Quarterly. 1993;38:357-381
143. Weick K. E.,Sutcliffe K. M.,Obstfeld D.Organizing and the process of sensemaking.Organization Science. 2005;16:409-421
144. Weick K. E.,Sutcliffe K. M.,Obstfeld D.Organizing for high reliability: Processes of collective mindfulness.Crisis Management. 2008;3:81-123
145. Weick K.,Sutcliffe K.,Obstfeld D.Organizing and the process of sensemaking.Handbook of Decision Making. 2009;16 (4): 83
146. Werhane P. H.Moral imagination and systems thinking.Journal of Business Ethics. 2002;38:33-42
147. Wicks A. C.Overcoming the separation thesis: The need for a reconsideration of SIM research.Business & Society. 1996;35:89-118
148. Wittgenstein L.Philosophical investigations. Oxford: Blackwell; 1953:
149. Vaughn D.The Challenger launch decision: Risky technology, culture, and deviance at NASA. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1996:
150. Zimbardo P.The Lucifer effect. New York: Random House; 2007: