Deciding Versus Reacting: Conceptions of Moral Judgment and the Reason-Affect Debate

Review of General Psychology

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 99-111

  Monin, Benoît ^a   Pizarro, David A ^b   Beer, Jennifer S ^c  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

dilemmas; emotion; moral judgment; reason; self regulation

Indexed keywords

EID: 34548829692     PISSN: 10892680     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/1089-2680.11.2.99     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Anderson C.J. The psychology of doing nothing: Forms of decision avoidance result from reason and emotion. Psychology Bulletin 129 (2003) 139-167
2. Aquino K., and Reed A.I.I. The self-importance of moral identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 (2002) 1423-1440
3. Ayer A.J. Language, Truth and Logic. 1st Dover ed. (1952), Dover Publications, New York
4. Baker W.E. America's crisis of values: Reality and perception (2005), Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
5. Bargh J.A. The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition. In: Wyer Jr. R.S., and Srull T.K. (Eds). Handbook of social cognition 1 (1994), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 1-40
6. Baumeister R.F., Bratslavsky E., Muraven M., and Tice D.M. Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1998) 1252-1265
7. Baumeister R.F., and Exline J.J. Virtue, personality, and social relations: Self-control as the moral muscle. Journal of Personality 67 (1999) 1165-1194
8. Baumeister R.F., and Vohs K.D. Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory and applications (2004), Guilford Press, New York
9. Blasi A. Bridging moral cognition and moral action: A critical review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin 88 (1980) 1-45
10. Blasi A. Moral development and moral action: A theoretical perspective. Developmental review 3 (1983) 178-210
11. Blasi A. Moral functioning: Moral understanding and personality. In: Lapsley D.K., and Narvaez D. (Eds). Moral development, self and identity: Essays in honor of Augusto Blasi (2004), Erlbaum & Associates, Mahwah, NJ
12. Bodenhausen G.V., Sheppard L., and Kramer G.P. Negative affect and social perception: The differential impact of anger and sadness. European Journal of Social Psychology 24 (1994) 45-62
13. Candee D., and Kohlberg L. Moral judgment and moral action: A reanalysis of Haan, Smith, and Block's (1968). Free speech movement data. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987) 554-564
14. Colby A., and Kohlberg L. The measurement of moral judgment 1 (1987), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
15. Dijksterhuis A. Think different: The merits of unconscious thought in preference development and decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87 5 (2004) 586-598
16. Epley N., and Dunning D. Feeling "holier than thou": Are self-serving assessments produced by errors in self- or social prediction?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79 (2000) 861-875
17. Giner-Sorolla R. Guilty pleasures and grim necessities: Affective attitudes in dilemmas of self-control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80 (2001) 206-221
18. Greene J., and Haidt J. How (and where) does moral judgment work?. Trends in cognitive sciences 6 (2002) 517-523
19. Greene J.D., Nystrom L.E., Engell A.D., Darley J.M., and Cohen J.D. The neural bases of cognitive conflict and control in moral judgment. Neuron 44 (2004) 389-400
20. Greene J.D., Sommerville R.B., Nystrom L.E., Darley J.M., and Cohen J.D. An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science 293 (2001) 2105-2108
21. Greenwald A.G., and Banaji M.R. Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review 102 (1995) 4-27
22. Haidt J. The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review 108 (2001) 814-834
23. Haidt J. The moral emotions. In: Davidson R.J., Scherer K.R., and Goldsmith H.H. (Eds). Handbook of affective sciences (2002), Oxford University Press, Oxford 852-870
24. Haidt J. The emotional dog does learn new tricks: A reply to Pizarro and Bloom (2003). Psychological Review 110 (2003) 197-198
25. Haidt J., Koller S.H., and Dias M.G. Affect, culture and morality, or Is it wrong to eat your dog?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (1993) 613-628
26. Hoffman M.L. Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice (2000), Cambridge University Press, New York
27. Hume D. An enquiry concerning the principles of morals (1969), Open Court, La Salle, IL Original work published 1777
28. Kagan J. The nature of the child (1984), Basic Books, New York
29. Kahneman D., and Frederick S. Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment. In: Gilovich T., Griffin D., and Kahneman D. (Eds). Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment (2002), Cambridge University Press, New York 49-81
30. Kant, I. (1959). Foundation of the metaphysics of morals. (L. W. Beck, Trans.). Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill. (Original work published 1785)
31. nd yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education (1963), University of Chicago Press, Chicago
32. Kohlberg L. Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In: Goslin D.A. (Ed). Handbook of socialization theory and research (1969), Rand McNally, Chicago 347-480
33. Kohlberg L., and Candee D. The relationship of moral judgment to moral action. In: Kurtines W.M., and Gerwitz J.L. (Eds). Morality, moral behavior, and moral development (1984), Wiley, New York
34. Krebs D.L., and Denton K. Toward a more pragmatic approach to morality: A critical evaluation of Kohlberg's model. Psychological Review 112 (2005) 629-649
35. Lamont M. Money, morals and manners: The culture of the French and American upper-middle class (1992), University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL
36. Lapsley D.K., and Narvaez D. A Social-cognitive approach to the moral personality. In: Lapsley D.K., and Narvaez D. (Eds). Moral development, self and identity (2004), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 189-212
37. Lazarus R.S. Emotion and adaptation (1991), Oxford University Press, New York
38. Lerner J., and Keltner D. Fear, anger, and risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81 (2001) 146-159
39. Loewenstein G.F., Weber E.U., Hsee C.K., and Welch N. Risk as feelings. Psychology Bulletin 127 (2001) 267-286
40. Luce M.F., Bettman J.R., and Payne J.W. Choice processing in emotionally difficult decisions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 23 (1997) 384-405
41. Mellers B., Schwartz A., and Ritov I. Emotion-based choice. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 128 (1999) 332-345
42. Mischel W., and Ebbesen E.B. Attention in delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16 (1970) 239-337
43. Mischel W., Shoda Y., and Rodriguez M.L. Delay of gratification in children. Science 244 (1989) 933-938
44. Moll J., Eslinger P.J., and Oliveira-Souza R. Frontopolar and anterior temporal cortex activation in a moral judgment task: Preliminary functional MRI results in normal subjects. Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria 59 (2001) 657-664
45. Moll J., Oliveira-Souza R., Bramati I.E., and Grafman J. Functional networks in emotional moral and nonmoral social judgments. Neuroimage 16 (2002) 696-703
46. Moll J., Oliveira-Souza R., Eslinger P.J., Bramati I.E., Mourão-Miranda J., Andreiuolo P.A., et al. The neural correlates of moral sensitivity: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of basic and moral emotions. The Journal of Neuroscience 22 (2002) 2730-2736
47. Monin B., and Miller D.T. Moral credentials and the expression of prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81 (2001) 33-43
48. Monin, B., Pizarro, D., & Beer, J. (in press). Emotion and reason in moral judgment: Different prototypes lead to different theories. In K. D. Vohs, R. F. Baumeister, & G. Loewenstein (Eds.), Do emotions help or hurt decision making? New York: Russell Sage Foundation Press.
49. Monin, B., Sawyer, P., & Marquez, M. (2007). Resenting those who do the right thing: Why do people dislike moral rebels? Unpublished manuscript.
50. Nisbett R., and Wilson T.D. Telling more than we know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review 84 (1977) 231-295
51. Nucci L. Reflections on the moral self construct. In: Lapsley D.K., and Narvaez D. (Eds). Moral development, self and identity: Essays in honor of Augusto Blasi (2004), Erlbaum & Associates, Mahwah, NJ
52. Nucci L.P., and Turiel E. Social interactions and the development of social concepts in preschool children. Child Development 49 (1978) 400-407
53. Piaget J. The moral judgment of the child (1932), Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich, New York
54. Pizarro D.A., and Bloom P. The intelligence of the moral intuitions: A comment on Haidt (2001). Psychological Review 110 (2003) 193-196
55. Pizarro D.A., Uhlmann E., and Salovey P. Asymmetry in judgments of moral blame and praise: The role of perceived metadesires. Psychological Science 14 (2003) 267-272
56. Prinz J. The emotional construction of morals (2006), Oxford University Press, Oxford
57. Rest J., Narvaez D., Bebeau M.J., and Thoma S.J. Postconventional moral thinking: A neo-Kohlbrergian approach (1999), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ
58. Rest J. The major components of morality. In: Kurtines W., and Gerwitz J. (Eds). Morality, moral development and moral behavior (1984), Wiley, New York 24-38
59. Rest J.R. Moral development: Advances in research and theory (1986), Praeger, New York
60. Rozin P. The process of moralization. Psychological Science 10 (1999) 218-221
61. Rozin P., Lowery L., Imada S., and Haidt J. The CAD triad hypothesis: A mapping between three moral emotions (contempt, anger, disgust) and three moral codes (community, autonomy, divinity). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 (1999) 574-586
62. Rozin P., Markwith M., and Stoess C. Moralization and becoming a vegetarian: The transformation of preferences into values and the recruitment of disgust. Psychological Science 8 (1997) 67-73
63. Rozin P., and Singh L. The moralization of cigarette smoking in the United States. Journal of Consumer Psychology 8 (1999) 339-342
64. Scherer K. Emotion as a multicomponent process: A model and some cross-cultural data. In: Shaver P. (Ed). Review of personality and social psychology: Emotions, relationships, and health (1984), Sage, Beverly Hills, CA 37-63
65. Schmeichel B.J., Vohs K.D., and Baumeister R.F. Intellectual performance and ego depletion: Role of the self in logical reasoning and other information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85 (2003) 33-46
66. Schwarz N., and Clore G.L. Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45 (1983) 513-523
67. Shaw L.L., Batson C.D., and Todd R.M. Empathy avoidance: Forestalling feeling for another in order to escape the motivational consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 (1994) 879-887
68. Simon H. Motivational and emotional controls of cognition. In: Simon H. (Ed). Models of thought (1967), Yale University Press, New Haven, CT 29-38
69. Swann Jr. W.B., Pelham B.W., and Krull D.S. Agreeable fancy or disagreeable truth: Reconciling self-enhancement and self-verification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57 (1989) 782-791
70. Tangney J.P., and Dearing R.L. Shame and guilt (2002), Guilford Press, New York
71. Tetlock P.E., Kristel O.V., Elson S.B., and Green M.C. The psychology of the unthinkable: Taboo trade-offs, forbidden base rates, and heretical counterfactuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 (2000) 853-870
72. Turiel E. The development of social knowledge: Morality and convention (1990), Cambridge University Press
73. Vohs, K. D., Baumeister, R. F., & Loewenstein, G. (in preparation). Do emotions help or hurt decision making? New York: Russell Sage Foundation Press.
74. Vohs K.D., and Faber R.J. Spent Resources: Self-regulatory Resource Availability Affects Impulse Buying. Journal of Consumer Research 33 (2007) 537-547
75. Vohs K.D., and Heatherton T.F. Self-regulation failure: A resource-depletion approach. Psychological Science 11 (2000) 249-254
76. Wicklund R.A., and Gollwitzer P.M. Symbolic self-completion (1982), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
77. Wolfe A. Moral freedom: The search for virtue in a world of choice (2001), Norton, New York
78. Zajonc R.B. Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist 35 (1980) 151-175