An integrative framework for explaining reactions to decisions: Interactive effects of outcomes and procedures

Psychological Bulletin

Volumn 120, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 189-208

  Brockner, Joel ^a   Wiesenfeld, Batia M ^b,c  

^a Columbia University ^*  (United States)

^b NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATTITUDE; CONTROL; DECISION MAKING; GROUP PROCESS; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; JOB SATISFACTION; MOTIVATION; REVIEW; SOCIAL JUSTICE;

ATTITUDE; DECISION MAKING; GROUP PROCESSES; HUMANS; INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; JOB SATISFACTION; MOTIVATION; SOCIAL JUSTICE;

EID: 0030240445     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.120.2.189     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 267-299). New York: Academic Press.
2. Adler, J. W., Hensler, D. R., & Nelson, C. E. (1983). Simple justice: How litigants fare in the Pittsburgh Court Arbitration Program. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
3. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
4. Bem, D. J. (1972). Self-perception theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 6, pp. 2-62). New York: Academic Press.
5. Bies, R. J. (1987). The predicament of injustice: The management of moral outrage. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 9, pp. 289-319). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
6. Bies, R. J., & Moag, J. S. (1986). Interactional justice: Communication criteria of fairness. In R. J. Lewicki, B. H. Sheppard, & M. Bazerman (Eds.), Research on negotiation in organizations (Vol. 1, pp. 43-55). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
7. Bies, R. J., Shapiro, D. L., & Cummings, L. L. (1988). Causal accounts and managing organizational conflict: Is it enough to say it's not my fault? Communication Research, 15, 381-399.
8. Brockner, J. (1988). Self-esteem at work: Research, theory, and practice. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
9. Brockner, J., DeWitt, R. L., Grover, S., & Reed, T. (1990). When it is especially important to explain why: Factors affecting the relationship between managers' explanations of a layoffand survivors' reactions to the layoff. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 389-407.
10. Brockner, J., Konovsky, M., Cooper-Schneider, R., Folger, R., Martin, C. L., & Bies, R. J. (1994). The interactive effects of procedural justice and outcome negativity on the victims and survivors of job loss. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 397-409.
11. Brockner, J., Wiesenfeld, B. M., & Martin, C. L. (1995). Decision frame, procedural justice, and survivors' reactions to job layoffs. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 63, 59-68.
12. Campbell, J. D. (1990). Self-esteem and the clarity of the self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 538-549.
13. Cropanzano, R., & Folger, R. (1989). Referent cognitions and task decision autonomy: Beyond equity theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 293-299.
14. Cropanzano, R., & Folger, R. (1991). Procedural justice and worker motivation. In R. M. Steers & L. W. Porter (Eds.), Motivation and work behavior (2nd ed., pp. 131-143). New York: McGraw-Hill.
15. Cropanzano, R., & Konovsky, M. A. (1995). Resolving the justice dilemma by improving the outcomes: The case of employee drug screening. Journal of Business and Psychology, 10, 221-243.
16. Daly, J. P. (1994, November). Explaining changes to employees: The influence of justifications and change outcomes on employees' fairness judgments. Paper presented at the meeting of the Southern Management Association, New Orleans, LA.
17. Daly, J. P., & Geyer, P. D. (1995). Procedural fairness and organizational commitment under conditions of growth and decline. Social Justice Research, 8, 137-151.
18. deCharms, R. (1968). Personal causation: The internal affective determinants of behavior. New York: Academic Press.
19. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Press.
20. Dipboye, R. L., & de Pontbriand, R. (1981). Correlates of employee reactions to performance appraisals and appraisal systems. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 248-251.
21. Folger, R. (1986). Rethinking equity theory: A referent cognitions model. In H. W. Bierhoff, R. L. Cohen, & J. Greenberg (Eds.), Justice in social relations (pp. 145-162). New York: Plenum Press.
22. Folger, R. (1987). Reformulating the preconditions of resentment: A referent cognitions model. In J. C. Masters & W. P. Smith (Eds.), Social comparison, justice, and relative deprivation: Theoretical, empirical, and policy perspectives (pp. 183-215). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
23. Folger, R. (1992, March). Ethical dimensions and paradoxes arising from mass layoffs. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics, Irvine, CA.
24. Folger, R. (1993). Reactions to mistreatment at work. In J. K. Murnighan (Ed.), Social psychology in organizations: Advances in theory and research (pp. 161-183). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
25. Folger, R., & Bies, R. J. (1989). Managerial responsibilities and procedural justice. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2, 79-90.
26. Folger, R., & Konovsky, M. (1989). Effects of procedural and distributive justice on reactions to pay raise decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 115-130.
27. Folger, R., & Martin, C. L. (1986). Relative deprivation and referent cognitions: Distributive and procedural justice effects. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 531-546.
28. Folger, R., Rosenfield, D., & Hays, R. P. (1978). Equity and intrinsic motivation: The role of choice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 557-564.
29. Folger, R., Rosenfield, D., Hays, R., & Grove, R. (1978). Justice vs. justification effects on productivity: Reconciling equity and dissonance findings. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 22, 465-473.
30. Folger, R., Rosenfield, D., & Robinson, T. (1983). Relative deprivation and procedural justification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 268-273.
31. Gilliland, S. W. (1994). Effects of procedural and distributive justice on reactions to a selection system. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 691-701.
32. Gilliland, S. W., & Beckstein, B. (1995). Procedural and distributive justice in the editorial review process. Manuscript under review.
33. Greenberg, J. (1987). Reactions to procedural injustice in payment allocations: Do the means justify the ends? Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 55-61.
34. Greenberg, J. (1990). Organizational justice: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16, 399-432.
35. Greenberg, J. (1993). Stealing in the name of justice: Informational and interpersonal moderators of theft reactions to underpayment inequity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 54, 81-103.
36. Greenberg, J. (1994). Using socially fair treatment to promote acceptance of a work site smoking ban. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 288-297.
37. Heatherton, T. F., & Polivy, J. (1991). Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 895-910.
38. Homans, G. C. (1961). Social behaviour: Its elementary forms. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
39. Konovsky, M. A. (1995). Unpublished raw data. Tulane University, New Orleans, LA.
40. Korsgaard, M. A., Schweiger, D. M., & Sapienza, H. J. (1995). The role of procedural justice in building commitment, attachment, and trust in strategic decision-making teams. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 60-84.
41. LaTour, S. (1978). Determinants of participant and observer satisfaction with adversary and inquisitorial modes of adjudication. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1531-1545.
42. Lerner, M. J., & Lerner, S. C. (1981). The justice motive in social behavior. New York: Plenum Press.
43. Leung, K., & Li, W. (1990). Psychological mechanisms of process-control effects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 613-620.
44. Leventhal, G. S., Karuza, J., & Fry, W. R. (1980). Beyond fairness: A theory of allocation preferences. In G. Mikula (Ed.), Justice and social interaction (pp. 167-218). New York: Springer-Verlag.
45. Lind, E. A. (1994a, August). Discussant's comments. Speech presented at the Academy of Management Conference, Dallas, TX.
46. Lind, E. A. (1994b). Procedural justice and acceptance of legal authority. Unpublished manuscript, American Bar Foundation, Chicago, IL.
47. Lind, E. A., Kurtz, S., Musante, L., Walker, L., & Thibaut, J. (1980). Procedure and outcome effects on reactions to adjudicated resolution of conflicts of interest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 643-653.
48. Lind, E. A., & Lissak, R. I. (1985). Apparent impropriety and procedural fairness judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 338-350.
49. Lind, E. A., & Tyler, T. R. (1988). The social psychology of procedural justice. New York: Plenum Press.
50. Magner, N. R. (in press). The interactive effects of participation and outcome favorability on turnover intentions and evaluations of supervisors. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology.
51. Magner, N. R., Rahman, M., & Welker, R. B. (1995). The interactive effect of outcome favorability and procedural justice in work resource allocation on work performance. Manuscript submitted for publication.
52. McFarlin, D. B., & Sweeney, P. D. (1992). Distributive and procedural justice as predictors of satisfaction with personal and organizational outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 35, 626-637.
53. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
54. Mellor, S. (1992). The influence of layoff severity on postlayoff union commitment among survivors: The moderating effect of the perceived legitimacy of a layoff account. Personnel Psychology, 45, 579-600.
55. Messick, D. M., & Sentis, K. P. (1979). Fairness and preference. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 418-434.
56. Parks, J. M. (1995). [Unpublished raw data]. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
57. Pyszcznski, T. A., & Greenberg, J. (1981). Role of disconfirmed expectancies in the instigation of attributional processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 31-38.
58. Ross, M., & Sicoly, F. (1979). Egocentric biases in availability and attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 322-336.
59. Rousseau, D. M., & Parks, J. M. (1993). The contracts of individuals and organizations. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 15, pp. 1-43). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
60. Rubin, Z., & Peplau, L. A. (1975). Who believes in a just world? Journal of Social Issues, 31, 65-89.
61. Sapienza, H. J., & Korsgaard, M. A. (1996). Procedural justice in entrepreneur-investor relations. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 544-574.
62. Schaubroeck, J., May, D. R., & Brown, F. W. (1994). Procedural justice explanations and employee reactions to economic hardship: A field experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 455-460.
63. Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219-247.
64. Schroth, H. A., & Shah, P. P. (1993). Procedures: Do we really want to know them? Manuscript under review.
65. Shapiro, D. L. (1991). The effect of explanations on negative reactions to deceit. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, 614-630.
66. Shapiro, D. L., Buttner, E. H., & Barry, B. (1994). Explanations: What factors enhance their perceived adequacy? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 58, 346-368.
67. Sweeney, P. D., & McFarlin, D. B. (1993). Workers' evaluations of the 'ends' and the 'means': An examination of four models of distributive and procedural justice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 55, 23-40.
68. Tajfel, U., & Turner, J. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
69. Taylor, D. M., Moghaddam, F. M., Gamble, I., & Zellerer, E. (1987). Disadvantaged group responses to perceived inequality: From passive acceptance to collective action. Journal of Social Psychology, 127(3), 259-272.
70. Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social-psychological perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210.
71. Thibaut, J., & Walker, L. (1975). Procedural justice: A psychological analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
72. Trevino, L. (1993). [Unpublished raw data]. Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
73. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124-1131.
74. Tyler, T. R. (1995). [Unpublished raw data]. University of California, Berkeley.
75. Tyler, T. R., & Bies, R. J. (1990). Beyond formal procedures: The interpersonal context of procedural justice. In J. Carroll (Ed.), Applied social psychology and organizational settings (pp. 77-98). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
76. Tyler, T. R., & Caine, A. (1981). The influence of outcomes and procedures on satisfaction with formal leaders. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 642-655.
77. Tyler, T. R., & Lind, E. A. (1992). A relational model of authority in groups. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 115-191). New York: Academic Press.
78. van den Bos, K., Vermunt, R., & Wilke, H. A. M. (1995). The relationship between procedural and distributive justice: What is fair depends more on what comes first than on what comes next. Manuscript submitted for publication.
79. Walker, L., LaTour, S., Lind, E. A., & Thibaut, J. (1974). Reactions of participants and observers to modes of adjudication. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 4, 295-310.
80. Walster, E., Walster, W., & Berscheid, E. (1978). Equity: Theory and research. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
81. Weiner, B. (1974). Achievement motivation and attribution theory. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
82. Weinstein, N. D. (1980). Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 806-820.
83. Wong, P. T. P., & Weiner, B. (1981). When people ask "why" questions, and the heuristics of attributional search. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 650-663.