Performance and cognitive alterations

Pharmacology and Treatment of Substance Abuse: Evidence- and Outcome-Based Perspectives

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 41-62

  Vandrey, Ryan G ^a   Mintzer, Miriam Z ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84921275102     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203893357     Document Type: Chapter

References (151)

1. Abel, E. L. (1971a). Marihuana and memory: Acquisition or retrieval? Science, 173, 1038–1040.
2. Abel, E. L. (1971b). Retrieval of information after use of marihuana. Nature, 231, 58.
3. Abramson, H. A., Jarvik, M. E., & Hirsch, M. W. (1955a). Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25): VII. Effect upon two measures of motor performance. The Journal of Psychology, 39, 455–464.
4. Abramson, H. A., Jarvik, M. E., & Hirsch, M. W. (1955b). Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25): X. Effect on reaction time to auditory and visual stimuli. The Journal of Psychology, 40, 39–52.
5. Bacon, E., Danion, J. M., Kauffmann-Muller, F., Schelstraete, M. A., Bruant, A., Sellal, F., et al. (1998). Confidence level and feeling of knowing for episodic and semantic memory: An investigation of lorazepam effects on metamemory. Psychopharmacology, 138, 318–325.
6. Barbone, F., McMahon, A. D., Davey, P. G., Morris, A. D., Reid, I. C., McDevitt, D. G., et al. (1998). Association of road-traffic accidents with benzodiazepine use. Lancet, 352, 1331–1336.
7. Barker, M. J., Greenwood, K. M., Jackson, M., & Crowe, S. F. (2004a). Cognitive effects of long-term benzodiazepine use: A meta-analysis. CNS Drugs, 18, 37–48.
8. Barker, M. J., Greenwood, K. M., Jackson, M., & Crowe, S. F. (2004b). Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: A meta-analysis. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 19, 437–454.
9. Bates, M. E., Bowden, S. C., & Barry, D. (2002). Neurocognitive impairment associated with alcohol use disorders: Implications for treatment. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 10, 193–212.
10. Beardsley, P. M., & Kelly, T. H. (1999). Acute effects of cannabis on human behavior and central nervous system functions. In H. Kalant, W. A. Corrigall, W. Hall, & R. G. Smart (Eds.), The health effects of cannabis(pp. 127–170). Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.
11. Belgrave, B. E., Bird, K. D., Chesher, G. B., Jackson, D. M., Lubbe, K. E., Starmer, G. A., et al. (1979). The effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, alone and in combination with ethanol, on human performance. Psychopharmacology, 62, 53–60.
12. Bishop, K. I., Curran, H. V., & Lader, M. (1996). Do scopolamine and lorazepam have dissociable effects on human memory systems? A dose-response study with normal volunteers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 4, 292–299.
13. Bolla, K. I., Eldreth, D. A., Matochik, J. A., & Cadet, J. L. (2005). Neural substrates of faulty decisionmaking in abstinent marijuana users. Neuroimage, 26, 480–492.
14. Bond, A., Silveira, J. C., & Lader, M. (1991). Effects of single doses of alprazolam and alcohol alone and in combination on psychological performance. Human Psychopharmacology,6, 219–228.
15. Bornovalova, M. A., Daughters, S. B., Hernandez, G. D., Richards, J. B., & Lejuez, C. W. (2005). Differences in impulsivity and risk-taking propensity between primary users of crack cocaine and primary users of heroin in a residential substance-use program. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 13, 311–318.
16. Busto, U. E., Bremner, K. E., Knight, K., terBrugge, K., & Sellers, E. M. (2000). Long-term benzodi-azepine therapy does not result in brain abnormalities. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology,20, 2–6.
17. Cami, J., Farre, M., Mas, M., Roset, P. N., Poudevida, S., Mas, A., et al. (2000). Human psychop-harmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymeth-amphetamine (Ecstasy): Psychomotor performance and subjective effects. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20, 455–466.
18. Chait, L. D., & Perry, J. L. (1994). Acute and residual effects of alcohol and marijuana, alone and in combination, on mood and performance. Psychopharmacology, 15, 340–349.
19. Coffey, S. F., Gudleski, G. D., Saladin, M. E., & Brady, K. T. (2003). Impulsivity and rapid discounting of delayed hypothetical rewards in cocaine-dependent individuals. Experimental and Clinical Psychpharmacology,11, 18–25.
20. Cone, E. J., Johnson, R. E., Moore, J. D., & Roache, J. D. (1986). Acute effects of smoking marijuana on hormones subjective effects and performance in male human subjects. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 24, 1749–1754.
21. Cooney, N. L., Kadden, R. M., Litt, M. D., & Getter, H. (1991). Matching alcoholics to coping skills or interactional therapies: Two-year follow-up results. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 598–601.
22. Curran, H. V. (2000). Psychopharmacological approaches to human memory. In: M.S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The new cognitive neurosciences(2nd ed., pp. 797–804). Boston: MIT Press.
23. Curran, H. V., & Birch, B. (1991). Differentiating the sedative, psychomotor and amnesic effects of benzodiazepines: A study with midazolam and the benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil. Psychopharmacology, 103, 519–523.
24. Curran, H. V., Brignell, C., Fletcher, S., Middleton, P., & Henry, J. (2002). Cognitive and subjective dose-response effects of acute oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in infrequent cannabis users. Psychopharmacology, 164, 61–70.
25. Curran, H. V., Pooviboonsuk, P., Dalton, J. A., & Lader, M. H. (1998). Differentiating the effects of centrally acting drugs on arousal and memory: An event-related potential study of scopolamine, lorazepam and diphenhydramine. Psychopharmacology, 135, 27–36.
26. Danion, J. M., Zimmermann, M. A., Willard-Schroeder, D., Grange, D., & Singer, L. (1989). Diazepam induces a dissociation between explicit and implicit memory. Psychopharmacology, 99, 238–243.
27. Dom, G., D’haene, P., Hulstijn, W., & Sabbe, B. (2006). Impulsivity in abstinent early- and late-onset alcoholics: Differences in self-report measures and a discounting task. Addiction,101, 50–59.
28. Echeverria, D., Fine, L., Langolf, G., Schork, T., & Sampaio, C. (1991). Acute behavioural comparisons of toluene and ethanol in human subjects. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 48, 750–761.
29. Ersche, K. D., Clark, L., London, M., Robbins, T. W., & Sahakian, B. J. (2006). Profile of executive and memory function associated with amphetamine and opiate dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology, 31, 1036–1047.
30. Farre, M., de la Torre, R., O Mathuna, B., Roset, P. N., Peiro, A. M., Torrens, M., et al. (2004). Repeated doses administration of MDMA in humans: Pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetics. Psychopharmacology, 173, 364–375.
31. File, S. E. (1992). Effects of lorazepam on psychomotor performance: A comparison of independent-groups and repeated-measures designs. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 42, 761–764.
32. Fillmore, M. T., Dixon, M. J., & Schweizer, T. A. (2000). Alcohol affects processing of ignored stimuli in a negative priming paradigm. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 61, 571–578.
33. Finnigan, F., & Hammersley, R. (1992). The effects of alcohol on performance. In D. M. Jones, & A. P. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of human performance(Vol. 2, pp. 73–126). London; San Diego: Academic Press.
34. Foltin, R. W., & Evans, S. M. (1993). Performance effects of drugs of abuse: A methodological survey. Human Psychopharmacology, 8, 9-19.
35. Fried, P. A., & Gray, W. R. (2005). Neurocognitive consequences of marihuana – A comparison with pre-drug performance. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 27, 231–239.
36. Ghoneim, M. M. (2004). Drugs and human memory (part 2): Clinical, theoretical, and methodologic issues. Anesthesiology, 100, 1277–1297.
37. Giersch, A., Boucart, M., Speeg-Schatz, C., Muller-Kauffmann, F., & Danion, J. M. (1996). Lorazepam impairs perceptual integration of visual forms: A central effect. Psychopharmacology, 126, 260–270.
38. Grattan-Miscio, K. E., & Vogel-Sprott, M. (2005). Effects of alcohol and performance incentives on immediate working memory. Psychopharmacology, 181, 188–196.
39. Griffiths, A. N., Jones, D. M., & Richens, A. (1986). Zopiclone produces effects on human performance similar to flurazepam, lormetazepam and triazolam. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 21, 647–653.
40. Halpern, J. H., & Pope, H. G. (1999). Do hallucinogens cause residual neuropsychological toxicity? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 53, 247–256.
41. Hanks, G. W., O’Neill, W. M., Simpson, P., & Wesnes, K. (1995). The cognitive and psychomotor effects of opioid analgesics. II. A randomized controlled trial of single doses of morphine, lorazepam and placebo in healthy subjects. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 48, 455–460.
42. Hannington-Kiff, J. G. (1970). Measurement of recovery from outpatient general anesthesia with a simple ocular test. British Medical Journal, 18, 132–135.
43. Harper, C., & Matsumoto, I. (2005). Ethanol and brain damage. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 5, 73–78.
44. Hart, C. L. (2007). Personal Communication.
45. Hashtroudi, S., Parker, E. S., DeLisi, L. E., Wyatt, R. J., & Mutter, S. A. (1984). Intact retention in acute alcohol amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10, 156–163.
46. Heishman, S. J., Arasteh, K., & Stitzer, M. L. (1997). Comparative effects of alcohol and marijuana on mood memory and performance. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 58, 93–101.
47. Heishman, S. J., Huestis, M. A., Henningfield, J. E., & Cone, E. J. (1990). Acute and residual effects of marijuana: Profiles of plasma THC levels, physiological, subjective, and performance measures. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior, 37, 561–565.
48. Heishman, S. J., Stitzer, M. L., & Bigelow, G. E. (1988). Alcohol and marijuana: Comparative dose effect profiles in humans. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 31, 649–655.
49. Heishman, S. J., Stitzer, M. L., & Yingling, J. E. (1989). Effects of tetrahydrocannabinol content on marijuana smoking behavior subjective reports and performance. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 34, 173–179.
50. Heishman, S. J., Taylor, R. C., & Henningfield, J. E. (1994). Nicotine and smoking: A review of effects on human performance. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology,2, 345–395.
51. Higgins, S. T., Alessi, S. M., & Dantona, R. L. (2002). Voucher-based incentives. A substance abuse treatment innovation. Addictive Behaviors, 27, 887–910.
52. Hill, J. L., & Zacny, J. P. (2000). Comparing the subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of intravenous hydromorphone and morphine in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 152, 31–39.
53. Hill, S. Y., Goodwin, D. W., Schwin, R., & Powell, B. (1974). Marijuana: CNS depressant or excitant? American Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 313–315.
54. Hindmarch, I., Trick, L., & Ridout, F. (2005). A double-blind, placebo- and positive-internal-controlled (alprazolam) investigation of the cognitive and psychomotor profile of pregabalin in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 183, 133–143.
55. Hooker, W. D., & Jones, R. T. (1987). Increased susceptibility to memory intrusions and the Stroop interference effect during acute marijuana intoxication. Psychophamacologia, 91, 20–24.
56. Izaute, M., Paire-Ficout, L., & Bacon, E. (2004). Benzodiazepines and semantic memory: Effects of lorazepam on the moses illusion. Psychopharmacology, 172, 309–315.
57. Jarvik, M. E., Abramson, H. A., & Hirsch, M. W. (1955). Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25): VI. Effect upon recall and recognition of various stimuli. Journal of Psychology, 39, 433–454.
58. Jovanovski, D., Erb, S., & Zakzanis, K. K. (2005). Neurocognitive deficits in cocaine users: A quantitative review of the evidence. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27, 189–204.
59. Kalant, H. (2004). Adverse effects of cannabis on health: An update of the literature since 1996. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 28, 849–863.
60. Kalechstein, A. D., De La Garza II, R., Mahoney, J. J., Fantegrossi, W. E., & Newton, T. F. (2007). MDMA use and neurocognition: A meta-analytic review. Psychopharmacology, 189, 531–537.
61. Kennedy, R. S., Turnage, J. J., Wilkes, R. L., & Dunlap, W. P. (1993). Effects of graded dosages of alcohol on nine computerized repeated-measures tests. Ergonomics, 36, 1195–1222.
62. Kirk, T., Roache, J. D., & Griffiths, R. R. (1990). Dose-response evaluation of the amnestic effects of triazolam and pentobarbital in normal subjects. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology,10, 160–167.
63. Kirkby, K. C., Montgomery, I. M., Badcock, R., & Daniels, B. A. (1995). A comparison of age-related deficits in memory and frontal lobe function following oral lorazepam administration. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 9, 319–325.
64. Koelega, H. S. (1993). Stimulant drugs and vigilance performance: A review. Psychopharmacology, 111, 1–16.
65. Koelega, H. S. (1995). Alcohol and vigilance performance: A review. Psychopharmacology, 118, 233–249.
66. Krystal, J. H., Karper, L. P., Bennett, A., D’Souza, D. C., Abi-Dargham, A., Morrissey, K., et al. (1998). Interactive effects of subanesthetic ketamine and subhypnotic lorazepam in humans. Psychopharmacology, 135, 213–229.
67. Kunsman, G. W., Manno, J. E., Manno, B. R., Kunsman, C. M., & Przekop, M. A. (1992). The use of microcomputer-based psychomotor tests for the evaluation of benzodiazepine effects on human performance: A review with emphasis on temazepam. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 34, 289–301.
68. Kuypers, K. P. C., & Ramaekers, J. G. (2005). Transient memory impairment after acute dose of 75 mg 3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetamine. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 19, 633–639.
69. Letz, R., & Gerr, F. (1995). Standing steadiness measurements: Empirical selection of testing protocol and outcome measures. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 1, 611–616.
70. Liguori, A., D’Agostino, R. B., Jr., Dworkin, S. I., Edwards, D., & Robinson, J. H. (1999). Alcohol effects on mood, equilibrium, and simulated driving. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 23, 815–821.
71. Liguori, A., Gatto, C. P., & Jarrett, D. B. (2002). Separate and combined effects of marijuana and alcohol on mood, equilibrium and simulated driving. Psychopharmacology, 163, 399–405.
72. Liguori, A., Gatto, C. P., & Robinson, J. H. (1998). Effects of marijuana on equilibrium, psychomotor performance, and simulated driving. Behavioral Pharmacology, 9, 599–609.
73. Liguori, A., & Robinson, J. H. (2001). Caffeine antagonism of alcohol-induced driving impairment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 63, 123–129.
74. Linnoila, M., Johnson, J., Dubyoski, T., Ross, R., Buchsbaum, M., Potter, W. Z., et al. (1983). Effects of amitriptyline, desipramine and zimeldine, alone and in combination with ethanol, on information processing and memory in healthy volunteers. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 308, 175–181.
75. Lister, R. G., Gorenstein, C., Fisher-Flowers, D., Weingartner, H. J., & Eckardt, M. J. (1991). Dissociation of the acute effects of alcohol on implicit and explicit memory processes. Neuropsychologia, 29, 1205–1212.
76. Lofwall, M. L., Griffiths, R. R., & Mintzer, M. Z. (2006). Cognitive and subjective acute dose effects of intramuscular ketamine in healthy adults. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 14, 439–449.
77. Lorist, M. M., & Tops, M. (2003). Caffeine, fatigue, and cognition. Brain and Cognition, 53, 82–94.
78. Lundqvist, T. (2005). Cognitive consequences of cannabis use: Comparison with abuse of stimulants and heroin with regard to attention, memory and executive functions. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 81, 319–330.
79. Manner, T., Kanto, J., & Salonen, M. (1987). Simple devices in differentiating the effects of buprenorphine and fentanyl in healthy volunteers. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 31, 673–676.
80. Marks, D. F., & MacAvoy, M. F. (1989). Divided attention performance in cannabis users and non-users following alcohol and cannabis separately and in combination. Psychopharmacology, 99, 397–401.
81. Martin, J., Matthews, A., Martin, F., Kirkby, K. C., Alexander, J., & Daniels, B. (2002). Effects of lorazepam and oxazepam on perceptual and procedural memory functions. Psychopharmacology, 164, 262–267.
82. Mattila, M. J., Aranko, K., & Kuitunen, T. (1993). Diazepam effects on the performance of healthy subjects are not enhanced by treatment with the antihistamine ebastine. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 35, 272–277.
83. Maylor, E. A., Rabbitt, P. M. A., James, G. H., & Kerr, S. A. (1990). Effects of alcohol and extended practice on divided-attention performance. Perception & Psychophysics, 48, 445–452.
84. McLeod, D. R., Griffiths, R. R., Bigelow, G. E., & Yingling, J. (1982). An automated version of the digit symbol substitution test (DSST). Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation,14, 463–466.
85. Miller, L., Drew, W. G., & Kiplinger, G. F. (1972). Effects on marijuana on recall of narrative material and Stroop colour-word performance. Nature, 237, 172–173.
86. Mintzer, M. Z., Frey, J. M., Yingling, J. E., & Griffiths, R. R. (1997). Triazolam and zolpidem: A comparison of their psychomotor, cognitive, and subjective effects in healthy volunteers. Behavioural Pharmacology, 8, 561–574.
87. Mintzer, M. Z., & Griffiths, R. R. (2001). Alcohol and false recognition: A dose-effect study. Psychopharmacology, 159, 51–57.
88. Mintzer, M. Z., & Griffiths, R. R. (2002). Alcohol and triazolam: Differential effects on memory, psychomotor performance and subjective ratings of effects. Behavioural Pharmacology, 13, 653–658.
89. Mintzer, M. Z., & Griffiths, R. R. (2003). Lorazepam and scopolamine: A single-dose comparison of effects on human memory and attentional processes. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11, 56–72.
90. Mintzer, M. Z., & Griffiths, R. R. (2007). Differential effects of scopolamine and lorazepam on working memory maintenance versus manipulation processes. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neurosciencem, 7, 120–129.
91. Mintzer, M. Z., & Johnson, M W. (2007). Neuropsychological consequences of opioid abuse. In: A. Kalechstein, & I W. Van Gorp (Eds.), The neuropsychological consequences of substance abuse(pp. 263–319). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
92. Morgan, C. J., & Curran, H. V. (2006). Acute and chronic effects of ketamine upon human memory: A review. Psychopharmacology, 188, 408–424.
93. Moskowitz, H., & Smiley, A. (1982). Effects of chronically administered buspirone and diazepam on driving-related skills performance. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 43, 45–55.
94. Newhouse, P. A., Belenky, G., Thomas, M., Thorne, D., Sing, H. C., & Fertig, J. (1989). The effects of d-amphetamine on arousal, cognition, and mood after prolonged total sleep deprivation. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2, 153–164.
95. Nuotto, E. J., & Korttila, K. T. (1991). Evaluation of a new computerized psychomotor test battery: Effects of alcohol. Pharmacology & Toxicology, 68, 360–365.
96. Ogden, E. J., & Moskowitz, H. (2004). Effects of alcohol and other drugs on driver performance. Traffic Injury Prevention, 5, 185–198.
97. O’Neill, W. M., Hanks, G. W., Simpson, P., Fallon, M. T., Jenkins, E., & Wesnes, K. (2000). The cognitive and psychomotor effects of morphine in healthy subjects: A randomized controlled trial of repeated (four) oral doses of dextropropoxyphene, morphine, lorazepam and placebo. Pain, 85, 209–215.
98. O’Neill, W. M., Hanks, G. W., White, L., Simpson, P., & Wesnes, K. (1995). The cognitive and psychomotor effects of opioid analgesics. I. A randomized controlled trial of single doses of dextropropoxyphene, lorazepam and placebo in healthy subjects. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 48, 447–453.
99. Ornstein, T. J., Iddon, J. L., Baldacchino, A. M., Sahakian, B. J., London, M., Everitt, B. J., et al. (2000). Profiles of cognitive dysfunction in chronic amphetamine and heroin abusers. Neuropsychopharmacology, 23, 113–126.
100. Pietrzak, R. H., Mollica, C. M., Maruff, P., & Snyder, P. J. (2006). Cognitive effects of immediate-release methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 1225–1245.
101. Pope, H. G., Jr., Gruber, A. J., Hudson, J. I., Huestis, M. A., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2001). Neuropsychological performance in long-term cannabis users. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 909–915.
102. Posner, J., Telekes, A., Crowley, D., Phillipson, R., & Peck, A. W. (1985). Effects of an opiate on cold-induced pain and the CNS in healthy volunteers. Pain, 23, 73–82.
103. Preston, G. C., Broks, P., Traub, M., Ward, C., Poppleton, P., & Stahl, S. M. (1988). Effects of lorazepam on memory, attention and sedation in man. Psychopharmacology, 95, 208–215.
104. Quednow, B. B., Kuhn, K. U., Westheide, J., Maier, W., Daum, I., & Wagner, M. (2007). Elevated impulsivity and impaired decision-making cognition in heavy users of MDMA (“Ecstasy”). Psychopharmacology, 189, 517–530.
105. Ramaekers, J. G., Berghaus, G., van Laar, M., & Drummer, O. H. (2004). Dose related risk of motor vehicle crashes after cannabis use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 73, 109–119.
106. Ramaekers, J. G., Kuypers, K. P., & Samyn, N. (2006). Stimulant effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymetham-phetamine (MDMA) 75 mg and methylphenidate 20 mg on actual driving during intoxication and withdrawal. Addiction, 101, 1614–1621.
107. Rammsayer, T. (1995). Extraversion and alcohol: Eysenck’s drug postulate revisited. Neuropsychobiology, 32, 197–207.
108. Ranganathan, M., & D’Souza, D. C. (2006). The acute effects of cannabinoids on memory in humans: A review. Psychopharmacology, 188, 425–444.
109. Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, E. (1985). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Tuscon: Neuropsychology Press.
110. Riccio, C. A., Waldrop, J. J. M., Reynolds, C. R., & Lowe, P. (2001). Effects of stimulants on the Continuous Performance Test (CPT): Implications for CPT use and interpretation. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 13, 326–335.
111. Richens, A., Allen, E., Jones, D., Griffiths, A., & Marshall, R. (1983). A comparison of intramuscular meptazinol (100 mg) and papaveretum (20 mg) on human performance studies in healthy male volunteers. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 59(Suppl. 1), 19–24.
112. Roache, J. D., Cherek, D. R., Bennett, R. H., Schenkler, J. C., & Cowan, K. A. (1993). Differential effects of triazolam and ethanol on awareness, memory, and psychomotor performance. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 13, 3–15.
113. Roehrs, T., Burduvali, E., Bonahoom, A., Drake, C., & Roth, T. (2003). Ethanol and sleep loss: A “dose” comparison of impairing effects. Sleep, 26, 981–985.
114. Roth, W. T., Tinklenberg, J. R., & Kopell, B. S. (1977). Ethanol and marijuana effects on event-related potentials in a memory retrieval paradigm. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 42, 381–388.
115. Rothenberg, S., Schottenfeld, S., Meyer, R. E., Krauss, B., & Gross, K. (1977). Performance differences between addicts and non-addicts. Psychopharmacology, 52, 299–306.
116. Saarialho-Kere, U., Mattila, M. J., & Seppala, T. (1986). Pentazocine and codeine: Effects on human performance and mood and interactions with diazepam. Medical Biology, 64, 293–299.
117. Saarialho-Kere, U., Mattila, M. J., & Seppala, T. (1989). Psychomotor, respiratory and neuroendocrinological effects of a mu-opioid receptor agonist (oxycodone) in healthy volunteers. Pharmacology & Toxicology,65, 252–257.
118. Sayette, M. A., Martin, C. S., Perrott, M. A., & Wertz, J. M. (2001). Parental alcoholism and the effects of alcohol on mediated semantic priming. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 9, 409–417.
119. Schweitzer, J. B., & Sulzer-Azaroff, B. (1988). Self-control: Teaching tolerance for delay in impulsive children. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 50, 173–186.
120. Silverstein, A. B., & Klee, G. D. (1960). The effect of lysergic acid diethylamide on digit span. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology, 21, 11–14.
121. Simonson, E., & Brozek, J. (1952). Flicker fusion frequency background and applications. Physiological Reviews, 32, 349–378.
122. Smiley, A. (1999). Marijuana: On-road and driving-simulator studies. In H. Kalant, W. A. Corrigall, W. Hall, & R. G. Smart (Eds.), The health effects of cannabis(pp. 171–194). Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.
123. Smith, G. M., Semke, C. W., & Beecher, H. K. (1962). Objective evidence of mental effects of heroin, morphine and placebo in normal subjects. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 136, 53–58.
124. Soderlund, H., Parker, E. S., Schwartz, B. L., & Tulving, E. (2005). Memory encoding and retrieval on the ascending and descending limbs of the blood alcohol concentration curve. Psychopharmacology, 182, 305–317.
125. Solowij, N., Stephens, R. S., Roffman, R. A., Kadden, T., Miller, R., Christiansen, M., et al. (2002). Cognitive functioning of long-term heavy cannabis users seeking treatment. Journal of American Medical Association, 287, 1123–1131.
126. Sternberg, S. (1969). The discovery of processing stages: Extensions of Donder’s method. ACTA Psychologica, 30, 276–315.
127. Stroop, J. R (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643–662.
128. Teichner, G., Horner, M. D., & Harvey, R. T. (2001). Neuropsychological predictors of the attainment of treatment objectives in substance abuse patients. International Journal of Neuroscience, 106, 253–263.
129. Teichner, G., Horner, M. D., Roitzsch, J. C., Herron, J., & Thevos, A. (2002). Substance abuse treatment outcomes for cognitively impaired and intact outpatients. Addictive Behaviors, 27, 751–763.
130. Thapar, P., Zacny, J. P., Choi, M., & Apfelbaum, J. L. (1995a). Objective and subjective impairment from often-used sedative/analgesic combinations in ambulatory surgery, using alcohol as a benchmark. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 80, 1092–1098.
131. Thapar, P., Zacny, J. P., Thompson, W., & Apfelbaum, J. L. (1995b). Using alcohol as a standard to assess the degree of impairment induced by sedative and analgesic drugs used in ambulatory surgery. Anesthesiology, 82, 53–59.
132. Tiplady, B., Drummond, G. B., Cameron, E., Gray, E., Hendry, J., Sinclair, W., et al. (2001). Ethanol, errors, and the speed-accuracy trade-off. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 69, 635–641.
133. Tiplady, B., Franklin, N., & Scholey, A. (2004). Effect of ethanol on judgments of performance. British Journal of Psychology, 95, 105–118.
134. Verdejo-Garcia, A., & Perez-Garcia, M. (2007). Profile of executive deficits in cocaine and heroin polysubstance users: Common and differential effects on separate executive components. Psychopharmacology, 190, 517–530.
135. Vermeeren, A., Riedel, W. J., van Boxtel, M. P., Darwish, M., Paty, I., & Patat, A. (2002). Differential residual effects of zaleplon and zopiclone on actual driving: A comparison with a low dose of alcohol. Sleep, 25, 224–231.
136. Verster, J. C., Volkerts, E. R., & Verbaten, M. N. (2002). Effects of alprazolam on driving ability, memory functioning and psychomotor performance: A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 27, 260–269.
137. Veselis, R. A., Reinsel, R. A., Feshchenko, V. A., & Wronski, M. (1997). The comparative amnestic effects of midazolam, propofol, thiopental, and fentanyl at equisedative concentrations. Anesthesiology, 87, 749–764.
138. Wechsler, D. (1981). Manual for the Wechsler adult intelligence scale, revised. New York: Psychological Corporation.
139. Weingartner, H. J., Hommer, D., Lister, R. G., Thompson, K., & Wolkowitz, O. (1992). Selective effects of triazolam on memory. Psychopharmacology, 106, 341–345.
140. Wendt, P. E., & Risberg, J. (2001). Ethanol reduces rCFB activation of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a verbal fluency task. Brain and Language, 77, 197–215.
141. Wesnes, K., & Warburton, D. M. (1983). Effects of smoking on rapid information processing performance. Neuropsychobiology, 9, 223–229.
142. Whitlow, C. T., Liguori, A., Livengood, L. B., Hart, S. L., Mussat-Whitlow, B. J., Lamborn, C. M., et al. (2004). Long-term heavy marijuana users make costly decisions on a gambling task. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 76, 107–111.
143. Yap, M., Mascord, D. J., Starmer, G. A., & Whitfield, J. B. (1993). Studies on the chronopharmacology of ethanol. Alcohol and Alcoholism,28, 17–24.
144. Zacny, J. P. (1995). A review of the effects of opioids on psychomotor and cognitive functioning in humans. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 3, 432–466.
145. Zacny, J. P. (2003). Characterizing the subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of a hydrocodone combination product (hycodan) in non-drug-abusing volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 165, 146–156.
146. Zacny, J. P., Conley, K., & Galinkin, J. (1997). Comparing the subjective, psychomotor and physiological effects of intravenous buprenorphine and morphine in healthy volunteers. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 282, 1187–1197.
147. Zacny, J. P., & Gutierrez, S. (2003). Characterizing the subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of oral oxycodone in non-drug-abusing volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 170, 242–254.
148. Zacny, J. P., Hill, J. L., Black, M. L., & Sadeghi, P. (1998). Comparing the subjective, psychomotor and physiological effects of intravenous pentazocine and morphine in normal volunteers. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 286, 1197–1207.
149. Zacny, J. P., Lichtor, J. L., Binstock, W., Coalson, D. W., Cutter, T., Flemming, D. C., et al. (1993). Subjective, behavioral and physiological responses to intravenous meperidine in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 111, 306–314.
150. Zacny, J. P., Lichtor, J. L., Flemming, D., Coalson, D. W., & Thompson, W. K. (1994). A dose-response analysis of the subjective, psychomotor and physiological effects of intravenous morphine in healthy volunteers. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 268, 1–9.
151. Zacny, J. P., Lichtor, J. L., Klafta, J. M., Alessi, R., & Apfelbaum, J. L. (1996). The effects of transnasal butorphanol on mood and psychomotor functioning in healthy volunteers. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 82, 931–935.