Ionic and photosynthetic homeostasis in quinoa challenged by salinity and drought - Mechanisms of tolerance

Functional Plant Biology

Volumn 42, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 136-148

  Razzaghi, Fatemeh ^a,c   Jacobsen, Sven Erik ^b   Jensen, Christian Richardt ^b   Andersen, Mathias Neumann ^c  

^a SHIRAZ UNIVERSITY   (Iran)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^c AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

Author keywords

intrinsic water use efficiency; ion uptake; mesophyll conductance; salinity threshold value; stomatal conductance

Indexed keywords

CEREAL; ENZYME ACTIVITY; FIELD METHOD; HOMEOSTASIS; ION EXCHANGE; IRRIGATION SYSTEM; OSMOREGULATION; SALINITY; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; TOLERANCE; TRANSPIRATION; WATER USE EFFICIENCY;

CHENOPODIUM QUINOA;

EID: 84920744164     PISSN: 14454408     EISSN: 14454416     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/FP14132     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Adolf VI, Shabala S, Andersen MN, Razzaghi F, Jacobsen S-E (2012) Varietal differences of quinoa's tolerance to saline conditions. Plant and Soil 357, 117-129. doi:10.1007/s11104-012-1133-7
2. Adolf VI, Jacobsen S-E, Shabala S (2013) Salt tolerance mechanisms in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Environmental and Experimental Botany 92, 43-54. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.07.004
3. Andersen MN, Jensen CR, Lösch R (1991) Derivation of pressure-volume curves by a non-linear regression procedure and determination of apoplastic water. Journal of Experimental Botany 42, 159-165. doi:10.1093/jxb/42.2.159
4. Awan AR, Chughtai MI, Ashraf MY, Mahmood K, Rizwan M, Akhtar M, Qureshi MAA, Siddiqui MT, Khan RA (2012) Comparison for physico-mechanical properties of farm-grown Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn with conventional timbers. Pakistan Journal of Botany 44, 2067-2070.
5. Ayers RS, Westcot DW (1976) 'Water quality for agriculture. Irrigation and drainage paper, Paper 29.' (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) : Rome, Italy)
6. Barrett-Lennard EG (2002) Restoration of saline land through revegetation. Agricultural Water Management 53, 213-226. doi:10.1016/S0378-3774(01)00166-4
7. Bartoli CG, Gomez F, Gergoff G, Guiamet JJ, Puntarulo S (2005) Up-regulation of the mitochondrial alternative oxidase pathway enhances photosynthetic electron transport under drought conditions. Journal of Experimental Botany 56, 1269-1276. doi:10.1093/jxb/eri111
8. Bendevis M, Sun Y, Shabala S, Rosenqvist E, Liu F, Jacobsen S-E (2014) Differentiation of photoperiod induced ABA and soluble sugar responses of two quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) cultivars. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation doi:10.1007/s00344-013-9406-9
9. Bonales-Alatorre E, Pottosin I, Shabala L, Chen Z-H, Zeng F, Jacobsen S-E, Shabala S (2013) Differential activity of plasma and vacuolar membrane transporters contributes to genotypic differences in salinity tolerance in a halophyte species, Chenopodium quinoa. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14, 9267-9285. doi:10.3390/ijms14059267
10. Bosque Sanchez H, Lemeur R, Van Damme P, Jacobsen S-E (2003) Ecophysiological analysis of drought and salinity stress of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Food Reviews International 19, 111-119. doi:10.1081/FRI-120018874
11. Bunce JA (2009) Use of the response of photosynthesis to oxygen to estimate mesophyll conductance to carbon dioxide in water-stressed soybean leaves. Plant, Cell & Environment 32, 875-881. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01966.x
12. Chaves MM (1991) Effects of water deficits on carbon assimilation. Journal of Experimental Botany 42, 1-16. doi:10.1093/jxb/42.1.1
13. Chaves MM, Flexas J, Pinheiro C (2009) Photosynthesis under drought and salt stress: regulation mechanisms from whole plant to cell. Annals of Botany 103, 551-560. doi:10.1093/aob/mcn125
14. + homeostasis in salt-stressed barley. Plant Physiology 145, 1714-1725. doi:10.1104/pp.107.110262
15. Condon AG, Richards RA, Rebetzke GJ, Farquhar GD (2002) Improving intrinsic water-use efficiency and crop yield. Crop Science 42, 122-131. doi:10.2135/cropsci2002.0122
16. + correlates with salt tolerance in wheat. Journal of Experimental Botany 59, 2697-2706. doi:10.1093/jxb/ern128
17. de Jong van Lier Q, van Dam JC, Metselaar K (2009) Root water extraction under combined water and osmotic stress. Soil Science Society of America Journal 73, 862-875.
18. 2 diffusion, Rubisco characteristics and anatomy of spinach leaves. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 25, 395-402. doi:10.1071/PP97161
19. Dini I, Schettino O, Simioli T, Dini A (2001) Studies on the constituents of chenopodium quinoa seeds: isolation and characterization of new treterpene saponins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49, 741-746. doi:10.1021/jf000971y
20. Draper NR, Smith H (1998) Applied regression analysis.' (3rd edn) (Wiley: New York)
21. Flexas J, Bota J, Escalona JM, Sampol B, Medrano H (2002) Effects of drought on photosynthesis in grapevines under field conditions: an evaluation of stomatal and mesophyll limitations. Functional Plant Biology 29, 461-471. doi:10.1071/PP01119
22. 3 plants. Plant Biology 6, 269-279. doi:10.1055/s-2004-820867
23. 2 concentration around leaves. Plant, Cell & Environment 30, 1284-1298. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01700.x
24. 2: current knowledge and future prospects. Plant, Cell & Environment 31, 602-621. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01757.x
25. Flexas J, Barón M, Bota J, Ducruet J-M, Gallé A, Galmés J, Jiménez M, Pou A, Ribas-Carbó M, Sajnani C, Tomàs M, Medrano H (2009) Photosynthesis limitations during water stress acclimation and recovery in the drought-adapted Vitis hybrid Richter-110 (V. berlandieri x V. rupestris). Journal ofExperimental Botany 60, 2361-2377. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp069
26. 2: an unappreciated central player in photosynthesis. Plant Science 193-194, 70-84. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.05.009
27. Flowers TJ (2004) Improving crop salt tolerance. Journal of Experimental Botany 55, 307-319. doi:10.1093/jxb/erh003
28. Gallé A, Haldimann P, Feller U (2007) Photosynthetic performance and water relations in young pubescent oak (Quercuspubescens) trees during drought stress andrecovery. New Phytologist 174, 799-810. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02047.x
29. Galle A, Florez-Sarasa I, Tomas M, Pou A, Medrano H, Ribas-Carbo M, Flexas J (2009) The role of mesophyll conductance during water stress and recovery in tobacco (Nicotiana sylvestris) : acclimation or limitation? Journal of Experimental Botany 60, 2379-2390. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp071
30. Garcia M, Raes D, Jacobsen S-E (2003) Evapotranspiration analysis and irrigation requirements of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) in the Bolivian highlands. Agricultural Water Management 60, 119-134. doi:10.1016/S0378-3774(02)00162-2
31. Garcia M, Raes D, Jacobsen S-E, Michel T (2007) Agroclimatic constraints for rainfed agriculture in the Bolivian Altiplano. Journal of Arid Environments 71, 109-121. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.02.005
32. Gattward JN, Almeide AAF, Souza JO, Gomes FP, Kronzucker HJ (2012) Sodium-potassium synergism in Theobroma cacao: stimulation of photosynthesis, water-use efficiency and mineral nutrition. Physiologia Plantarum 146, 350-362. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01621.x
33. 2 concentration ameliorates effects of NaCl salinity on photosynthesis and leaf structure of Aster tripolium L. Journal of Experimental Botany 60, 137-151. doi:10.1093/jxb/ern271
34. Gómez-Pando LR, Àlvarez-Castro R, Equiluz-de la Barra A (2010) Effect of salt stress on Peruvian germplasm of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. : a promising crop. Journal Agronomy & Crop Science 196, 391-396. doi:10.1111/j.1439-037X.2010.00429.x
35. 2 uptake of bean and pepper leaves. Photosynthetica 34, 505-512. doi:10.1023/A:1006801210502
36. Grassi G, Magnani F (2005) Stomatal, mesophyll conductance and biochemical limitations to photosynthesis as affected by drought and leaf ontogeny in ash and oak trees. Plant, Cell & Environment 28, 834-849. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01333.x
37. Greenway H (1962) Plant response to saline substrates. I. Growth and ion uptake of several varieties of Hordeum during and after sodium chloride treatment. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 15, 16-38.
38. Haghighi Z, Karimi N, Modarresi M, Mollayi S (2012) Enhancement of compatible solute and secondary metabolites production in Plantago ovate Forsk. by salinity stress. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 6, 3495-3500.
39. Haldimann P, Galle A, Feller U (2008) Impact of an exceptionally hot dry summer on photosynthetic traits in oak (Quercus pubescens) leaves. Tree Physiology 28, 785-795. doi:10.1093/treephys/28.5.785
40. Hariadi Y, Marandon K, Tian Y, Jacobsen S-E, Shabala S (2011) Ionic and osmotic relationsinquinoa (Chenopodium quinoaWilld.) plants grown at various salinity levels. Journal of Experimental Botany 62, 185-193. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq257
41. 2, and irradiance on mesophyll conductance in sclerophylls. Journal of Experimental Botany 60, 2303-2314. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp021
42. Inan G, Zhang Q, Li P, Wang Z, Cao Z, Zhang H, Zhang C, Quist TM, Goodwin SM, Zhu J, Shi H, Damsz B, Charbaji T, Gong Q, Ma S, Fredricksen M, Galbraith DW, Jenks MA, Rhodes D, Hasegawa PM, Bohnert HJ, Joly RJ, Bressan RA, Zhu JK (2004) Salt cress: a halophyte and cryophyte Arabidopsis relative model system and its applicability to molecular genetic analyses of growth and development of extremophiles. Plant Physiology 135, 1718-1737. doi:10.1104/pp.104.041723
43. Jacobsen S-E, Mujica A (2003) Quinoa: an alternative crop for saline soils. Journal of Experimental Botany 54 (Suppl. 1), i25
44. Jacobsen S-E, Quispe H, Mujica A (2001) Quinoa: an alternative crop for saline soil in the Andes. In 'Scientist and farmer - partners in research for the 21st century'. pp. 403-408. (CIP: Lima, Peru)
45. Jacobsen S-E, Mujica A, Jensen CR (2003) The resistance of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) to adverse abiotic factors. Food Reviews International 19, 99-109. doi:10.1081/FRI-120018872
46. Jacobsen S-E, Liu F, Jensen CR (2009) Does root-sourced ABA play a role for regulation of stomata under drought in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Scientia Horticulturae 122, 281-287. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2009.05.019
47. Jacobsen S-E, Jensen CR, Liu F (2012) Improving crop production in the arid Mediterranean climate. Field Crops Research 128, 34-47. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2011.12.001
48. Jaleel CA, Manivannan P, Lakshmanan GMA, Gomathinayagam M, Panneerselvam R (2008) Alterations in morphological parameters and photosynthetic pigment responses of Catharanthus roseus under soil water deficits. Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 61, 298-303. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.09.008
49. - in salt-affected barley and wheat. Plant, Cell & Environment 29, 2185-2197. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01592.x
50. Jensen CR, Jacobsen S-E, Anderson MN, Núñez N, Anderson SD, Rasmussen L, Mogensen VO (2000) Leaf gas exchange and water relation characteristics of field quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) during soil drying. European Journal of Agronomy 13, 11-25. doi:10.1016/S1161-0301(00)00055-1
51. Kasai K, Fukayama H, Uchida N, Mori N, Yasuda T, Oji Y, Nakamura C (1998) Salinity tolerance in Triticum aestivum, Lophopyrum elongatum amphiploid and 5E disomic addition line evaluated by NaCl effects on photosynthesis and respiration. Cereal Research Communications 26, 281-287.
52. Kausar A, Ashraf MY, Ali I, Niaz M, Abbass Q (2012) Evaluation of sorghum varieties/lines for salt tolerance using physiological indices as screening tool. Pakistan Journal of Botany 44, 47-52.
53. Khan MA, Ungar IA, Showalter AM (2000) Effects of salinity on growth, water relations and ion accumulation of the subtropical perennial halophyte, Atriplex griffithii var. stocksii. Annals of Botany 85, 225-232. doi:10.1006/anbo.1999.1022
54. Koyro H-W, Eisa SS (2008) Effect of salinity on composition, viability and germination of seeds of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Plant and Soil 302, 79-90. doi:10.1007/s11104-007-9457-4
55. Koyro HW, Geißler N, Hussin S, Huchzermeyer B (2008) Survival at extreme locations: life strategies of halophytes. The long way from system ecology, whole plant physiology, cell biochemistry and molecular aspects back to sustainable utilization at field sites. In 'Biosaline agriculture and high salinity tolerance'. (Eds C Abdelly, M Ötztürck, M Ashraf, C Grignon) pp. 1-20. (Birkhäuser Verlag: Basel, Switzerland)
56. Koziol MJ (1991) Afrosimetric estimation of threshold saponin concentration for bitterness in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 54, 211-219. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740540206
57. Kozioł MJ (1992) Chemical composition and nutritional evaluation of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 5, 35-68. doi:10.1016/0889-1575(92)90006-6
58. Lambers H, Chapin FS, III, Pons TL (2008) 'Plant physiological ecology.' (2nd edn) (Springer-Verlag: New York)
59. Larcher W (1980) 'Physiological plant ecology.' (2nd rev. edn) (Springer-Verlag: New York)
60. Lawlor DW, Cornic G (2002) Photosynthetic carbon assimilation and associated metabolism in relation to water deficits in higher plants. Plant, Cell & Environment 25, 275-294. doi:10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00814.x
61. Lima Neto MC, Lobo AKM, Martins MO, Fontenele AV, Silveira JA (2014) Dissipation of excess photosynthetic energy contributes to salinity tolerance: a comparative study of salt-tolerant Ricinus communis and salt-sensitive Jatropha curcas. Journal of Plant Physiology 171, 23-30. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2013.09.002
62. Lin JT, Chen SL, Liu SC, Yang DJ (2009) Effect of harvest time on saponins in Yam (Dioscoreapseudojaponica Yamamoto). Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 17, 116-122.
63. Longstreth DJ, Nobel PS (1979) Salinity effects on leaf anatomy. Plant Physiology 63, 700-703. doi:10.1104/pp.63.4.700
64. Maas EV (1986) Salt tolerance of plants. Applied Agricultural Research 1, 12-26.
65. Maas EV, Hoffman GJ (1977) Crop salt tolerance, current assessment. Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division 103, 115-134.
66. Marschner H (1995) 'Mineral nutrition of higher plants.' (2nd edn) (Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA)
67. Martin B, Ruiz-Torres NA (1992) Effects of water-deficit stress on photosynthesis, its components and component limitations, and on water use efficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Physiology 100, 733-739. doi:10.1104/pp.100.2.733
68. Mehta SC, Poonia SR, Pal R (1983) Exchange equilibria of potassium versus calcium and sodium in soils from a semi-arid region, India. Soil Science 135, 214-220. doi:10.1097/00010694-198304000-00002
69. Munns R (2002) Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant, Cell & Environment 25, 239-250. doi:10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00808.x
70. Munns R, James RA, Läuchli A (2006) Approaches to increasing the salt tolerance of wheat and other cereals. Journal of Experimental Botany 57, 1025-1043. doi:10.1093/jxb/erj100
71. Nieman RH (1962) Some effects of sodium chloride on growth, photosynthesis and respiration of twelve crop plants. Botanical Gazette 123, 279-285. doi:10.1086/336163
72. Ogburn RM, Edwards EJ (2010) The ecological water-use strategies of succulent plants. In 'Advances in botanical research'. (Eds JC Kader, M Delseny) pp. 179-225. (Academic Press: Burlington, MA, USA)
73. Orsini F, Accorsi M, Gianquinto G, Dinelli G, Antognoni F, Carrasco KBR, Martinez EA, Alnayef M, Marotti I, Bosi S, Biondi S (2011) Beyond the ionic and osmotic responsetosalinity in Chenopodium quinoa: functional elements of successful halomorphism. Functional Plant Biology 38, 818-831. doi:10.1071/FP11088
74. Parida AK, Das AB, Mittra B (2003) Effects of NaCl stress on the structure, pigment complex composition and photosynthetic activity of mangrove Bruguiera parviflora chloroplasts. Photosynthetica 41, 191-200. doi:10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011951.37231.69
75. Parida AK, Das AB, Mittra B (2004) Effect of salt and growth, ion accumulation, photosynthesis and leaf anatomy of the mangrove, Bruguiera parviflora. Trees 18, 167-174. doi:10.1007/s00468-003-0293-8
76. 2 reduces stomatal and metabolic limitations on photosynthesis caused by salinity in Hordeum vulgare. Photosynthesis Research 111, 269-283. doi:10.1007/s11120-012-9721-1
77. Plauborg FL, Iversen BV, Lærke PE (2005) In situ comparison of three dielectric soil moisture sensors in drip irrigated sandy soils. Vadose Zone Journal 4, 1037-1047. doi:10.2136/vzj2004.0138
78. Pulvento C, Riccardi M, Lavini A, Iafelice G, Marconi E, d'Andria R (2012) Yield and quality characteristics of quinoa grown in open field under saline and non-saline irrigation regimes. Journal Agronomy & Crop Science 198, 254-263. doi:10.1111/j.1439-037X.2012.00509.x
79. Ranade-Malvi U (2011) Interaction of micronutrients with major nutrients with special reference to potassium. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences 24, 106-109.
80. Razzaghi F, Ahmadi SH, Adolf VI, Jensen CR, Jacobsen S-E, Andersen MN (2011) Water relations and transpiration of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under salinity and soil drying. Journal Agronomy & Crop Science 197, 348-360. doi:10.1111/j.1439-037X.2011.00473.x
81. Razzaghi F, Ahmadi SH, Jacobsen S-E, Jensen CR, Andersen MN (2012) Effects of salinity and soil-drying on radiation use efficiency, water productivity and yield of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Journal Agronomy & Crop Science 198, 173-184. doi:10.1111/j.1439-037X.2011.00496.x
82. Ribas-Carbo M, Taylor NL, Giles L, Busquets S, Finnegan PM, Day DA, Lambers H, Medrano H, Berry JA, Flexas J (2005) Effects of water stress on respiration in soybean leaves. Plant Physiology 139, 466-473. doi:10.1104/pp.105.065565
83. Riccardi M, Pulvento C, Lavini A, d'Andria R, Jacobsen S-E (2014) Growth and ionic content of quinoa under saline irrigation. Journal Agronomy & Crop Science 200, 246-260. doi:10.1111/jac.12061
84. Rosa M, Hilal M, Gonzalez JA, Prado FE (2009) Low-temperature effect on enzyme activities involved in sucrose-starch partitioning in salt-stressed and salt-acclimated cotyledons of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seedlings. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 47, 300-307. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.12.001
85. Ruiz KB, Biondi S, Oses R, Acuña-Rodríguez IS, Antognoni F, Martinez-Mosqueira EA, Coulibaly A, Canahua-Murillo A, Pinto M, Zurita-Silva A, Bazile D, Jacobsen S-E, Molina-Montenegro MA (2014) Quinoa biodiversity and sustainability for food security under climate change. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 34, 349-359. doi:10.1007/s13593-013-0195-0
86. Sabir Ali AK, Mohamed BF, Dreyling G (2014) Salt tolerance and effects of salinity on some agricultural crops in the Sudan. Journal of Forest Products & Industries 3, 56-65.
87. Scheffer F, Schachtschabel P (1979) Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde, 10. durchgesehene Auflage von Schachtschabel P, Blume HP, Hartge KH, Schwertmann U, Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart.
88. Shabala S (2000) Ionic and osmotic components of salt stress specifically modulate net ion fluxes from bean leaf mesophyll. Plant, Cell & Environment 23, 825-837. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00606.x
89. Shabala S, Cuin TA (2008) Potassium transport and plant salt tolerance. Physiologia Plantarum 133, 651-669. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.01008.x
90. Shabala S, Shabala S, Cuin TA, Pang J, Percey W, Chen Z, Conn S, Eing C, Wegner LH (2010) Xylem ionic relations and salinity tolerance in barley. The Plant Journal 61, 839-853. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.04110.x
91. Shabala L, Mackay A, Tian Y, Jacobsen S-E, Zhou D, Shabala S (2012) Oxidative stress protection and stomatal patterning as components of salinity tolerance mechanism in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd). Physiologia Plantarum 146, 26-38. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01599.x
92. + loading and stomatal density. Journal of Plant Physiology 170, 906-914. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2013.01.014
93. 3 leaves. Plant, Cell & Environment 30, 1035-1040. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01710.x
94. Solíz-Guerrero JB, de Rodriguez DJ, Rodríguez-García R, Angulo-Sánchez JL, Méndez-Padilla G (2002) Quinoa saponins: concentration and composition analysis. In 'Trends in new crops and new uses'. (Eds J Janick, A Whipkey) pp. 110-114. (ASHS Press: Alexandria, VA, USA)
95. Spalding EP, Hirsch RE, Lewis DR, Qi Z, Sussman MR, Lewis BD (1999) Potassium uptake supporting plant growth in the absence of AKT1 channel activity - inhibition by ammonia and stimulation by sodium. The Journal of General Physiology 113, 909-918. doi:10.1085/jgp.113.6.909
96. Sun J, Chen SL, Dai SX, Wang RG, Li NY, Shen X, Zhou XY, Lu CF, Zheng XJ, Hu ZM, Zhang ZK, Song J, Xu Y (2009) Ion flux profiles and plant ion homeostasis control under salt stress. Plant Signaling & Behavior 4, 261-264. doi:10.4161/psb.4.4.7918
97. Sun Y, Liu F, Bendevis M, Shabala S, Jacobsen S-E (2014) Sensitivity of two quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) varieties to progressive drought stress. Journal Agronomy & Crop Science 200, 12-23. doi:10.1111/jac.12042
98. Szakiel A, Paczkowski C, Henry M (2011) Influence of environmental abiotic factors on the content of saponins in plants. Phytochemistry Reviews 10, 471-491. doi:10.1007/s11101-010-9177-x
99. Valencia-Chamorro SA (2003) Quinoa. In 'Encyclopedia of food science andnutrition. Vol. 8'. (Ed. BCaballero) pp. 4895-4902. (Academic Press: Amsterdam)
100. Wang L, Showalter AM, Ungar IA (1997) Effect of salinity on growth, ion content, and cell wall chemistry in Atriplex prostrata (Chenopodiaceae). American Journal of Botany 84, 1247-1255. doi:10.2307/2446049
101. 2 transfer but atmospheric water deficits do not. Journal of Experimental Botany 59, 327-334. doi:10.1093/jxb/erm314
102. Wilson C, Read JJ, Abo KE (2002) Effect of mixed-salt salinity on growth and ion relations of a quinoa and a wheat variety. Journal of Plant Nutrition 25, 2689-2704. doi:10.1081/PLN-120015532
103. Zhang Y-H, Zhong J-J, Yu J-T (1996) Enhancement of ginseng saponin production in suspension cultures of Panax notoginseng: manipulation of medium sucrose. Journal of Biotechnology 51, 49-56. doi:10.1016/0168-1656(96)01560-X
104. Zhu JK (2002) Salt and drought stress signal transduction in plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology 53, 247-273. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.53.091401.143329
105. Zurita-Silva A, Fuentes F, Zamora P, Jacobsen SE, Schwember A (2014) Breeding quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) : potential and perspectives. Molecular Breeding. doi:10.1007/s11032-014-0023-5