Treatment of fecal incontinence: State of the science summary for the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases workshop

American Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 110, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 138-146

  Whitehead, William E ^a   Rao, Satish S C ^b   Lowry, Ann ^c   Nagle, Deborah ^d   Varma, Madhulika ^e   Bitar, Khalil N ^f   Bharucha, Adil E ^g   Hamilton, Frank A ^h  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b AUGUSTA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Department of Gastroenterology Georgia Regents University ^*  (United States)

^d BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^f WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^g MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^h NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DIABETES AND DIGESTIVE AND KIDNEY DISEASES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIDIARRHEAL AGENT; BULKING AGENT; LAXATIVE;

ANAL CANAL; ANAL PLUG; ARTIFICIAL BOWEL SPHINCTER; ARTIFICIAL ORGAN; BEHAVIOR THEORY; CHILD REARING; COLOSTOMY; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; DIETARY FIBER; ELECTROSTIMULATION; FECES INCONTINENCE; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; HUMAN; MAGNETIC BEAD; MEDICAL DEVICE; MESH SLING; NEEDLE ELECTRODE; NEUROMODULATION; PATIENT EDUCATION; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLE TRAINING; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SACRAL NERVE STIMULATION; SPHINCTEROPLASTY; STOMA; THIERSCH RING; TIBIAL NERVE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VAGINAL BALLOON; FECAL INCONTINENCE; KINESIOTHERAPY; NATIONAL HEALTH ORGANIZATION; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY; UNITED STATES;

ANTIDIARRHEALS; BIOFEEDBACK, PSYCHOLOGY; EXERCISE THERAPY; FECAL INCONTINENCE; HUMANS; NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DIABETES AND DIGESTIVE AND KIDNEY DISEASES (U.S.); QUALITY OF LIFE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84920682800     PISSN: 00029270     EISSN: 15720241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2014.303     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Bharucha AED G, Goode PS, Lukacz ES et al. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and classifi cation of fecal incontinence: proceedings of an NIH Conference. Am J Gastroenterol 2014 (this issue).
2. Johanson JF, Laff erty J. Epidemiology of fecal incontinence: the silent affl iction. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91: 33-6.
3. Dunivan GC, Heymen S, Palsson OS et al. Fecal incontinence in primary care: prevalence, diagnosis, and health care utilization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;202: 493, e1-e6
4. Bliss DZM A, Whitehead WE, Chiarioni G et al. In: Abrams PCL, Khoury S, Wein A (eds). Incontinence: 5th International Consultation on Incontinence European Association of Urology: Arnhem, The Netherlands, 2013, pp 1443-526.
5. Bliss DZ, Jung HJ, Savik K et al. Supplementation with dietary fi ber improves fecal incontinence. Nurs Res 2001;50: 203-13.
6. Cheetham M, Brazzelli M, Norton C et al. Drug treatment for faecal incontinence in adults (Cochrane review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev John Wiley Sons: Chichester, UK, 2002;(3) CD00112116.
7. Omar MI, Alexander CE. Drug treatment for faecal incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;6: CD002116.
8. Remes-Troche JM, Ozturk R, Philips C et al. Cholestyramine- A useful adjunct for the treatment of patients with fecal incontinence. Int J Colorectal Dis 2008;23: 189-94.
9. Bharucha AE, Fletcher JG, Camilleri M et al. Eff ects of clonidine in women with fecal incontinence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;12: 843-51.
10. Heymen S, Scarlett YV, Jones KR et al. Randomized controlled trial shows biofeedback to be superior to pelvic fl oor exercises for fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2009;52: 1730-7.
11. Norton C, Chelvanayagam S, Wilson-Barnett J et al. Randomized controlled trial of biofeedback for fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology 2003;125: 1320-9.
12. Solomon MJ, Pager CK, Rex J et al. Randomized, controlled trial of biofeedback with anal manometry, transanal ultrasound, or pelvic fl oor retraining with digital guidance alone in the treatment of mild to moderate fecal incontinence 7. Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46: 703-10.
13. Bharucha AE. Outcome measures for fecal incontinence: anorectal structure and function. Gastroenterology 2004;126: S90-S98.
14. Chiarioni G, Bassotti G, Stegagnini S et al. Sensory retraining is key to biofeedback therapy for formed stool fecal incontinence. AmJGastroenterol 2002;97: 109-17.
15. Wald A, Tunuguntla AK. Anorectal sensorimotor dysfunction in fecal incontinence and diabetes mellitus. Modifi cation with biofeedback therapy. N Engl J Med 1984;310: 1282-7.
16. Buser WD, Miner PB Jr. Delayed rectal sensation with fecal incontinence. Successful treatment using anorectal manometry. Gastroenterology 1986;91: 1186-91.
17. Ozturk R, Niazi S, Stessman M et al. Long-term outcome and objective changes of anorectal function aft er biofeedback therapy for faecal incontinence. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;20: 667-74.
18. Wald AB A, Cosman BC, Whitehead WE. ACG Clinical Guidelines: management of benign anorectal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 2014;109: 1141-57.
19. Whitehead WE, Bharucha AE. Diagnosis and treatment of pelvic fl oor disorders: what's new and what to do. Gastroenterology 2010;138: 5, e1-4.
20. Norton C, Gibbs A, Kamm MA. Randomized, controlled trial of anal electrical stimulation for fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2006;49: 190-6.
21. Vonthein R, Heimerl T, Schwandner T et al. Electrical stimulation and biofeedback for the treatment of fecal incontinence: a systematic review. Int J Colorectal Dis 2013;28: 1567-77.
22. Schwandner T, Hemmelmann C, Heimerl T et al. Triple-target treatment versus low-frequency electrostimulation for anal incontinence: a randomized, controlled trial. Deutsch Arztebl Int 2011;108: 653-60.
23. Schwandner T, Konig IR, Heimerl T et al. Triple target treatment (3 T) is more effective than biofeedback alone for anal incontinence: the 3 T-AI study. Dis Colon Rectum 2010;53: 1007-16.
24. Wexner SD, Coller JA, Devroede G et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence: results of a 120-patient prospective multicenter study. Ann Surg 2010;251: 441-9.
25. Hull T, Giese C, Wexner SD et al. Long-term durability of sacral nerve stimulation therapy for chronic fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2013;56: 234-45.
26. Leroi AM, Parc Y, Lehur PA et al. Effi cacy of sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence: results of a multicenter double-blind crossover study. Ann Surg 2005;242: 662-9.
27. Chiarioni G, Palsson OS, Asteria CR et al. Neuromodulation for fecal incontinence: an effective surgical intervention. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19: 7048-54.
28. Tjandra JJ, Chan MK, Yeh CH et al. Sacral nerve stimulation is more effective than optimal medical therapy for severe fecal incontinence: a randomized, controlled study. DisColon Rectum 2008;51: 494-502
29. Tan E, Ngo NT, Darzi A et al. Meta-analysis: sacral nerve stimulation versus conservative therapy in the treatment of faecal incontinence. Int J Colorectal Dis 2011;26: 275-94.
30. Chan MK, Tjandra JJ. Sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence: external anal sphincter defect vs. intact anal sphincter. Dis Colon Rectum 2008;51: 1015-24. discussion 24-5
31. Matzel KE, Lux P, Heuer S et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence: long-term outcome. Colorectal Dis 2009;11: 636-41.
32. Uludag O, Melenhorst J, Koch SM et al. Sacral neuromodulation: long-term outcome and quality of life in patients with faecal incontinence. Colorectal Dis 2011;13: 1162-6.
33. Hollingshead JR, Dudding TC, Vaizey CJ. Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence: results from a single centre over a 10-year period. Colorectal Dis 2011;13: 1030-4.
34. Wexner SD, Hull T, Edden Y et al. Infection rates in a large investigational trial of sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence. J Gastrointest Surg 2010;14: 1081-9.
35. Gourcerol G, Vitton V, Leroi AM et al. How sacral nerve stimulation works in patients with faecal incontinence. Colorectal Dis 2011;13: e203-e211.
36. Chew SS, Sundaraj R, Adams W. Sacral transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the treatment of idiopathic faecal incontinence. Colorectal Dis 2011;13: 567-71.
37. Leung E, Francombe J. Preliminary results of sacral transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2013;56: 348-53.
38. Thomas GP, Norton C, Nicholls RJ et al. A pilot study of transcutaneous sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence. Colorectal Dis 2013;15: 1406-9.
39. Thomas GP, Dudding TC, Rahbour G et al. A review of posterior tibial nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence. Colorectal Dis 2013;15: 519-26.
40. Leroi AM, Siproudhis L, Etienney I et al. Transcutaneous electrical tibial nerve stimulation in the treatment of fecal incontinence: a randomized trial (CONSORT 1a). Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107: 1888-96.
41. George AT, Kalmar K, Sala S et al. Randomized controlled trial of percutaneous versus transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation in faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 2013;100: 330-8.
42. Madoff RD. Surgical treatment options for fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology 2004;126: S48-S54.
43. Glasgow SC, Lowry AC. Long-term outcomes of anal sphincter repair for fecal incontinence: a systematic review. Dis Colon Rectum 2012;55: 482-90.
44. van Tets WF, Kuijpers JH. Pelvic fl oor procedures produce no consistent changes in anatomy or physiology. Dis Colon Rectum 1998;41: 365-9.
45. Deen KI, Oya M, Ortiz J et al. Randomized trial comparing three forms of pelvic fl oor repair for neuropathic faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1993;80: 794-8.
46. Tillin T, Gannon K, Feldman RA et al. Third-party prospective evaluation of patient outcomes aft er dynamic graciloplasty. Br J Surg 2006;93: 1402-10.
47. Efron JE. The SECCA procedure: a new therapy for treatment of fecal incontinence. Surg Technol Int 2004;13: 107-10.
48. Abbas MA, Tam MS, Chun LJ. Radiofrequency treatment for fecal incontinence: is it effective long-term Dis Colon Rectum 2012;55: 605-10.
49. Shafik A. Polytetrafl uoroethylene injection for the treatment of partial fecal incontinence. Int Surg 1993;78: 159-61.
50. Maeda Y, Laurberg S, Norton C. Perianal injectable bulking agents as treatment for faecal incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;2: CD007959.
51. Hussain ZI, Lim M, Stojkovic SG. Systematic review of perianal implants in the treatment of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 2011;98: 1526-36.
52. Luo C, Samaranayake CB, Plank LD et al. Systematic review on the effi cacy and safety of injectable bulking agents for passive faecal incontinence. Colorectal Dis 2010;12: 296-303
53. Graf W, Mellgren A, Matzel KE et al. Effi cacy of dextranomer in stabilised hyaluronic acid for treatment of faecal incontinence: a randomised, shamcontrolled trial. Lancet 2011;377: 997-1003.
54. Mellgren AM KE, Pollack J, Hull T et al. The Nasha Dx Study Group. Long-term effi cacy of NASHA Dx injection therapy for treatment of fecal incontinence. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014;26: 1087-94.
55. Wong MT, Meurette G, Wyart V et al. The artifi cial bowel sphincter: a single institution experience over a decade. Ann Surg 2011;254: 951-6.
56. Lehur PA, McNevin S, Buntzen S et al. Magnetic anal sphincter augmentation for the treatment of fecal incontinence: a preliminary report from a feasibility study. Dis Colon Rectum 2010;53: 1604-10.
57. Wong MT, Meurette G, Stangherlin P et al. The magnetic anal sphincter versus the artifi cial bowel sphincter: a comparison of 2 treatments for fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2011;54: 773-9.
58. Wong MT, Meurette G, Wyart V et al. Does the magnetic anal sphincter device compare favourably with sacral nerve stimulation in the management of faecal incontinence Colorectal Dis 2012;14: e323-e329.
59. Deutekom M, Dobben AC. Plugs for containing faecal incontinence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;4: CD005086.
60. Krouse RS, Grant M, Wendel CS et al. A mixed-methods evaluation of health-related quality of life for male veterans with and without intestinal stomas. Dis Colon Rectum 2007;50: 2054-66.
61. Krouse RS, Herrinton LJ, Grant M et al. Health-related quality of life among long-term rectal cancer survivors with an ostomy: manifestations by sex. J Clin Oncol 2009;27: 4664-70.
62. Norton C, Burch J, Kamm MA. Patients' views of a colostomy for fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48: 1062-9.
63. Mugie SM, Machado RS, Mousa HM et al. Ten-year experience using antegrade enemas in children. J Pediatr 2012;161: 700-4.
64. Wong AL, Kravarusic D, Wong SL. Impact of cecostomy and antegrade colonic enemas on management of fecal incontinence and constipation: ten years of experience in pediatric population. J Pediatr Surg 2008;43: 1445-51.
65. Azizi R, Alvandipour M, Shoar S et al. Combination of pseudocontinent perineal colostomy and appendicostomy: a new approach in the treatment of low rectal cancer. Surg Innov 2013;20: 471-7.
66. Meurette G, Duchalais E, Lehur PA. Surgical approaches to fecal incontinence in the adult. J Visc Surg 2014;151: 29-39
67. Raghavan S, Miyasaka EA, Gilmont RR et al. Perianal implantation of bioengineered human internal anal sphincter constructs intrinsically innervated with human neural progenitor cells. Surgery 2014;155: 668-74.
68. Singh J, Rattan S. Bioengineered human IAS reconstructs with functional and molecular properties similar to intact IAS. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012;303: G713-G722.
69. Mittal RK, Bhargava V, Sheean G et al. Purse-string morphology of external anal sphincter revealed by novel imaging techniques. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014;306: G505-G514.
70. Singh J, Rattan S. Role of PKC and RhoA/ROCK pathways in the spontaneous phasic activity in the rectal smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013;304: G723-G731.
71. Harris RP, Helfand M, Woolf SH et al. Current methods of the US Preventive Services Task Force: a review of the process. Am J Prevent Med 2001;20: 21-35