Strong inference: A strategy for advancing psychological science

Experience and Development: A Festschrift in Honor of Sandra Wood Scarr

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 39-59

  Bouchard, Thomas J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84920656771     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203838013     Document Type: Chapter

References (88)

1. Alford, J. R., Funk, C. L., & Hibbing, J. R. (2005). Are political orientations genetically transmitted? American Political Science Review, 99, 1–15.
2. Bergen, S. E., Gardner, C. O., & Kendler, K. S. (2007). Age-related changes in heritability of behavioral phenotypes over adolescence and young adulthood: A meta-analysis. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 10, 423–433.
3. Boomsma, D. I., Busjahn, A., & Peltonen, L. (2002). Classical twin studies and beyond. Nature reviews: Genetics, 3, 872–882.
4. Bouchard, T. J., Jr. (1998). Genetic and environmental influences on adult intelligence and special mental abilities. Human Biology, 70, 257–279.
5. Bouchard, T. J., Jr. (2007). Genes and human psychological traits. In P. Carruthers, S. Laurence, & S. Stich (Eds.), The innate mind: Foundations for the future (Vol. 3, pp. 69–90). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6. Bouchard, T. J., Jr., & Loehlin, J. C. (2001). Genes, personality and evolution. Behavior Genetics, 31, 243–273.
7. Bouchard, T. J., Jr., & McGue, M. (1981). Familial studies of intelligence: A review. Science, 212, 1055–1059.
8. Bouchard, T. J., Jr., & Segal, N. L. (1985). Environment and IQ. In B. J. Wolman (Ed.), Handbook of intelligence: Theories, measurements, and applications (pp. 391–464). New York: Wiley.
9. Brooks-Gunn, J., & Klebanov, P. K. (1996). Ethnic differences in children’s intelligence test scores: Role of economic deprivation, home environment, and maternal characteristics. Child Development, 67, 396–408.
10. Burks, B. S., & Kelly, T. L. (Eds.). (1928). Statistical hazards in nature–nurture investigations (Vol. Nature and nurture, Part 1: Their influence upon intelligence). Bloomington, IL: Public School Publishing Company.
11. Carnap, R. (1950). Logical foundations of probability. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
12. Chamberlin, T. C. (1897). The method of multiple working hypotheses. Journal of Geology, 5, 837–848.
13. Chamberlin, T. C. (1965). The method of multiple working hypotheses. Science, 148, 754–759. (Reprinted from Journal of Geology, 5, pp. 837–848, 1897)
14. Cheng, H., & Furnham, A. (2003). Perceived parental rearing style, self-esteem and self-criticism as predictors of happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5, 1–21.
15. Collins, W. A., Maccoby, E. E., Steinberg, L., Hetherington, E. M., & Bornstein, M. H. (2000). Contemporary research on parenting: The case for nature and nurture. American Psychologist, 55, 218–232.
16. Ellis, R. S. (1928). The psychology of individual differences. New York: Appleton & Company.
17. Evans, G. W. (2004). The environment of childhood poverty. American Psychologist, 59, 77–92.
18. Eysenck, H. J., & Prell, D. B. (1951). The inheritance of neuroticism: An experimental study. The Journal of Mental Science, 97, 441–465.
19. Feigel, H. (1962). Philosophical embarrassment of psychology. Psychologishe Beitrage, 6, 340–364.
20. Friedman, M. (1992). Do old fallacies ever die? Journal of Economic Literature, 30, 2129–2132.
21. Galton, F. (1865). Hereditary talent and character. Macmillan’s Magazine, 12, 157–166, 318–327.
22. Galton, F. (1885). The history of twins, as a criterion of the relative powers of nature and nurture. Journal of the Anthropological Institute, 5, 391–406.
23. Gibson, J. B. (1970). Biological aspects of a high socio-economic group. I. IQ, education and social mobility. Journal of Biosocial Science, 2, 1–16.
24. Gibson, J. B. (1973). Social mobility and the genetic structure of populations. Journal of Biosocial Science, 5, 251–259.
25. Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., et al. (1999). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study. Nature Neuroscience, 2(10), 861–863.
26. Haggbloom, S. J., Warnick, R., Warnick, J. E., Jones, V. K., Yarborough, G. L., Russell, T. M., et al. (2002). The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century. Review of General Psychology, 6, 139–152.
27. Harris, J. R. (1998). The nurture assumption: Why children turn out the way they do. New York: Free Press.
28. Harris, J. R. (2006). No two alike: Human nature and human individuality. New York: W. W. Norton.
29. Hart, C., & Risley, T. R. (1993). American parenting of language-learning children: Persisting differences in family–child interactions observed in natural home environments. Child Development, 28, 1096–1105.
30. Hart, B., & Risley, T. R. (1995). Meaningful differences in the everyday experience of young American children. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
31. Horowitz, F. D. (2000). Child development and the PITS: Simple questions, complex answers, and developmental theory. Child Development, 71, 1–10.
32. Howe, M. J. A. (1999a). Genius explained. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
33. Howe, M. J. A. (1999b). The psychology of high abilities. London: Macmillan.
34. Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (2004). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
35. Hur, Y.-M., & Bouchard, T. J. (1995). Genetic influence on perceptions of childhood family environment: A reared apart twins study. Child Development, 66, 330–345.
36. Jang, K. L., Vernon, P. A., & Livesley, W. J. (2000). Personality disorder traits, family environment, and alcohol misuse; a multivariate behavior genetic analysis. Addiction, 95, 873–888.
37. Jensen, A. R. (1973). Equating for socioeconomic variables. In A. R. Jensen (Ed.), Educability and group differences. New York: Harper & Row.
38. Johnson, W., Bouchard, T. J., Jr., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., & Gottesman, I. I. (2004). Just one g: Consistent results from three test batteries. Intelligence, 32, 95–107.
39. Jung, R. E., & Haier, R. J. (2007). The Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT) of intelligence: Converging neuroimaging evidence. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30, 135–187.
40. Kagan, J. (1998, September 13). A parent’s influence is peerless. Boston Globe, p. E3.
41. Krueger, J. (2001). Null hypothesis significance testing. American Psychologist, 56, 16–26.
42. Kuhn, D. (2006). Do cognitive changes accompany developments in the adolescent brain? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 59–67.
43. Leahy, A. M. (1935). Nature–nurture and intelligence. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 17, 241–305.
44. Leo, J. (1998, September). Parenting without a care. U.S. News and World Report, p. 14.
45. Lichtenstein, P., & Pedersen, N. L. (1997). Does genetic variance for cognitive abilities account for genetic variance in educational achievement and occupational status? A study of twins reared apart and twins reared together. Social Biology, 44, 77–90.
46. Loehlin, J. C. (2001). Behavior genetics and parenting theory. American Psychologist, 56, 169–170.
47. Lubinski, D. (2000). Scientific and social significance of assessing individual differences: “Sinking shafts at a few critical points.” Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 405–444.
48. Lubinski, D., & Humphreys, L. G. (1997). Incorporating general intelligence into epidemiology and the social sciences. Intelligence, 24, 159–202.
49. Mascie-Taylor, C. G. N., & Gibson, J. B. (1978). Social mobility and IQ components. Journal of Biosocial Science, 10, 263–276.
50. McCartney, K. (in press). On the meaning of models: A signal amidst the noise. In A. Booth & A. C. Crouter (Eds.), Children’s influence on family dynamics: The neglected side of family relations. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
51. McGue, M., Bouchard, T. J., Jr., Iacono, W. G., & Lykken, D. T. (1993). Behavior genetics of cognitive ability: A life-span perspective. In R. Plomin & G. E. McClearn (Eds.), Nature, nurture and psychology (pp. 59–76). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
52. Meehl, P. E. (1967). Theory testing in psychology and physics: A methodological paradox. Philosophy of Science, 32, 103–115.
53. Meehl, P. E. (1970). Nuisance variables and the ex post facto design. In M. Radner & S. Winokur (Eds.), Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science (Vol. 4, pp. 373–402). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
54. Meehl, P. E. (1978). Theoretical risks and tabular asterisks: Sir Karl, Sir Ronald, and the slow progress of soft psychology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 806–834.
55. Meehl, P. E. (2000). Comment on Collins 2000. In T. J. J. Bouchard (Ed.).
56. Meehl, P. E. (2000). Personal communication.
57. Mellers, B., Hertwig, R., & Kahneman, D. (2001). Do frequency representations eliminate conjunction effects? An exercise in adversarial collaboration. Psychological Science, 12, 269–275.
58. Modgil, S., & Modgil, C. (1986). Hans Eysenck: Consensus and controversy. London: Falmer Press.
59. Nickerson, R. S. (2000). Null hypothesis significance testing: A review of an old and continuing controversy. Psychological Methods, 5, 241–301.
60. Nisbett, R., & Ross, L. (1980). Human inferences: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
61. Oxford English Dictionary. (1989). (2nd Ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
62. Perusse, D., Neale, M. C., Heath, A. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1994). Human parental behavior: Evidence for genetic influence and potential implications for gene-culture transmission. Behavior Genetics, 24, 327–336.
63. Platt, J. R. (1964). Strong inference. Science, 146, 347–353.
64. Plomin, R. (1994). The nature of nurture: Family environment. In R. Plomin (Ed.), Genetics and experience: The interplay between nature and nurture (pp. 104–148). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
65. Plomin, R., & Bergeman, C. S. (1991). The nature of nurture: Genetic influence on “environmental” measures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 14, 373–427.
66. Plomin, R., Corley, R., DeFries, J. C., & Fulker, D. W. (1990). Individual differences in television viewing in early childhood: Nature as well as nurture. Psychological Science, 1, 371–377.
67. Plomin, R., Fulker, D. W., Corley, R., & DeFries, J. C. (1997). Nature, nurture and cognitive development from 1 to 16 years: A parent-offspring adoption study. Psychological Science, 8, 442–447.
68. Plug, E., & Vijverberg, W. (2003). Schooling, family background, and adoption: Is it nature or is it nurture? Journal of Political Economy, 111, 611–641.
69. Plug, E., & Vijverberg, W. (2005). Does family income matter for schooling outcomes? The Economic Journal, 115, 879–906.
70. Reiss, D. (2005). The interplay between genotypes and family relationships: Reframing concepts of development and prevention. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 139–143.
71. Reiss, D., Neiderhiser, J. M., Hetherington, E. M., & Plomin, R. (2000). The relationship code: Deciphering genetic and social influence on adolescent development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
72. Scarr, S. (1985). Constructing psychology: Making facts and fables for our times. American Psychologist, 40, 499–512.
73. Scarr, S. (1997). Behavior genetic and socialization theories of intelligence: Truce and reconciliation. In R. J. Sternberg & E. L. Grigorenko (Eds.), Intelligence: Heredity and environment (pp. 3–41). New York: Cambridge University Press.
74. Scarr, S., & Weinberg, R. (1981). The transmission of authoritarianism in families: Genetic resemblance in social-political attitudes. In S. Scarr (Ed.), Race, social class, and individual differences (pp. 399–427). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
75. Schmidt, F. L. (1996). Statistical significance testing and cumulative knowledge in psychology: Implications for training of researchers. Psychological Methods, 1, 115–129.
76. Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1996). Measurement error in psychological research: Lessons from 26 research scenarios. Psychological Methods, 1, 199–223.
77. Sesardic, N. (2005). Making sense of heritability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
78. Shaw, P., Greenstein, D., Lerch, J., Clasen, L. S., Lenroot, R., Gogtay, N., et al. (2006). Intellectual ability and cortical development in children and adolescents. Nature, 440, 676–679.
79. Simonton, D. K. (2000). Methodological and theoretical orientation and the long-term disciplinary impact of 54 eminent psychologists. Review of General Psychology, 4, 13–24.
80. Simonton, D. K. (2006). Scientific status of disciplines, individuals, and ideas: Empirical analyses of the potential impact of theory. Review of General Psychology, 10(2), 98–112.
81. Strenze, T. (2007). Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal research. Intelligence, 35, 401–426.
82. Toga, A. W., & Thompson, P. M. (2005). Genetics of brain structure and intelligence. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 28, 1–5.
83. Tomarken, A., & Waller, N. G. (2005). Structural equation modeling: Strengths, limitations, misconceptions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 283–300.
84. Turkheimer, E., Haley, A., Waldron, M., D’Onofrio, B., & Gottesman, I. I. (2003). Socioeconomic status modifies heritability of IQ in young children. Psychological Science, 14(6), 623–628.
85. Wainer, H. (2007). The most dangerous equation: Ignorance of how sample size affects statistical variation has created havoc for nearly a millennium. American Scientist, May-June, 249–256.
86. Waller, J. H. (1971). Achievement and social mobility: Relationships among IQ score, education, and occupation in two generations. Social Biology, 18, 252–259.
87. Waller, N. G. (2004). The fallacy of the null hypothesis in soft psychology. Applied & Preventative Psychology, 11, 83–86.
88. Wright, S. (1921). Correlation and causation. Journal of Agricultural Research, 20, 557–585.