Is the implicit association test immune to faking?

Experimental Psychology

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 165-179

  Steffens, Melanie C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TRIER   (Germany)

Author keywords

Automatic cognitive processes; Big Five; Faking; Implicit Association Test; Implicit cognition

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AUTOMATISM; COGNITION; DECISION MAKING; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; PERSONALITY TEST; PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT; REACTION TIME; RECUMBENCY; SELF CONCEPT; STANDARD;

AUTOMATISM; COGNITION; DECEPTION; DECISION MAKING; HUMANS; PERSONNEL SELECTION; REACTION TIME; SELF CONCEPT; WORD ASSOCIATION TESTS;

EID: 3142544800     PISSN: 16183169     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169.51.3.165     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Asendorpf, J. B., Banse, R., & Mücke, D. (2002). Double dissociation between implicit and explicit personality self-concept: The case of shy behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 380-393.
2. Asendorpf, J. B., Banse, R., & Schnabel, K. (2003). Fakability of an Implicit Association Test (IAT) and a new Implicit Association Procedure (IAP) for shyness. Manuscript submitted for publication.
3. Banaji, M. R. (2001). Implicit attitudes can be measured. In H. L. Roediger, III & J. S. Nairne (Eds.), The nature of remembering: Essays in honor of Robert G. Crowder. Science conference series (pp. 117-150). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
4. Banse, R., Seise, J., & Zerbes, N. (2001). Implicit attitudes towards homosexuality: Reliability, validity, and controllability of the IAT. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 145-160.
5. Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1-26.
6. Becker, P. (1999). Beyond the Big Five. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 511-530.
7. Becker, P. (2000). The "Big Two" Seelische Gesundheit und Verhaltenskontrolle: Zwei orthogonale Superfaktoren höherer Ordnung? [The "Big Two" psychological health and behavior test: Two orthogonal super factors of higher order?. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 21, 113-124.
8. Borkenau, P., & Ostendorf, F. (1993). NEO-FFI. Neo-Fünf-Faktoren Inventar nach Costa und McCrae - deutsche Fassung [NEO-FFI. Neo-Five-Factor inventory according to Costa and McCrae - German version. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.
9. Bosson, J. K., Swann, W. B., Jr., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2000). Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 631-643.
10. Bredenkamp, J., & Erdfelder, E. (1985). Multivariate Varianzanalyse nach dem V-Kriterium (Multivariate variance analysis with the V criterium]. Psychologische Beiträge, 27, 127-154.
11. Brendl, C. M., Markman, A. B., & Messner, C. (2001). How do indirect measures of evaluation work? Evaluating the inference of prejudice in the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 760-773.
12. Brickenkamp, R. (1981). Aufmerksamkeits-Belastungs-Test d2 (Test of Attention d2]. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.
13. Cattell, R. B. (1955). Psychiatric screening of flying personnel; personality structure in objective tests: A study of 1,000 air force students in basic pilot training. (Proj. No. 21-0202-0007. [Rep. No. 9]). USAF School of Aviation Medicine, 50, 50.
14. Cattell, R. B., & Warburton, F. W. (1967). Objective personality and motivation tests: a theoretical introduction and practical compendium. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.
15. Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (revised ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
16. Dalen, L. H., Stanton, N. A., & Roberts, A. D. (2001). Faking personality questionnaires in personnel selection. Journal of Management Development, 20, 729-742.
17. Egan, V., Deary, I., & Austin, E. (2000). The NEC-FFI: Emerging British norms and an item-level analysis suggest N, A and C are more reliable than O and E. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 907-920.
18. Egloff, B., & Schmukle, S. C. (2002). Predictive validity of an implicit association test for assessing anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1441-1455.
19. Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2003). Implicit measures in social cognition: Their meaning and uses. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 297-327.
20. Fiedler, K., & Bluemke, M. (2003). Faking the IAT: Aided and unaided response control on the Implicit Association Test. Manuscript submitted for publication.
21. Furnham, A. (1986). Response bias, social desirability and dissimulation. Personality & Individual Differences, 7, 385-400.
22. Furnham, A. (1997). Knowing and faking one's Five-Factor personality score. Journal of Personality Assessment, 69, 229-243.
23. Furnham, A. (2001). Test-taking style, personality traits, and psychometric validity. In J. M. Collis & S. Messick (Eds.), Intelligence and personality: Bridging the gap in theory and measurement (pp. 289-304). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
24. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
25. Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197-216.
26. Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1979). Automatic and effortful processes in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108, 356-388.
27. Hough, L. M., Eaton, N. K., Dunnette, M. D., Kamp, J. D., & McCloy, R. A. (1990). Criterion-related validities of personality constructs and the effect of response distortion on those validities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 581-595.
28. Jackson, C. J., & Francis, L. J. (1999). Interpreting the correlation between neuroticism and lie scale scores. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 59-63.
29. Kim, D. Y. (2003). Voluntary controllability of the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Social Psychology Quarterly, 66, 83-96.
30. Kühnen, U., Schiessl, M., Bauer, N., Paulig, N., Pöhlmann, C., & Schmidthals, K. (2001). How robust is the IAT? Measuring and manipulating implicit attitudes of East-and West-Germans. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 135-144.
31. McConnell, A. R., & Leibold, J. M. (2001). Relations among the Implicit Association Test, discriminatory behavior, and explicit measures of racial attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 435-442.
32. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr (1999). A Five-Factor theory of personality. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed.) (pp. 139-153). New York: The Guilford Press.
33. Mierke, J., & Klauer, K. C. (2004). Method-specific variance in the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 1180-1192.
34. Mount, M. K., Barrick, M. R., & Strauss, J. P. (1994). Validity of observer ratings of the Big Five personality factors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 272-280.
35. Nederhof, A. J. (1985). Methods of coping with social desirability bias: A review. European Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 263-280.
36. Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231-259.
37. Ottaway, S. A., Hayden, D. C., & Oakes, M. A. (2001). Implicit attitudes and racism: Effects of word familiarity and frequency on the implicit association test. Social Cognition, 19, 97-144.
38. Rosse, J. G., Stecher, M. D., Miller, J. L., & Levin, R. A. (1998). The impact of response distortion on preemployment personality testing and hiring decisions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 634-644.
39. Rudman, L. A., & Glick, P. (2001). Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 743-762.
40. Rudman, L. A., Greenwald, A. G., Mellott, D. S., & Schwartz, J. L. K (1999). Measuring the automatic components of prejudice: Flexibility and generality of the Implicit Association Test. Social Cognition, 17, 437-465.
41. Scandell, D. J., & Wlazelek, B. (1999). The relationship between self-perceived personality and impression management on the NEO-FFI. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 147-154.
42. Schmitz, N., Hartkamp, N., Baldini, C., Rollnik, J., & Tress, W. (2001). Psychometric properties of the German version of the NEO-FFI in psychosomatic outpatients. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 713-722.
43. Schwenkmezger, P. (1995). NEO-Fünf-Faktoren Inventar [NEO-Big-Five Inevntory]. Borkenau, P. & Ostendorf, F. (Testrezension). Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 15, 237-238.
44. Stark, S., Chemyshenko, O. S., Chan, K. Y., Lee, W. C., & Drasgow, F. (2001). Effects of the testing situation on item responding: Cause for concern. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 943-953.
45. Steffens, M. C. (1999). Mac-IAT [Computer program]. Trier, Germany: University of Trier.
46. Steffens, M. C. (in press). Implicit and explicit attitudes towards lesbians and gay men. Journal of Homosexuality.
47. Steffens, M. C., & Buchner, A. (2003). Implicit Association Test: Separating transsituationally stable and variable components of attitudes toward gay men. Experimental Psychology, 50, 33-48.
48. Steffens, M. C., Günster, A., Hartmann, J., & Mehl, B. (2004). Veränderte Märkte, feminisiertes Management, neue Chancen? Der steinige Weg der Frauen in Führungspositionen [Changed markets, feminized management, new chances? Women's stoney path to management positions]. In C. Baltes-Löhr, K. Hölz (Eds.), Gender-Perspektiven: interdisziplinär transversal - aktuell (pp. 113-127). Frankfurt a.M., Germany: Peter Lang Verlag.
49. Steffens, M. C., Jelenec, P., Anheuser, J., Goergens, N. K., Lichau, J., & Still, Y. (2003). A two-factor model of reaction time differences in the Implicit Association Test. Manuscript submitted for publication.
50. Steffens, M. C., Kirschbaum, M., & Müller, P. (2004). Avoiding stimulus effects in the Implicit Association Test: The Concept Association Task. Manuscript submitted for publication.
51. Steffens, M C., Lichau, J., Still, Y., Jelenec, P., Anheuser, J., Goergens, N. K., & Hülsebusch, T. (2004). Individuum oder Gruppe, Exemplar oder Kategorie? Ein Zweifaktorenmodell zur Erklärung der Reaktionszeitunterschiede im Implicit Association Test (IAT) [Individual or group, exemplar or category? A two-factor model for explaining die reaction-time differences in the IAT]. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 212, 57-65.
52. Steffens, M. C., & Plewe, I. (2001). Items' cross-category associations as a confounding factor in the Implicit Association Test. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 123-134.
53. Steffens, M. C., & Schulze König, S. (2003). Predicting spontaneous behavior with Implicit Association Tests. Manuscript submitted for publication.
54. Strack, F. (1994). Response processes in social judgment. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (2nd ed.) (pp. 287-322). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
55. Teachman, B. A., Gregg, A. P., & Woody, S. R. (2001). Implicit associations for fear-relevant stimuli among individuals with snake and spider fears. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 226-235.
56. Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (2001). Spontaneous prejudice in context: Variability in automatically activated attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 815-827.