Endocrine disrupting chemicals in the atmosphere: Their effects on humans and wildlife

Environment International

Volumn 76, Issue , 2015, Pages 78-97

  Annamalai, Jayshree ^a   Namasivayam, Vasudevan ^a  

^a ANNA UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Atmospheric toxicants; Bioaccumulation; Endocrine disruption; Exposure; Organic vapors

Indexed keywords

ANIMALS; BIOACCUMULATION; BIOCHEMISTRY; CELL PROLIFERATION; ENDOCRINOLOGY; FLAME RETARDANTS; HORMONES; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS;

BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS (BFRS); ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION; EXPOSURE; ORGANIC VAPORS; PHYSICOCHEMICAL REACTIONS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL (PCBS); POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS);

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS;

ALKYLPHENOL; BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANT; DIOXIN; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR; FLAME RETARDANT; PERFLUORO COMPOUND; PESTICIDE; PHTHALIC ACID DERIVATIVE; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; PHTHALIC ACID; POLLUTANT; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON;

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; BIOACCUMULATION; BROMINE COMPOUND; DIOXIN; DISEASE INCIDENCE; ECOTOXICOLOGY; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR; HEALTH GEOGRAPHY; HEALTH IMPACT; PAH; PCB; PHTHALATE; POLLUTION EFFECT; POLLUTION EXPOSURE;

AGENESIS; AIR; BIOACCUMULATION; CARCINOGENICITY; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EXENCEPHALY; FETUS DEATH; FOOD CONTAMINATION; HUMAN; HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE; HYPOSPADIAS; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; LIVER TOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PREECLAMPSIA; REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; TESTIS ATROPHY; TOXICITY; WILDLIFE; ANALYSIS; ANIMAL; ATMOSPHERE; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHEMISTRY; DRUG EFFECTS; FEMALE; FERTILITY; HALF LIFE TIME; MALE; METABOLISM; POLLUTANT; REPRODUCTION; SEX RATIO; WILD ANIMAL;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, WILD; ATMOSPHERE; DIOXINS; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; FEMALE; FERTILITY; FLAME RETARDANTS; HALF-LIFE; HUMANS; MALE; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; PHTHALIC ACIDS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC; REPRODUCTION; SEX RATIO;

EID: 84920275060     PISSN: 01604120     EISSN: 18736750     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.12.006     Document Type: Review

References (242)

1. Abdelouahab N., Langlois M.F., Lavoie L., Corbin F., Pasquier J.C., Takser L. Maternal and cord-blood thyroid hormone levels and exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls during early pregnancy. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2013, 178(5):701-713.
2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Toxicological Profile for Polychlorinated Biphenyls 2000, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA.
3. Alexander B.J., Olsen G.W., Burris J.M., Mandel J.H., Mandel J.S. Mortality of employees of a perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride manufacturing facility. Occup. Environ. Med. 2003, 60:722-729.
4. Al-Hamad K.K., Nassehi V., Khan A.R. Methane and other hydrocarbon gas emissions resulting from flaring in Kuwait oilfields. WASET 2008, 2(8):34-42.
5. Ali N., Harrad S., Goosey E., Neels H., Covaci A. "Novel" brominated flame retardants in Belgian and UK indoor dust: implications for human exposure. Chemosphere 2011, 83(10):1360-1365.
6. Antonio F.M., Ramon M.J., Jose R.J., Belena G., Laura H., Jose G.M., et al. Levels of PCBs in human tissues of the inhabitants of Madrid (Spain). Organohalogen Compd. 2008, 70:1752-1755.
7. Armitage J., Cousins I.T., Buck R.C., Prevedouros K., Russell M.H., MacLeod M., Korzeniowski S.H. Modeling global-scale fate and transport of perfluorooctanoate emitted from direct sources. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:6969-6975.
8. Arnot J.A., Gobas F.A. A review of bioconcentration factor (BCF) and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) assessments for organic chemicals in aquatic organisms. Environ. Rev. 2006, 14(4):257-297.
9. Arnot J., Gouin T., Mackay D. Development and application of models of chemical fate in Canada: practical methods for estimating environmental biodegradation rates. Canadian Environmental Modelling Network Report No. 200503 2005.
10. Arulazhagan P., Vasudevan N. Role of a moderately halophilic bacterial consortium in the biodegradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2009, 58:256-262.
11. Arulazhagan P., Vasudevan N. Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a halotolerant bacterial strain Ochrobactrum sp. VA1. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2011, 62:388-394.
12. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 1995, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA.
13. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) Toxicological Profile for Di(2-ethyl hexyl) Phthalate 2002, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA.
14. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) Toxicological Profile for Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins 1998, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA.
15. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) Toxicological Profile for Polybrominated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers 2004, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA.
16. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls 2009, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA.
17. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) Toxicological Profile for Hexachlorobenzene 2013, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA.
18. Barber J.L., Berger U., Chaemfa C., Huber S., Jahnke A., Temme C., et al. Analysis of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances in air samples from Northwest Europe. J. Environ. Monitor. 2007, 9:530-541.
19. Becker P.R., Mackey E.A., Demiralp R., Schantz M.M., Koster B.J., Wise S.A. Concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons and trace elements in marine mammal tissues archived in the U.S. National Biomonitoring Specimen Bank. Chemosphere 1997, 34:2067-2098.
20. Bettinetti R., Provini A. Toxicity of 4-nonylphenol to Tubifex tubifex and Chironomus riparius in 28-day whole-sediment tests. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2002, 53:113-121.
21. Beyer A., Biziuk M. Environmental fate and global distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2009, 201:137-158.
22. Bianco G., Zianni R., Anzillotta G., Palma A., Vitacco V., Scrano L. Dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in human breast milk collected in the area of Taranto (Southern Italy): first case study. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2013, 405:2405-2410.
23. Birnbaum L.S., Staskal D.F. Brominated flame retardants: cause for concern?. Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112:9-17.
24. Bjorklund J.A., Thuresson K., De Wit C.A. Perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in indoor dust: concentrations, human exposure estimates, and sources. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:2276-2281.
25. Bosetti C., Boffetta P., La Vecchia C. Occupational exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and respiratory and urinary tract cancers: a quantitative review to 2005. Ann. Oncol. 2007, 18:431-446.
26. Bossi R., Riget F.F., Dietz R., Sonne C., Fauser P., Dam M., et al. Preliminary screening of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and other fluorochemicals in fish, birds and marine mammals from Greenland and the Faroe Islands. Environ. Pollut. 2005, 136:323-329.
27. Bowman C.J., Turner K.J., Sar M. Altered gene expression during rat Wolffian duct development following di (n-butyl) phthalate exposure. Toxicol. Sci. 2005, 86:161-174.
28. Brock J., Melnyk L., Caudill S., Needham L.L., Bond A.E. Serum levels of several organochlorine pesticides in farmers correspond with dietary exposure and local use history. Toxicol. Ind. Health 1998, 14(1-2):275-289.
29. Brody J.G., Rudel R.A. Environmental pollutants and breast cancer. Environ. Health Perspect. 2003, 111:1001-1019.
30. Brody J.G., Moysich K.B., Humblet O. Environmental pollutants and breast cancer - epidemiologic studies. Cancer 2007, 109(12):2667-2711.
31. Brown Valerie Cause for concern: chemicals and wildlife. Toxic chemicals and threat to wildlife and humans 2003, 1-24. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).
32. Brown M.J., Reinhard M. Occurrence and behavior of alkylphenol polyethoxylates in the environment. Environ. Eng. Sci. 2003, 20(5):471-486.
33. Burleson G.R., Lebrec H., Yang Y.G., Ibanes J.D., Pennington K.N., Birnbaum L.S. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on influenza virus host resistance in mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1996, 29:40-47.
34. Buters J., Quintanilla-Martinez L., Schober W., Soballa V.J., Hintermair J., Wolff T., et al. CYP1B1 determines susceptibility to low doses of 7,12 dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced ovarian cancers in mice: correlation of CYP1B1-mediated DNA adducts with carcinogenicity. Carcinogenesis 2003, 24:327-334.
35. California EPA (Cal/EPA) Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Toxicological profile for Nonylphenol http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/project_pages/MarineDebris_OEHHA_ToxProfiles/Nonylphenol%20Final.pdf.
36. Caserini S., Cernuschi S., Giugliano M. Air and soil dioxin levels at three sites in Italy in proximity to MSW incineration plants. Chemosphere 2004, 54(9):1279-1287.
37. Cerrillo I., Granda A., Lopez E.M.J., Olmos B., Jimene M., Cano A., et al. Endosulfan and its metabolites in fertile women, placenta, cord blood, and human milk. Environ. Res. 2005, 98(2):233-239.
38. Cesh L.S., Williams T.D., Garcelon D.K., Elliot J.E. Patterns and trends of chlorinated hydrocarbons in nestling bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) plasma in British Columbia and southern California. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2008, 55(3):496-502.
39. Cevdet U., Mesude I., Inci T. Alkylphenols in the environment and their adverse effects on living organisms. Kocatepe Vet. J. 2009, 2(1):49-58.
40. Charles L.E., Loomis D., Shy C.M., Newman B., Millikan R., Nylander-French L.A., et al. Electromagnetic fields, polychlorinated biphenyls and prostate cancer mortality in electric utility workers. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2003, 157:683-691.
41. Chen G., Bunce N.J. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers as Ah receptor agonists and antagonists. Toxicol. Sci. 2003, 76:310-320.
42. Chen B., Duan J.C., Mai B.X., Luo X.J., Yang Q.S., Sheng G.Y., et al. Distribution of alkylphenols in the Pearl River Delta and adjacent northern South China Sea, China. Chemosphere 2006, 63(4):652-661.
43. Chen L.G., Mai B.X., Bi X.H., Chen S.J., Wand X.M., Ran Y. Concentration levels, compositional profiles, and gas-particle partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of an urban city in South China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40(4):1190-1196.
44. Chen Y., Li J., Chen L., Chen S., Diao W. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) plastics and printed circuit boards (PCBs). Procedia Environ. Sci. 2012, 16:552-559.
45. Chou Y.Y., Huang P.C., Lee C.C. Phthalate exposure in girls during early puberty. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009, 22:69-77.
46. Cifci Deniz I., Arikan Osman A. Occurrence of phthalates in sewage sludge from three wastewater treatment plants in Istanbul, Turkey. Clean Soil Air Water 2013, 41(9):851-855.
47. Colborn T. Epidemiology of Great Lakes bald eagles. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1991, 33:395-454.
48. Colborn T., Vom Saal F.S., Soto A.M. Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans. Environ. Health Perspect. 1993, 101:378-384.
49. Conder J.M., Hoke R.A., De Wolf W., Russell M.H., Buck R.C. Are PFCAs bioaccumulative? A critical review and comparison with regulatory criteria and persistent lipophilic compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:995-1003.
50. Cousins I.T., Mackay D., Parkerton T. Physical-chemical properties and evaluative fate modeling of phthalate esters. Phthalate Esters. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 2003, vol. 3. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg. C.A. Staples (Ed.).
51. CPCB (Central pollution control board) Dioxin (PCDDs) and furan (PCDFs). Critical Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), Final Report 2004, (December).
52. CPCB (Central pollution control board) Study of Environmental Contamination with Polychlorinated Dioxins (TCDDs) 2007, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), India, (March).
53. CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) Computation of Societal Risk Abatement Cost and Long Run Marginal Financial Cost With Regard to Dioxin and Furan Emission Standards for Common Hazardous Waste Incinerator 2011, UPL environmental Engineers Limited, India, (February).
54. Crimmins B.S., Dickerson R.R., Doddridge B.G., Baker J.E. Particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean atmospheres during the Indian Ocean Experiment and Aerosols99: Continental sources to the marine atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109. D05308.
55. D'Mello J.P.F. Food Safety: Contaminants and Toxins 2003, 127. CABI publication, Wallingford, Connecticut.
56. Dai D., Oyana T.J. Spatial variations in the incidence of breast cancer and potential risks associated with soil dioxin contamination in Midland, Saginaw, and Bay Counties, Michigan, USA. Environ. Health 2008, 7:49.
57. Darnerud P.O. Toxic effects of brominated flame retardants in man and wildlife. Environ. Int. 2003, 29(6):841-853.
58. DeCaprio A.P., McMartin D.M., O'Keefe P.W., Rej R., Silkworth J.B., Kaminsky L.S. Subchronic oral toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the guinea pig: comparisons with a PCB-containing transformer fluid pyrolysate. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1986, 6:454-463.
59. Demircioglu E., Sofuoglu A., Odabasi M. Atmospheric concentrations and phase partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Izmir, Turkey. Clean Soil Air Water 2011, 39:319-327.
60. Devi N.L., Qi S., Chakraborty P., Zhang G., Yadav I.C. Passive air sampling of organochlorine pesticides in a northeastern state of India, Manipur. J. Environ. Sci. (China) 2011, 23(5):808-815.
61. Diggs D.L., Huderson A.C., Harris K.L., Myers J.N., Banks L.D., Rekhadevi P.V., et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and digestive tract cancers - a perspective. J. Environ. Sci. Health C 2011, 29(4):324-357.
62. Domingo J.L., Schuhmacher M., Agramunt M.C., Muller L., Neugebauer F. Levels of metals and organic substances in blood and urine of workers at a new hazardous waste incinerator. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 2001, 74:263-269.
63. Dreyer A., Temme C., Sturm R., Ebinghaus, Dreyer R. Polyfluorinated compounds in ambient air from ship and land-based measurements in Northern Germany. Atmos. Environ. 2009, 43(8):1527-1535.
64. Dreyer A., Weinberg I., Temme C., Ebinghaus R. Polyfluorinated compounds in the atmosphere of the Atlantic and Southern Oceans: evidence for a global distribution. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:6507-6514.
65. Durand C., Ruban V., Ambles A., Oudot J. Characterization of the organic matter of sludge: determination of lipids, hydrocarbons and PAHs from road retention/infiltration ponds in France. Environ. Pollut. 2004, 132:375-384.
66. Duyzer J. Pesticide concentrations in air and precipitation in the Netherlands. J. Environ. Monit. 2003, 5(4):77-80.
67. Earl N., Cartwirght C.D., Horrocks S.J., Warboys M., Swift S., Kirton J.A., et al. Review of the fate and transport of selected contaminants in the soil environment. Technical Report P5-079/TR1 2004, Environment Agency, United Kingdom.
68. EFSA Panel on contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM); scientific opinion on brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in food: brominated phenols and their derivatives. EFSA J. 2012, 10(4):2634.
69. EFSA Scientific Committee Scientific opinion on the hazard assessment of endocrine disruptors: scientific criteria for identification of endocrine disruptors and appropriateness of existing test methods for assessing effects mediated by these substances on human health and the environment. EFSA J. 2013, 11(3):3132.
70. Ejaz S., Akram W., Lim C.W., Lee J.J., Hussain I. Endocrine disrupting pesticides; a leading cause of cancer among rural people. Exp. Oncol. 2004, 26(2):98-105.
71. Elife K., Yetkin D., Melik K., Altiok H., Bayram A., Elbir T., et al. Spatial and temporal variation and air-soil exchange of atmospheric PAHs and PCBs in an industrial region. Atmos. Pollut. Res. 2012, 3(4):435-449.
72. Ellis D.A., Martin J.W., De Silva A.O., Mabury S.A., Hurley M.D., Andersen M.P.S. Degradation of fluorotelomer alcohols: a likely atmospheric source of perfluorinated carboxylic acids. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38:3316-3321.
73. EPA An inventory of sources and environmental releases of dioxin-like compounds in the United States for the years 1987, 1995, and 2000. EPA/600/P-03/002F. Final Report 2006, (November).
74. EPA Toxicological review of dibutyl phthalate external peer review draft:. http://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/recent_2006.htm.
75. EPA (U.S.Environmental Protection Agency) Health assessment document for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds. External Review Draft 1994, vol. III. (EPA/600/BP-92/001c; August).
76. EPA factsheet Emerging contaminants - perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) and perflurooctanoic acid (PFOA) http://www.EPA.gov.
77. EPA.(US Environmental Protection Agency) Recommended Toxicity Equivalence Factors (TEFs) for Human Health Risk Assessments of 2,3,7,8 Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and Dioxin-Like Compounds 2010, (EPA/100/R 10/005).
78. Fangstrom B., Strid A., Grandjean P., Weihe P., Bergman A. A retrospective study of PBDEs and PCBs in human milk from the Faroe Islands. Environ. Health 2005, 4:12.
79. Faniband M., Lindh C.H., Jonsson B.A.G. Human biological monitoring of suspected endocrine disrupting compounds. Asian J. Androl. 2014, 16:5-16.
80. Farmer W.J., Yang M., Letey J. Problems associated with the land disposal of an organic industrial hazardous waste containing HCB: residual management by land disposal. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Report EPA-600/9-76-015, Cincinnati, Ohio 1976, 177-185.
81. Fei C., McLaughlin J.K., Lipworth L., Olsen J. Maternal levels of perfluorinated chemicals and subfecundity. Hum. Reprod. 2009, 1(1):1-6.
82. Fernandez M., Paradisi M., D'Intino G., Del V.G., Sivilia S., Giardino L., et al. A single prenatal exposure to the endocrine disruptor 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin alters developmental myelination and remyelination potential in the rat brain. J. Neurochem. 2010, 115(4):897-909.
83. Fini J.B., Le Mevel S., Turque N., Palmier K., Zalko D., Demeneix B.A., et al. An in vivo multiwell-based fluorescent screen for monitoring vertebrate thyroid hormone disruption. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:5908-5914.
84. Foster W.G., McMahon A., Youngai E.V., Jarrell J.F., Lecavalier P. Alterations in circulating ovarian steroids in hexachlorobenzene-exposed monkeys. Reprod. Toxicol. 1995, 9(6):541-548.
85. Fox J.E. Non-traditional targets of endocrine disrupting chemicals: the roots of hormone signaling. Integr. Comp. Biol. 2005, 45:179-188.
86. Fromme H., Tittlemier S.A., Volkel W., Wilhelm M., Twardella D. Perfluorinated compounds - exposure assessment for the general population in Western countries. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2009, 212:239-270.
87. Gammon M.D., Santella R.M., Neugut A.I., Eng S.M., Teitelbaum S.L., Britton J.A., et al. Environmental toxins and breast cancer on Long Islands. I. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons DNA adducts. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2002, 11(8):677-685.
88. GAO (US General Accounting Office) Chemical Regulation: Options Exist to Improve EPA's Ability to Assess Health Risks and Manage its Chemical Review Program., Report No. GAO-05-2005, Washington, DC 2005, 1. (June 13).
89. Gauger K.J., Kato Y., Haraguchi K., Lehmler H.J., Robertson L.W., Bansal R., et al. Polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCBs) exert thyroid hormone-like effects in the fetal rat brain but do not bind to thyroid hormone receptors. Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112:516-523.
90. Gayathri V., Vasudevan N. Enrichment of phenol degrading moderately halophilic bacterial consortium from saline environment. J. Bioremed. Biodegrad. 2010, 1:104.
91. Gera T., Lars Borjesson S.B., Ian R. Biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) - associated hemolytic anemia in oiled wildlife. Environ. Res. 2007, 105(3):324-329.
92. Gray L.E., Wilson V.S., Stoker T., Lambright C., Furr J., Noriega N., et al. Adverse effects of environmental antiandrogens and androgens on reproductive development in mammals. Int. J. Androl. 2006, 29(1):96-104.
93. Great Lakes Chemical Corporation Initial submission: letter from Great Lakes Chemical Corporation to U.S. EPA summarizing 90-day inhalation toxicity study of octabromodiphenyl oxide in albino rats, dated 05/25/01. Submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Under TSCA Section 8E. OTS0574171 2001.
94. Groshart C.P., Okkerman P.C., Wassenberg W.B.A., Pijnenburg A.M.C.M. Chemical study on alkylphenols. RIKZ Report 2001.029, Nat Inst Coast and Marine Management (RIKZ) 2001.
95. Hafez E.E., Rashad M., Abd-Elsalam H.E., El-Hanafy A.A. The polyaromatic hydrocarbons as a serious environmental pollutants and the role of bioremediation to overcome this problem. Environment, Health and Nutrition-Global Issues 2008, APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, India. S.K. Basu, S. Datta Banik (Eds.).
96. Haines D., Laube V., Jordan S. Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Persistent Environmental Contaminants and the Great Lakes Basin Population: An Exposure, Assessment 1998, 299-325.
97. Hansch C., Leo A., Hoekman D. Exploring QSAR: Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants 1995, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA.
98. Hara Y., Strussmann C.A., Hashimoto S. Assessment of short-term exposure to nonylphenol in Japanese medaka using sperm velocity and frequency of motile sperm. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2007, 53:406-410.
99. Hardy M.L., Schroeder R., Biesemeier J., Manor O. Prenatal oral (gavage) developmental toxicity study of decabromodiphenyl oxide in rats. Int. J. Toxicol. 2002, 21:83-91.
100. Hayes T.B., Collins A., Lee M., Mendoza M., Noriega N., Stuart A.A., et al. Hermaphroditic, demasculinized frogs after exposure to the herbicide atrazine at low ecologically relevant doses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2002, 99:5476-5480.
101. Hayes T.B., Haston K., Tsui M., Hoang A., Haeffele C., Vonk A., et al. Feminization of male frogs in the wild. Nature 2002, 419:895-896.
102. Hayes T.B., Khoury V., Narayan A., Nazir M., Park A., Brown T., et al. Atrazine induces complete feminization and chemical castration in male African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). PNAS 2010, 107(10):4612-4617.
103. Hayes T.B., Khoury V., Narayan A., Nazir M., Park A., Brown T., et al. Atrazine induces complete feminization and chemical castration in male African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107:4612-4617.
104. Hebert C.E., Gamberg M., Elkin B.T., Simon M., Norstrom R.J. Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, dibenzofurans and non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls in caribou (Rangifer tarandus) from the Canadian Arctic. Sci. Total Environ. 1996, 185:195-204.
105. Hodson P.V., McWhirter M., Ralph K., Gray B., Thivierge D., Carey J.H., et al. Effects of bleached draft mill effluent on fish in the St. Maurice River, Quebec. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1992, 11(11):1635-1651.
106. Hofmann J.N., Liao L.M., Strickland P.T., Shu X.O., Yang G., Ji B.T., et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: determinants of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide concentration and risk of colorectal cancer in the Shanghai Women's Health Study. BMC Cancer 2013, 13:282.
107. Hollifield H.C. Rapid nephelometric estimate of water solubility of highly insoluble organic chemicals of environmental interest. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1979, 23:579-586.
108. Howdeshell K.L., Furr J., Lambright C.R., Wilson V.S., Gray L.E. Cumulative effects of di (n-butyl) phthalate and diethyl hexyl phthalate on male rat reproductive tract development: altered fetal steroid hormones and gene. J. Toxicol. Sci. 2007, 99(1):190-202.
109. HSDB (Hazardous Substances Data Bank) Arsenic, elemental. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. U.S. National Library of Medicine http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB.
110. HSDB (Hazardous Substances Data Bank) National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD (TOMES.CD-ROM Version) 1995, Micromedex, Inc., Denver, CO.
111. HSDB.Hazardous Substances Data Bank TOMES 1995, vol. 20. Micromedex, Inc., Denver, CO.
112. HSDB.Hazardous Substances Data Bank National Library of Medicine http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+922.
113. HSDB.Hazardous Substances Data Bank National Library of Medicine (HSDB and search on CAS number. Last accessed: 7/18/10). http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?
114. Hu W., Wang T., Khim J.S., Luo W., Jiao W., Lu Y., et al. Organochlorine pesticides (HCH and DDT) in sediments from marine and adjacent Riverine areas of North Bohai Sea, China. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2010, 26:339-352.
115. Huang P.C., Kuo P.L., Chou Y.Y., Lin S.J., Lee C.C. Association between prenatal exposure to phthalates and the health of newborns. Environ. Int. 2009, 35:14-20.
116. Hung L.J., Tsai S.S., Chen P.S., Yang Y.H., Wu T.N., Yang C.Y., et al. Traffic air pollution and risk of death from breast cancer in Taiwan: fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) as a proxy marker. AAQR 2012, 12(2):275-282.
117. Iguchi T., Katsu Y. Commonality in signaling of endocrine disruption from snail to human. Bioscience 2008, 58(11):1061-1067.
118. Iguchi T., Katsu Y., Horiguchi T., Watanabe H., Blumberg B., Ohta Y. Endocrine disrupting organotin compounds are potent inducers of imposex in gastropods and adipogenesis in vertebrates. Mol. Cell. Toxicol. 2007, 3:1-10.
119. Jagnytsch O., Opitz R., Lutz I., et al. Effects of tetrabromobisphenol A on larval development and thyroid hormone-regulated biomarkers of the amphibian Xenopus laevis. Environ. Res. 2006, 101:340-348.
120. Jahnke A., Ahrens L., Ebingham R., Berger U., Barber Jl, Tenense C. An improved method for the analysis of volatile polyfluorinated alkyl substances in environmental air samples. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2007, 387:965-975.
121. Johnsen A.R., Wick L.Y., Harms L. Principle of microbial PAH-degradation in soil. Environ. Pollut. 2005, 133:71-84.
122. Johnson-Restrepo B., Kannan K., Rapaport D.P., Rodan B.D. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in human adipose tissue from New York. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39:5177-5182.
123. Kamarianos A., Karamanlis X., Goulas P., Theodosiadou E., Smokovitis A. The presence of environmental pollutants in the follicular fluid of farm animals (cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs). Reprod. Toxicol. 2003, 17(2):185-190.
124. Kannan K., Yun S.H., Rudd R.J., Behr M. High concentrations of persistent organic pollutants including PCBs, DDT, PBDEs and PFOS in little brown bats with white-nose syndrome in New York, USA. Chemosphere 2010, 80(6):613-618.
125. Kayama F., Horiguchi H., Hamamatsu A. Potential health effects of alkylphenols in Japan. JMAJ 2003, 46(3):108-114.
126. Kelly B.C., Ikonomou M.G., Blair J.D., Morin A.E., Gobas F.A.P.C. Food web-specific biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants. Science 2007, 317:236-239.
127. Kemp M.Q., Liu W., Thorne P.A., Kane M.D., Selmin O., Romognolo D.E., et al. Induction of the transferring receptor gene by benzo[a]pyrene in breast cancer MCF-7 cells: potential as a biomarker of PAH exposure. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2006, 4:518-526.
128. Kemsley J. Water eased oil removal in Gulf. C&EN 2012, 6:32-33.
129. Kester M.H., Bulduk S., van Toor H., Tibboel D., Meinl W., Glatt H., et al. Potent inhibition of estrogen sulfotransferase by hydroxylated metabolites of polyhalogenated aromatichydrocarbons reveals alternative mechanism for estrogenic activity of endocrine disrupters. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002, 87:1142-1150.
130. Kidd H., James D.R. The agrochemicals hand book 1992, 6-10. Royal Society of Chemistry Information Services, Cambridge: UK. 3rd ed.
131. Klimisch H.J., Hellwig J., Kaufmann W. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP): investigation of inhalation toxicity in rats after repeated exposure (28 d). Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 1991, 10:68.
132. Kozie K.D., Anderson R.K. Productivity, diet, and environmental contaminants in bald eagles nesting near the Wisconsin shoreline of Lake Superior. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1991, 20:41-48.
133. Kummer V., Masková J., Zralý Z., Neca J., Simeckova P., Machaka M., et al. Estrogenic activity of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in uterus of immature Wistar rats. Toxicol. Lett. 2008, 180(3):212-221.
134. Lalah J.O., Severin G.F., Schramm K.W., Lenoir D., Behechti A., Guenther K., et al. Effects of a branched p-nonylphenol isomer (4(3',6'-dimethyl-3'-heptyl)-phenol) on embryogenesis in Lymnae stagnalis L. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2007, 52:104-112.
135. Lau C., Anitole K., Hodes C., Lai D., Pfahles-Hutchens A., Seed J. Perfluoroalkyl acids: a review of monitoring and toxicological findings. Toxicol. Sci. 2007, 99(2):366-394.
136. Lavrova O.Y., Kostianoy A.G. Catastrophic oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in April-May 2010. Izv. Atmos. Ocean Phys. 2011, 47:1114-1118.
137. Letcher R.T., Bustnes J.O., Dietz R., Jensen B.M., Jorgensen E.H., Sonne C., et al. Exposure and effects assessment of persistent organohalogen contaminants in Arctic wildlife and fish. Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408:2995-3043.
138. Lewis N.M. Attenuation of polybrominated biphenyls and hexachlorobenzene by earth materials project summary. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Report EPA600/S2-81-191, Cincinnati, Ohio 1981.
139. Li Y.M., Jiang G.B., Wang Y.W., Wang P., Zhang Q.H. Concentrations, profiles and gas particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs in the ambient air of an E-waste dismantling area, southeast China. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2008, 53:521-528.
140. Liang D.W., Zhang T., Herbert H., Fang P., He Z. Phthalates biodegradation in the environment. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2008, 80:183-198.
141. Lie E., Larsen H.J.S., Larsen S., Johnsen G.M., Derocher A.E., Lunn N.J., et al. Does high organochlorine (OC) exposure impair the resistance to infection in polar bears (Ursus maritimus)?. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 2004, 67:555-582.
142. Lin H., Ge R.S., Chen G.R., Hu G.X., Dong L., Lian Q.Q., et al. Involvement of testicular growth factors in fetal Leydig cell aggregation after exposure to phthalate in utero. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2008, 105:7218-7222.
143. Lintelmann J., Katayama A., Kurihara N., Shore L., Wenzel A. Endocrine disruptors in the environment. Pure Appl. Chem. 2003, 75(5):631-681.
144. Lohmann R., Breivik K., Dachs J., Muir D.G. Global fate of POPs: current and future research directions. Environ. Pollut. 2007, 150:150-165.
145. Lovekamp T.N., Davis B.J. Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate suppresses aromatase transcript levels and estradiol production in cultured rat granulosa cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2001, 172:217-224.
146. MacIntosh D.L., Minegishi T., Fragala M.A., Allen J.G., Coghlan K.M., Stewart J.H., et al. Mitigation of building-related polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor air of a school. Environ. Health 2012, 11:24.
147. Mackay D., Shiu W.Y., Ma K.C. Illustrated handbook of physical-chemical properties and environmental fate for organic chemicals. Pesticide Chemicals 1997, 5th vol. Lewis Publisher, Boca Raton, FL.
148. Mackay D., Shiu W.Y., Ma K.C., Lee S.C. Handbook of physical-chemical properties and environmental fate for organic chemicals. Halogenated Hydrocarbons 2006, Vol 2. CRC press. Taylor and Francis group, Boca Raton, FL.
149. Mackenzie C.A., Berrill M., Metcalfe C., Pauli B.D. Gonadal differentiation in frogs exposed to estrogenic and antiestrogenic compounds. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2003, 22:2466-2475.
150. Martin L., Klaassan C.D. Differential effects of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners on serum thyroid hormone levels in rats. Toxicol. Sci. 2010, 117:36-44.
151. Martin J.W., Smithwick M.M., Braune B.M., Hoekstra P.F., Muir D.C.G., Mabury S.A. Identification of long-chain perfluorinated acids in biota from the Canadian Arctic. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38:373-380.
152. Martina S., Satoshi E., Kai-Uwe G. Volatilization of pesticides from the bare soil surface: evaluation of the humidity effect. J. Environ. Qual. 2013, 42(3):844-885.
153. Mascarelli A. After the oil. Nature 2010, 467:22-24.
154. Mazdai A., Dodder N.G., Abernathy M.P., Hites R.A., Bigsby R.M. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal and fetal blood samples. Environ. Health Perspect. 2003, 111(9):1249-1252.
155. McAloose D., Newton A.L. Wildlife cancer: a conservation perspective. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2009, 9(7):517-526.
156. McKinlay R., Plant J.A., Bell J.N.B., Voulvoulis N. Endocrine disrupting pesticides: implications for risk assessment. Environ. Int. 2008, 34:168-183.
157. 3/activated carbon). Sci Total Environ 2013, 442:26-35.
158. Mocarelli P., Gerthoux M., Patterson D.G., Milani S., Limonta G., Bertona M., et al. Dioxin exposure, from infancy through puberty, produces endocrine disruption and affects human semen quality. Environ. Health Perspect. 2008, 116(1):70-77.
159. Mocarelli P., Gerthoux P.M., Needham L.L., Patterson D.G., Limonta G., Falbo R., et al. Perinatal exposure to low doses of dioxin can permanently impair human semen quality. Environ. Health Perspect. 2011, 119:713-718.
160. Moore R.W., Rudy T.A., Lin T.M., Ko K., Peterson R.E. Abnormalities of sexual development in male rats with in utero and lactational exposure to the antiandrogenic plasticizer di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Environ. Health Perspect. 2001, 109(3):229-237.
161. Mori C. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and spermatogenesis. Teratology 2000, 62.
162. Morville S., Delhomme O., Millet M. Seasonal and diurnal variations of atmospheric PAH concentrations between rural, suburban and urban areas. APR 2011, 2:366-373.
163. Neelam C., Neeraj K.S., Banerjee B.D. Organochlorine pesticide levels and risk of Parkinson's disease in North Indian population. ISRN Neurol. 2013, 1-6.
164. Noel M., Barrett-Lennard L., Guinet C., Dangerfield N., Ross P.S. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in killer whales (Orcinus orca) from the Crozet Archipelago, southern Indian Ocean. Mar. Environ. Res. 2009, 68(4):196-202.
165. Norstrom R.J., Simon M., Muir D.C.G. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in marine mammals in the Canadian North. Environ. Pollut. 1990, 66:1-19.
166. Ohta S., Okumura T., Nishimura H., Nakao T., Shimizu Y., Ochiai F., et al. Levels of PBDEs, TBBPA, TBPs, PCDDs/DFs, PXDDs/DFs AND PBDDs/DFs in human milk of nursing women and dairy milk products in Japan. Organohalogen Compd. 2004, 66:2857-2862.
167. Olsen G.W., Zobel L.R. Assessment of lipid, hepatic, and thyroid parameters with serum perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) concentrations in fluorochemical production workers. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 2007, 81(2):231-246.
168. Olsen G.W., Burris J.M., Burlew M.M., Mandel J.H. Epidemiologic assessment of worker serum Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) concentrations and medical surveillance examinations. JOEM. 2003, 45(3):260-270.
169. Oono S., Matsubara E., Harada K.H., Takagi S., Hamada S., Asakava A., et al. Survey of airborne polyfluorinated telomers in Keihan area, Japan. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2008, 80:102-106.
170. Papke O., Ball M., Lis A. Various PCDD/PCDF patterns in human blood resulting from different occupational exposures. Chemosphere 1992, 25:1101-1108.
171. Park H.Y., Park J.S., Sovcikova E.J., Kocan A., Linderholm I., Bergman A., et al. Exposure to hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) in the prenatal period and subsequent neurodevelopment in eastern Slovakia. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 117:1600-1606.
172. Peterson D.R., Staples C.A. Degradation of phthalate esters in the environment. Handb. Environ. Qual. 2003, 3:85-124.
173. Phillips D.H. DNA adducts in human tissues: biomarkers of exposure to carcinogens in tobacco smoke. Environ. Health Perspect. 1996, 104(3):453-458.
174. Pie X.Q., Song M., Guo M., Mo F.F., Shen X.Y. Concentration and risk assessment of phthalates present in indoor air from newly decorated apartments. Atmos. Environ. 2013, 68:17-23.
175. Prevedouros K., Cousins I.T., Buck R.C. Sources, fate, and transport of perfluorocarboxylates. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40(1):32-44.
176. Raloof J. Beyond estrogens: why unmasking hormone-mimicking pollutants proves so challenging. Sci. News 1995, 148(3):44.
177. Razia S., Maegawa Y., Tamotsu S., Oishi T. Histological changes in immune and endocrine organs of quail embryos: exposure to estrogen and nonylphenol. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2006, 65:364-371.
178. Richardson V.M., Staskal D.F., Ross D.G., Dilliberto J.J., Devito M.J., Birnbaum L.S., et al. Possible mechanisms of thyroid hormone disruption in mice by BDE 47, a major polybrominated diphenyl ether congener. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2008, 226:244-250.
179. Ripping G. Screening of absorption behavior of new chemicals: natural spoils and model absorptions. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 1972, 6:236-245.
180. Roze E., Meijer L., Bakker A., Van Braeckel K., Sauer P.J.J., Bos A.F. Prenatal exposure to organohalogens including brominated flame retardants, influences motor, cognitive and behavior performance at school age. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 117:1953-1958.
181. Sadau C., Ayotte P., Dewailly E. Pentachlorophenol and hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl metabolites in umbilical cord plasma of neonates from coastal population of Quebec. Environ. Health Perspect. 2002, 110:411-417.
182. Safdari M., Golmohammadi H. Prediction of n-octanol-water partition coefficient for polychlorinated biphenyls from theoretical molecular descriptors. Eur. J. Chem. 2010, 1(4):266-275.
183. Saito I., Onuki A., Seto H. Indoor air pollution by alkylphenols in Tokyo. Indoor Air 2004, 14(5):325-332.
184. Saiyed H., Dewan A., Bhatnagar V., Shenoy U., Shenoy R., Rajmohan H., et al. Effect of endosulfan on male reproductive development. Environ. Health Perspect. 2003, 111(16):1958-1962.
185. Salamova A., Hites R.A. Discontinued and alternative brominated flame retardants in the atmosphere and precipitation from the Great Lakes Basin. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45(20):8698-8706.
186. Schantz S.L., Ferguson S.A., Bowman R.E. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on behavior of monkey in peer groups. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 1992, 14:433-446.
187. Schecter A., Ryan J.J. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran levels in human adipose tissues from workers 32years after occupational exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Chemosphere 1988, 17:915-920.
188. Schecter A., Startin J., Wright C., Papke O., Ball M., Lis A. Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in human placental and fetal tissues from the U.S. and in placentas from Yu-Cheng exposed mothers. Chemosphere 1996, 32:551-557.
189. Schlabach M., Remberger M., Brorstrom-Lunden E., Nordstrom K., Kaj L., Andersson H., et al. Brominated flame retardant (BFR) in the Nordic environment 2011, 528. Nordic Council of Ministers, TemaNord, Copenhagen.
190. Senthil Kumar K., Priya M., Sajwan K.S., Kolli R., Roots O. Residues of persistent organic pollutants in Estonian soil. Estonian J. Earth Sci. 2009, 58(2):109-123.
191. Shen O., Du G., Sun H., Wu W., Jiang Y., Song L., et al. Comparison of in vitro hormone activities of selected phthalates using reporter gene assays. Toxicol. Lett. 2009, 191:9-14.
192. 3 response. J. Endocrinol. 2004, 183:627-637.
193. Shoeib M., Harner T., Vlahos P. Perfluorinated chemicals in the arctic atmosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:7577-7583.
194. Silva E., Kabil A., Kortenkamp A. Cross-talk between non-genomic and genomic signalling pathways - distinct effect profiles of environmental estrogens. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2010, 245(2):160-170.
195. Sitarska E., Klucinski W., Faundez R., Duszewska A.M., Winnicka A., y Goralczyk K. Concentration of PCBs, HCB, DDT, and HCH isomers in the ovaries, mammary gland, and liver of cows. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1995, 55:865-869.
196. Sjodin A., Jones R.S., Focant J.F., Lapeza C., Wang R.Y., McGhaee E.E., et al. Retrospective time-trend study of polybrominated diphenyl ether and polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyl levels in human serum from the United States. Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112(6):654-658.
197. Slama R., Cordier S. Environmental contaminants and impacts on healthy and successful pregnancies. Environmental impacts on reproductive health and fertility 2010, 125-144. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. T.J. Woodruff, S. Janssen, L.J. Guillette, L.C. Guidice (Eds.).
198. Sonne C. Health effects from long-range transported contaminants in Arctic top predators. An integrated review based on studies of polar bears and relevant model species. Environ. Int. 2010, 36:461-491.
199. SRC (Syracuse Research Corporation) Environmental Fate Data Base (EFDB): CHEMFATE. Database 2003, SRC, Syracuse: NY, (http://www.syrres.com/esc/efdb.htm).
200. Srogi K. Monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2007, 5(4):169-195.
201. Stillerman K.P., Mattison D.R., Giudice L.C., Woodruff T.J. Environmental exposures and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a review of the science. Reprod. Sci. 2008, 15(7):631-650.
202. Stock N.L., Lau F.K., Ellis D.A., Martin J.W., Muir D.C.G., Mabury S.A. Polyfluorinated telomer alcohols and sulfonamides in the North American troposphere. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38:991-996.
203. Tairova Z.M., Giessing A.M.B., Hansen R., Andersen O. 1-Hydroxypyrene as a biomarker of PAH exposure in the marine polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Mar. Environ. Res. 2009, 67(2009):38-46.
204. Thomas K., Xue J., Williams R., Jones P., Whitake D. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in School Buildings: Sources, Environmental Levels, and Exposures 2012, (EPA/600/R-12/051; September).
205. Tian M., Chen S.J., Wang J., Luo Y., Luo X.J., Mai B.X. Plant uptake of atmospheric brominated flame retardants at an e-waste site in Southern China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46:2708-2714.
206. Tickner J., Hunt P., Rossi M., et al. The Use of Di-2-ethylhexyl Phthalate in PVC Medical Devices: Exposure, Toxicity, and Alternatives 1999, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, Lowell, MA.
207. Toft G., Jonsson B.A.G., Lindh C.H., Jensen T.K., Hjollund N.H., Vested A., Bonde J.P. Association between pregnancy loss and urinary phthalate levels around the time of conception. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012, 120(3):458-463.
208. Tomy G.T., Budakowski W., Halldorson T., Helm P.A., Stern G.A., Friesen K., et al. Fluorinated organic compounds in an eastern Arctic marine food web. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38:6475-6481.
209. UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) The chemical industry and international cooperation to manage chemical risks: facts and figures. Ind. Environ. 2004, 27(2-3):4-6.
210. United Nations Environment Programme, World Health Organization (UNEP/WHO) State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals - 2012: Summary for Decision Makers 2013, 1-30. (Geneva). A. Bergman, J.J. Heindel, S. Jobling, K.A. Kidd, R.T. Zoeller (Eds.).
211. van den Berg M., Birnbaum L.S., Denison M., De Vito Farland W., Feeley M., et al. The 2005 World Health Organization re-evaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Toxicol. Sci. 2006, 93(2):223-241.
212. Vandekerkhove J., Rossetti G., Mezquita F. Pyriproxyfen, a juvenoid hormone analog, does not induce male production in parthenogenetic lineages of Eucypris virens (Crustacea: Ostracoda). J. Limnol. 2007, 66(1):60-63.
213. Vasudevan N., Aruazhagan P. Surfactants mediated recovery of anthracene and pyrene from contaminated soil. AJMBES 2007, 9(2):237-242.
214. Vasudevan N., Bharathi S., Arulazhagan P. Role of plasmid in the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon by Pseudomonas fluorescens NS1. J. Environ. Sci. Health A 2007, 42:1141-1146.
215. Vested A., Giwercman A., Bonde J.P., Toft G. Persistent organic pollutants and male reproductive health. Asian J. Androl. 2014, 16:71-80.
216. Vetillard A., Bailhache T. Effects of 4-n-nonylphenol and tamoxifen on salmon receptor and vitellogenin gene expression in juvenile rainbow trout. Toxicol. Sci. 2006, 92:523-544.
217. Vijayanathan V., Greenfield N.J., Thomas T.J., Ivanova M.M., Tyulmenkov V.V., Klinge C.M., et al. Effects of estradiol and 4-hydroxytamoxifen on the conformation, thermal stability and DNA recognition of estrogen receptor β. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2007, 85(1):1-10.
218. von der Recke R., Vetter W. Synthesis and characterization of 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE) and structurally related compounds evidenced in seal blubber and brain. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:1590-1595.
219. Wang D., Qin X., Xu X. Residues of organochlorine pesticides in surface soils from college school yards in Beijing. Chin. J. Environ Sci. 2008, 20:1090-1096.
220. Wang G., Ma P., Zhang Q., Lewis J., Lacey M., Furukawa Y., et al. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in New Orleans surface waters and Mississippi Sound sediments. J. Environ. Monitor. 2012, 14(5):1353-1364.
221. Watson C.S., Alyea R.A., Jeng Y.J. Nongenomic actions of low concentration estrogens and xenoestrogens on multiple tissues. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2007, 274:1-7.
222. Webster E., Mackay D. Modelling the environmental fate of dioxins and furans: released to the atmosphere during incineration: Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre. CEMC Report No. 200701 2007, (March).
223. Weisglas-Kuperus N., Patandin S., Berbers G.A., Sas T.C., Mulder P.G., Sauer P.J., et al. Immunologic effects of background exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins in Dutch preschool children. Environ. Health Perspect. 2000, 108(12):1203.
224. Weiss J.M., Andersson P.L., Lamoree M.H., Leonards P.E., van Leeuwen S.P., Hamers T. Competitive binding of poly and perfluorinated compounds to the thyroid hormone transport protein transthyretin. Toxicol. Sci. 2009, 109:206-216.
225. Weldon R.H., Barr D.B., Trujillo C., Bradman A., Holland N., Eskenazi B. A pilot study of pesticides and PCBs in the breast milk of women residing in urban and agricultural communities of California. J. Environ. Monit. 2011, 13(11):3136-3144.
226. WHO (World Health Organization) Consultation on assessment of the health risks of dioxins; re-evaluation of the tolerable daily intake (TDI): executive summary. Food Addit. Contam. 2000, 17:223-240.
227. WHO (World Health Organization) Diethyl phthalate. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 52 2003, (LC/NLM Classification: QV 612, Geneva). 1020-6167.
228. WHO (World Health Organization) Endocrine disrupters and child health. Possible developmental early effects of endocrine disrupters on child health 2012, WHO press, Geneva, http:/www.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75342/1/9789241503761_eng.pdf.
229. Wiberg K., McLachlan M.S., Jonsson P., Johansson N. Sources, transport, reservoirs and fate of dioxins, PCBs and HCB in the Baltic Sea environment. Swedish EPA, Report 5912 2009.
230. Wissem M., Aziza I.H.H., Aicha B., Aghleb B., Olivier T., Benoit R. Effect of endocrine disruptor pesticides: a review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8:2265-2303.
231. Brominated diphenyl ethers. Environmental Health Criteria 1994, 162. World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety (WHO IPCS), (92-4-157162, Geneva).
232. Wormuth M., Scheringer M., Vollenweider M., Hungerbuhler K. What are the sources of exposure to eight frequently used phthalic acid esters in Europeans?. Risk Anal. 2006, 26(3):803-824.
233. 2+ fluxes and prolactin release in GH3/B6 pituitary tumor cells. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113(4):431-439.
234. Wu F., Khan S., Wu Q., Barhoumi R., Burghardt R., Safe S. Ligand structure-dependent activation of estrogen receptor α/Sp by estrogens and xenoestrogens. J. Steroid Biochem. 2008, 110:104-115.
235. WYGE (WYG Environmental) (Ireland) Ltd Monitoring of Dioxin and Furan Concentrations in the Ambient Air Haulbowline Island Island, Co. Cork 8 2008, Resource and Environmental Consultants Ltd., (July).
236. Xie Z., Ebinghaus R., Temme C., Caba A., Ruck W. Atmospheric concentrations and air-sea exchanges of phthalates in the North Sea (German Bight). Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39(18):3209-3219.
237. Xie Z., Ebinghaus R., Temme C., Lohmann R., Caba A., Ruck W. Occurrence and air-sea exchange of phthalates in the Arctic. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:4555-4560.
238. Yamashita N., Kannan K., Taniyasu S., Horii Y., Petrick G., Gamo T. A global survey of perfluorinated acids in oceans. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2005, 51(8/12):658-668.
239. Ying G.G. Fate, behavior and effects of surfactants and their degradation products in the environment. Environ. Int. 2006, 32(3):417-431.
240. Yu W.G., Liu W., Jin Y.H. Effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate on rat thyroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2009, 28(5):990-996.
241. Yuyin L., Chunsheng Y., Hongyan L., Zhongsheng Y., Yang W. 3D-QSAr study on half-lives of POPs using CoMFA and CoMSIA. JES 2008, 20(12):1433-1438.
242. Zhang Y.H., Zheng L.X., Chen B.H. Phthalate exposure and human semen quality in Shanghai: a cross-sectional study. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 2006, 19:205-209.