Viral counter-defense molecules

Natural Resistance Mechanisms of Plants to Viruses

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 165-185

  Palukaitis, Peter ^a   MacFarlane, Stuart ^a  

^a SCOTTISH CROP RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84920137476     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-3780-5_8     Document Type: Chapter

References (113)

1. Anandalakshmi, R., Pruss, G. J., Ge, X., Marathe, R., Mallory, A. C., Smith, T. H. and Vance, V. B. 1998. A viral suppressor of gene silencing in plants. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95:13079-13084.
2. Anandalakshmi, R., Marathe, R., Ge, X., Herr Jr, J. M., Mau, C, Mallory, A., Pruss, G., Bowman, L. and Vance, V. B. 2000. A calmodulin-related protein that suppresses posttranscriptional gene silencing in plants. Science 290:142-144.
3. Anderson, E. J., Kline, A. S., Morelock, T. E. and McNew, R. W. 1996. Tolerance to blackeye cowpea mosaic potyvirus not correlated with decreased virus accumulation or protection from cowpea stunt disease. Plant Dis. 80:847-852.
4. Anjos, J. R., Jarlfors, U. and Ghabrial, S. A. 1992. Soybean mosaic potyvirus enhances the titer of two comoviruses in dually infected soybean plants. Phytopathology 82:17-23.
5. Atreya, CD. and Pirone, T. P. 1993. Mutational analysis of the helper componentproteinase gene of a potyvirus: effects of amino acid substitutions, deletions, and gene replacement on virulence and aphid transmissibility. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90:11919-11923.
6. Barker, H. 1987. Invasion of non-phloem tissue in Nicotiana clevelandii by potato leafroll luteovirus is enhanced in plants also infected with potato virus Y potyvirus. J. Gen. Virol. 68:1223-1227.
7. Béclin, C, Berthome, R., Palauqui, J-C, Tepfer, M. and Vaucheret, H. 1998. Infection of tobacco or Arabidopsis plants by CMV counteracts systemic post-transcriptional silencing of nonviral (trans) genes. Virology 252:313-317.
8. Bernstein, E., Caudy, A. A., Hammond, S. M. and Hannon, G. J. 2001. Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference. Nature 409:363-366.
9. Bilgin, D. D., Liu, Y., Schiff M and Dinesh-Kumar, S. P. 2003. P58IPK, a plant ortholog of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR inhibitor, functions in viral pathogenesis. Dev. Cell, 4:651-661.
10. Blood, H. L. 1928. A "streak" of tomatoes produced by a disturbing principle by apparently healthy potatoes in combination with tomato mosaic virus. Phytopathology 18:311-315.
11. Bonnet, E., Wuyts, J., Rouze, P. and Van De Peer, Y. 2004. Detection of 91 potential conserved plant microRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa identifies important target genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:11511-11516.
12. Bourdin, D. and Lecoq, H. 1994. Increase in cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus concentration by co-infection with sap-transmissible viruses does not increase its aphid transmissibility. J. Phytopathol. 141:143-152.
13. Brigneti, G., Voinnet, O., Li, W. X., Ji, L. H., Ding, S. W. and Baulcombe, D. C. 1998. Viral pathogenicity determinants are suppressors of transgene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana. EMBO J. 17:6739-6746.
14. Bucher, E., Sijen, T., De Haan, P., Goldbach, R. and Prins, M. 2003. Negative-strand tospoviruses and tenuiviruses carry a gene for a suppressor of gene silencing at analogous genomic positions. J. Virol. 77:1329-1336.
15. Bucher, E., Hemmes, H., De Haan, P., Goldbach, R. and Prins, M. 2004. The influenza A virus NS1 protein binds small interfering RNAs and suppresses RNA silencing in plants. J. Gen. Virol. 85:983-991.
16. Calvert, LA. and Ghabrial, S. A. 1983. Enhancement by soybean mosaic virus of bean pod mottle virus titer in doubly infected soybean. Phytopathology 73:992-997.
17. Carrington, JC. and Ambros, V. 2003. Role of microRNAs in plant and animal development. Science 301:336-338.
18. Chapman, E. J., Prokhnevsky, A. I., Gopinath, K., Dolja, V. V. and Carrington, J. C. 2004. Viral RNA silencing suppressors inhibit the microRNA pathway at an intermediate step. Genes and Dev. 18:1179-1186.
19. Cerutti, H. 2003. RNA interference: travelling in the cell and gaining functions. Trends Genet. 19:39-46.
20. Chen, J., Li, W. X., Xie, D., Peng, J. R. and Ding, S. W. 2004. Viral virulence protein suppresses RNA silencing-mediated defense but upregulates the role of microRNA in host gene expression. Plant Cell 16:1302-1313.
21. Choi, C. W., Qu, F., Ren, T., Ye, X. and Morris, T. J. 2004. RNA silencing suppressor function of Turnip crinkle virus coat protein cannot be attributed to its interaction with the Arabidopsis protein TIP. J. Gen. Virol. 85:3415-3420.
22. Conover, R. A. and Fulton, R. W. 1953. Occurrence of potato virus Y on tomatoes in Florida. Plant Dis. Reptr. 37:460-462.
23. Dalmay, T., Hamilton, A., Rudd, S., Angell, S. and Baulcombe, D. C. 2000. An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene in Arabidopsis is required for posttranscriptional gene silencing mediated by a transgene but not by a virus. Cell 101:543-553.
24. Damirdagh, I. S. and Ross, A. F. 1967. A marked synergistic interaction of potato viruses X and Y in inoculated leaves of tobacco. Virology 31:296-307.
25. Delgadillo, M. O., Saenz, P., Salvador, B., Garcia, J. A. and Simon-Mateo, C. 2004. Human influenza virus NS1 protein enhances viral pathogenicity and acts as an RNA silencing suppressor in plants. J. Gen. Virol. 85:993-999.
26. Denli, A. M. and Hannon, G. J. 2003. RNAi: an ever-growing puzzle. Trends Biochem. Sci. 28:196-201.
27. Ding, S.-W., Li, H., Lu, R., Li, F. and Li, W.-X. 2004. RNA silencing: a conserved antiviral immunity of plants and animals. Virus Res. 102:109-115.
28. Ding, X. S., Liu, J., Cheng, N.-H., Folimonov, A., Hou, Y.-M., Bao, Y., Katagi, C., Carter, S. A. and Nelson, R. S. 2004. The Tobacco mosaic virus 126-kDa protein associated with virus replication and movement suppresses RNA silencing. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 17:583-592.
29. Dong, X., Van Wezel, R., Stanley, J. and Hong, Y., 2003. Functional characterization of the nuclear localization signal for a suppressor of posttranscriptional gene silencing. J. Virol. 77, 7026-7033.
30. Dunoyer, P., Pfeffer, S., Fritsch, C., Hemmer, O., Voinnet, O. and Richards, K. E. 2002. Identification, subcellular localization and some properties of a cysteine-rich suppressor of gene silencing encoded by peanut clump virus. Plant J. 29:555-567.
31. Dunoyer, P., Lecellier, C.-H., Parizotto, E. A., Himber, C. and Voinnet, P. 2004. Probing the microRNA and small interfering RNA pathways with virus-encoded suppressors of RNA silencing. Plant Cell 16:1235-1250.
32. Flavell, R. B. 1994. Inactivation of gene expression in plants as a consequence of specific sequence duplication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:3490-3496.
33. Garces-Orejuela, C. and Pound, G. S. 1957. The multiplication of tobacco mosaic virus in the presence of cucumber mosaic virus or tobacco ringspot virus in tobacco. Phytopathology 47:232-239.
34. Goldberg, K. B. and Brakke, M. K. 1987. Concentration of maize chlorotic mottle virus increased in mixed infections with maize dwarf mosaic virus, strain B. Phytopathology 77:162-167.
35. Gonzáles-Jara, P., Tenllado, F., Martínez-García, B., Atencio, F. A., Barajas, D., Vargas, M., Díaz-Ruiz, J and Díaz-Ruiz, J. R. 2004. Host-dependent differences during synergistic infection by potyviruses with PVX. Mol. Plant Pathol. 5:29-35.
36. Goodman, R. M. 1973. Enhancement by potato virus X synthesis in tobacco: Role of doubly infected cells and some possible mechanisms. Ph. D. Thesis. Cornell, Univ., Ithaca, NY.
37. Goodman, R. M. and Ross, A. F. 1974a. Enhancement by potato virus Y of potato virus X synthesis in doubly infected tobacco depends on the timing of invasion by the viruses. Virology 58:263-271.
38. Goodman, R. M. and Ross, A. F. 1974b. Enhancement of potato virus X synthesis in doubly infected tobacco occurs in double infected cells. Virology 58:16-24.
39. Guo, H. S. and Ding, S. W. 2002. A viral protein inhibits the long range signalling activity of the gene silencing signal. EMBO J. 21:398-407.
40. Guo, D., Spetz, C., Saarma, M. and Valkonen, J. P. T. 2003. Two potato proteins, including a novel RING finger protein (HIP1), interact with the potyviral multifunctional protein HCPro. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 16:405-410.
41. Hamilton, A., Vionnet, O., Chappell, L. and Baulcombe, D. 2002. Two classes of short interfering RNA in RNA silencing. EMBO J. 21:4671-4679.
42. Hamilton, R. I. and Nichols, C. 1977. The influence of bromegrass mosaic virus on the replication of tobacco mosaic virus in Hordeum vulgare. Phytopathology 67:484-489.
43. Hammond, S. M., Bernstein, E., Beach, D. and Hannon, G. J. 2000. An RNA-directed nuclease mediates post-transcriptional gene silencing in Drosophila cells. Nature 404:293-296.
44. Hao, L., Wang, H., Sunter, G. and Bisaro, D. M., 2003. Geminivirus AL2 and L2 proteins interact with and inactivate SNF1 kinase. Plant Cell 15:1034-1048.
45. Havelda, Z., Hornyik, C., Crescenzi, A. and Burgyán, J. 2003. In situ characterization of Cymbidium ringspot tombusvirus infection-induced posttranscriptional gene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana. J. Virol. 77:6082-6086.
46. Hii, G., Pennington, R., Hartson, S., Taylor, C. D., Lartey, R., Williams, A., Lewis, D. and Melcher, U. 2002. Isolate-specific synergy in disease symptoms between cauliflower mosaic and turnip vein-clearing viruses. Arch. Virol. 147:1371-1384.
47. Johansen, L. K. and Carrington, J. C. 2001. Silencing on the spot. Induction and suppression of RNA silencing in the Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system. Plant Physiol. 126:930-938.
48. Karlas, A., Kurth, R. and Denner, J. 2004. Inhibition of porcine endogenous retroviruses by RNA interference: increasing the safety of xenotransplantation. Virology 325:16-23.
49. Karyeija, R. F., Kreuze, J. F., Gibson, R. W. and Valkonen, J. P. T. 2000. Synergistic interactions of a potyvirus and a phloem-limited crinivirus in sweet potato plants. Virology 269:26-36.
50. Kasschau, K. D. and Carrington, J. C. 1998. A counterdefensive strategy of plant viruses: suppression of post-transcriptional gene silencing. Cell 95:461-470.
51. Kasschau, K. D., Xie, Z., Allen, E., Llave, C., Chapman, E. J., Krizan, K. A. and Carrington, J. C. 2003. P1/HC-Pro, a viral suppressor of RNA silencing, interferes with Arabidopsis development and miRNA function. Dev. Cell 4:205-217.
52. Keene, K. M., Foy, B. D., Sanchez-Vargas, I., Beaty, B. J., Blair, C. D. and Olson, K. E. 2004. RNA interference acts as a natural antiviral response to O'nyong-nyong virus (Alphavirus; Togaviridae) infection of Anopheles gambiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:17240-17245.
53. Kubota, K., Tsuda, S., Tamai, A. and Meshi, T. 2003. Tomato mosaic virus replication protein suppresses virus-targeted posttranscriptional gene silencing. J. Virol. 77:11016-11026.
54. Kusaba, M., Miyahara, K., Iida, S., Fukuoka, H., Takano, T., Sassa, H., Nishimura, M. and Nishio, T. 2003. Low glutelin content 1: a dominant mutation that suppresses the glutelin multigene family via RNA silencing in rice. Plant Cell 15:1455-1467.
55. Lakatos, L., Szittya, G., Silhavy, D. and Burgyan, J. 2004. Molecular mechanism of RNA silencing suppression mediated by p19 protein of tombusviruses. EMBO J. 23:876-884.
56. Li, H.-W., Lucy, A. P., Guo, H.-S., Li, W.-X., Ji, L.-H., Wong, S.-M. and Ding, S.-W. 1999. Strong host resistance targeted against a viral suppressor of the plant gene silencing defence mechanism. EMBO J. 18:2683-2691.
57. Li, W.-X., Li, H., Lu, R., Li, F., Dus, M., Atkinson, P., Brydon, E. W. A., Johnson, K. L., Garcia-Sastre, A., Ball, LA., Palese, P. and Ding, S.-W. 2004. Interferon antagonist proteins of influenza and vaccinia viruses are suppressors of RNA silencing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:1350-1355.
58. Li, H., Li, W. X. and Ding, S. W. 2002. Induction and suppression of RNA silencing by an animal virus. Science 296:1319-1321.
59. Liu, L., Grainger, J., Cañizares, M. C., Angell, S. M. and Lomonossoff G. P. 2004. Cowpea mosaic virus RNA-1 acts as an amplicon whose effects can be counteracted by a RNA-2-encoded suppressor of silencing. Virology 323:37-48.
60. Liu, H., Reavy, B., Swanson, M. and MacFarlane, SA. 2002. Functional replacement of the Tobacco rattle virus cysteine-rich protein by pathogenicity proteins from unrelated plant viruses. Virology, 298:232-239.
61. Lu, R., Folimonov, A., Shintaku, M., Li, W.-X., Falk, B. W., Dawson, W. O. and Ding, S.-W. 2004. Three distinct suppressors of RNA silencing encoded by a 20-kb viral RNA genome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:15742-15747.
62. Mallory, A. C., Ely, L., Smith, T. H., Marathe, R., Anandalakshmi, R., Fagard, M., Vaucheret, H., Pruss, G., Bowman, L. and Vance, V. B. 2001. HC-Pro suppression of transgene silencing eliminates the small RNAs but not transgene methylation or the mobile signal. Plant Cell 13:571-583.
63. Mallory, A. C., Reinhart, B. J., Bartel, D., Vance, V. B. and Bowman, L. H. 2002. A viral suppressor of RNA silencing differentially regulates the accumulation of short interfering RNAs and micro-RNAs in tobacco. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:15228-15233.
64. Martinez, J. and Tuschl, T. 2004. RISC is a 5' phosphomonoester-producing RNA endonuclease. Genes and Dev. 18:975-980.
65. Mendez-Lozano. J., Torres-Pacheco, I., Fauquet, CM. and Rivera-Bustamante, R. F. 2003. Interactions between geminiviruses in a naturally occurring mixture: Pepper huasteco virus and Pepper golden mosaic virus. Phytopathology 93:270-277.
66. Metzlaff M., O'Dell, M., Cluster, P. D. and Flavell, R. B. 1997. RNA-mediated RNA degradation and chalcone synthase A silencing in petunia. Cell 88:845-854.
67. Mourrain, P., Beclin, C, Elmayan, T., Feuerbach, F., Godon, C, Morel, J. B., Jouette, D., Lacombe, A. M., Nikic, S., Picault, N., Remoue, K., Sanial, M., Vo, T. A., and Vaucheret, H. 2000. Arabidopsis SGS2 and SGS3 genes are required for posttranscriptional gene silencing and natural virus resistance. Cell 101:533-42.
68. Palatnik, J. F., Allen, E., Wu, X., Schommer, C, Schwab, R., Carrington, J. C. and Weigel, D. Control of leaf morphogenesis by microRNAs. 2003. Nature 425:257-263.
69. Palukaitis, P. and Kaplan, I. B. 1997. Synergy of virus accumulation and pathology in transgenic plants expressing viral sequences. In: "Virus-resistant Transgenic Plants: Potential Ecological Impact." M. Tepfer and E. Balázs, eds., Springer, Berlin. pp. 77-84.
70. Park, J.-W., Faure-Rabasse, S., Robinson, M. A., Desvoyes, B. and Scholthof, H. B. 2004. The multifunctional plant viral suppressor of gene silencing P19 interacts with itself and an RNA binding host protein. Virology 323:49-58.
71. Pfeffer, S., Dunoyer, P., Heim, F., Richards, K. E., Jonard, G. and Ziegler-Graff, V. 2002. P0 of beet western yellows virus is a suppressor of posttranscriptional gene silencing. J. Virol. 76:6815-6824.
72. Poolpol, P. and Inouye, T. 1986. Enhancement of cucumber mosaic virus multiplication by zucchini yellow mosaic virus in doubly infected cucumber plants. Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan 52:22-30.
73. Pruss, G., Ge, X., Shi, X. M., Carrington, J. C. and Vance, V. B. 1997. Plant viral synergism: the potyviral genome encodes a broad-range pathogenicity enhancer that transactivates replication of heterologous viruses. Plant Cell 9:859-868.
74. Qiu, W., Park, J.-W. and Scholthof, H. B. 2002. Tombusvirus P19-mediated suppression of virus-induced gene silencing is controlled by genetic and dosage features that influence pathogenicity. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 15:269-280.
75. Qu, F., Ren, T. and Morris, T. J. 2003. The coat protein of turnip crinkle virus suppresses posttranscriptional gene silencing at an early initiation step. J. Virol. 77:511-522.
76. Reavy, B., Dawson, S., Canto, T. and MacFarlane, S. A. 2004. Heterologous expression of plant virus genes that suppress post-transcriptional gene silencing results in suppression of RNA interference in Drosophila cells. BMC Biotechnology 4: no. 18.
77. Reed, J. C., Kasschau, K. D., Prokhnevsky, A. I., Gopinath, K., Pogue, G. P., Carrington, J. C. and Dolja, V. V., 2003. Suppressor of RNA silencing encoded by Beet yellows virus. Virology 306:203-209.
78. Ren, T., Qu, F. and Morris, T. J. 2000. HRT gene function requires interaction between a NAC protein and viral capsid protein to confer resistance to Turnip crinkle virus. Plant Cell 12:1917-1925.
79. Rochow, W. F. and Ross, A. F. 1955. Virus multiplication in plants doubly infected by potato viruses X and Y. Virology 1:10-27.
80. Sano, Y. and Kojima, M. 1989. Increase in cucumber mosaic virus concentration in Japanese radish plants co-infected with turnip mosaic virus. Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan 55:296-302.
81. Scheets. K. 1998. Maize chlorotic mottle machlomovirus and wheat streak mosaic rymovirus concentrations increase in the synergistic disease corn lethal necrosis. Virology 242:28-38.
82. Schwarz, D. S., Tomari, Y. and Zamore, P. D. 2004. The RNA-inducing silencing complex is a Mg2+-dependent endonuclease. Curr. Biol. 14:787-791.
83. Selth, L. A. Randles, J. W. and Rezaian, M. A. 2004. Host responses to transient expression of individual genes encoded by Tomato leaf curl virus. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 17:27-33.
84. Senda, M., Masuta, C., Ohnishi, S., Goto, K., Kasai, A., Sano, T., Hong. J.-S. and MacFarlane, S. 2004. Patterning of virus-infected Glycine max seed coat is associated with suppression of endogenous silencing of chalcone synthase genes. Plant Cell 16:807-818.
85. Silhavy, D., Molnar, A., Lucioli, A., Szittya, G., Hornyik, C., Tavazza, M. and Burgyan, J. (2002) A viral protein suppresses RNA silencing and binds RNA silencing-generated, 21- to 25-nucleotide double-stranded RNAs. EMBO J., 21, 3070-3080.
86. Sledz, C. A., Holko, M., De Veer, M. J., Silverman, R. H. and Williams, B. R. G. 2003. Activation of the interferon system by short-interfering RNAs. Nature Cell Biology 5:834-839.
87. Smith, J. H. 1928. The transmission of potato mosaic to tomato. Ann. appl. Biol. 15:517-528.
88. Stark, G. R., Kerr, I. M., Williams, B. R. G., Silverman, R. H. and Schreiber, R. D. 1998. How cells respond to interferons. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67:227-264.
89. Stenger D. C and French R. 2004. Functional replacement of Wheat streak mosaic virus HC-Pro with the corresponding cistron from a diverse array of viruses in the family Potyviridae. Virology 323:257-67.
90. Sunter, G., Sunter, J. L. and Bisaro, D. M. 2001. Plants expressing Tomato golden mosaic virus AL2 or Beet curly top virus L2 transgenes show enhanced susceptibility to infection by DNA and RNA viruses. Virology 285:59-70.
91. Takeda, A., Sugiyama, K., Nagano, H., Mori, M., Kaido, M., Mise, K., Tsuda, S. and Okuno, T. 2002. Identification of a novel RNA silencing suppressor, NSs protein of Tomato spotted wilt virus. FEBS Lett. 532:75-79.
92. Tang, G., Reinhart, B. J., Bartel, D. P. and Zamore, P. D. 2003. A biochemical framework for RNA silencing in plants. Genes & Dev. 17:49-63.
93. Thomas, C. L., Leh, V., Lederer, C. and Maule, A. J. 2003. Turnip crinkle virus coat protein mediates suppression of RNA silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana. Virology 306:33-41.
94. Thomson, A. D. 1961. Effect of tobacco mosaic virus and potato virus Y on infection by potato virus X. Virology 13:262-264.
95. Uhrig, J., Canto, T., Marshall, D. and MacFarlane, S. A. 2004. Relocalization of nuclear ALY proteins to the cytoplasm by the Tomato bushy stunt virus p19 pathogenicity protein. Plant Physiol. 135:2411-2423.
96. Vargason, J. M., Szittya, G., Burgyan, J. and Tanaka Hall, T. M. 2003. Size selective recognition of siRNA by an RNA silencing suppressor. Cell 115:799-811.
97. Vance, V. B. 1991. Replication of potato virus X RNA is altered in coinfections with potato virus Y. Virology 182:486-494.
98. Vance, V. B., Berger, P. H., Carrington, J. C., Hunt, A. G. and Shi, X. M. 1995. 5' proximal potyviral sequences mediate potato virus X/potyviral synergistic disease in transgenic tobacco. Virology 206:583-590.
99. Vanterpool, T. C. 1926. Streak or winter blight of tomato in Quebec. Phytopathology 16:311-331.
100. Van Wezel, W. R., Dong, X., Liu, H., Tien, P., Stanley, J. and Hong, Y. 2002. Mutation of three cysteine residues in Tomato yellow leaf curl virus-China C2 protein causes dysfunction in pathogenesis and posttranscriptional gene-silencing suppression. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 15:203-208.
101. Voinnet, O., Lederer, C. and Baulcombe, D. C. 2000. A viral movement protein prevents spread of the gene silencing signal in Nicotiana benthamiana. Cell 103:157-167.
102. Voinnet, O., Pinto, Y. M. and Baulcombe, D. C. 1999. Suppression of gene silencing: A general strategy used by diverse DNA and RNA viruses of plants. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96:14147-14152.
103. Wang, Y., Gaba, V., Yang, J., Palukaitis, P. and Gal-On, A. 2002. Characterization of synergy between Cucumber mosaic virus and potyviruses in cucurbit hosts. Phytopathology 92:51-58.
104. Wu-Scharf D., Jeong, B.-R., Zhang, C. and Cerutti, H. 2000. Transgene and transposon silencing in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by a DEAH-Box RNA helicase. Science 290:1159-1162.
105. Xie, Z., Fan, B., Chen, C., and Chen, Z. 2001. An important role of an inducible RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in plant antiviral defense. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:6516-21.
106. Xie, Z., Johansen, L. K, Gustafson, A. M., Kasschau, K. D., Lellis, A. D., Zilberman, D., Jacobsen, S. E. and Carrington, J. C. 2004. Genetic and functional diversification of small RNA pathways in plants. Public Library of Science (PloS) Biology 2:0642-0652.
107. Yang, S.-J., Carter, S. A., Cole, A. B., Cheng, N.-H. and Nelson, R. S. 2004. A natural variant of a host RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is associated with increased susceptibility to viruses by Nicotiana benthamiana. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:6297-6302.
108. Ye, K., Malinina, L. and Patel, D. J. 2003. Recognition of small interfering RNA by a viral suppressor of RNA silencing. Nature 426:874-878.
109. Yelina, N. E., Savenkov, E. I., Solovyev, A. G., Morozov, S. Y. and Valkonen, J. P. T. 2002. Long-distance movement, virulence, and RNA silencing suppression controlled by a single protein in hordei- and potyviruses: complementary functions between virus families. J. Virol. 76:12981-12991.
110. Yoon, J. S., Kim, S. H., Shin, M. C., Hong, S. K., Jung, Y. T., Khang, I. G., Shin, W. S., Kim, C. C. and Paik, S. Y. 2004. Inhibition of herpesvirus-6B RNA replication by short interference RNAs. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 37:383-385.
111. Yu, D., Fan, B., MacFarlane, S. A. and Chen, Z. 2003. Analysis of the involvement of an inducible Arabidopsis RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in antiviral defense. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 16:206-216.
112. Zamore, P. D., Tuschl, T., Sharp, P. A. and Bartel, D. P. 2000. RNAi: double-stranded RNA directs the ATP-dependent cleavage of mRNA at 21 to 23 nucleotide intervals. Cell 101:25-33.
113. Zhang, F. and Simon, A. E. 2003. Enhanced viral pathogenesis associated with a virulent mutant virus or a virulent satellite RNA correlates with reduced virion accumulation and abundance of free coat protein. Virology 312:8-13.