Structure of HDL: Particle subclasses and molecular components

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology

Volumn 224, Issue , 2015, Pages 3-51

  Kontush, Anatol ^a,b,c,d   Lindahl, Mats ^e   Lhomme, Marie ^a,b,c,d   Calabresi, Laura ^f   Chapman, M John ^a,b,c,d   Davidson, W Sean ^g  

^a INSERM   (France)

^b SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

^c PITIÉ SALPÊTRIÈRE HOSPITAL   (France)

^d ICAN   (France)

^e LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^g UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Composition; HDL; Heterogeneity; Lipidome; Lipidomics; Modifications; Post translational; Proteome; Proteomics; Structure

Indexed keywords

1 ALKYL 2 ACETYLGLYCEROPHOSPHOCHOLINE ESTERASE; ACUTE PHASE PROTEIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN A1; APOLIPOPROTEIN A2; APOLIPOPROTEIN A4; APOLIPOPROTEIN C; APOLIPOPROTEIN D; APOLIPOPROTEIN E; APOLIPOPROTEIN F; APOLIPOPROTEIN L1; APOLIPOPROTEIN M; APOLIPOPROTEIN O; ARYLDIALKYLPHOSPHATASE; BETA2 GLYCOPROTEIN 1; CELL SURFACE PROTEIN; CHOLESTEROL ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN; CLUSTERIN; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C3; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE 3; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; LIPID; NEUTRAL LIPID; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE STEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE; PHOSPHOLIPID; PHOSPHOLIPID TRANSFER PROTEIN; PROTEOME; SERUM AMYLOID A; SPHINGOLIPID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; ISOPROTEIN;

CONFERENCE PAPER; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HUMAN; IMMUNOAFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY; IONIC STRENGTH; LIPID ANALYSIS; LIPIDOMICS; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; PARTICLE SIZE; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN PROCESSING; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; PROTEOMICS; RNA TRANSLATION; SURFACE CHARGE; ANIMAL; BLOOD; CHEMISTRY; CLASSIFICATION; METABOLISM; PROCEDURES; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; HUMANS; LIPOPROTEINS, HDL; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; PROTEIN ISOFORMS; PROTEIN PROCESSING, POST-TRANSLATIONAL; PROTEOMICS; SPHINGOLIPIDS; STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP;

EID: 84919629314     PISSN: 01712004     EISSN: 18650325     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_1     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (235)

1. Ahnstrom J et al (2007) Hydrophobic ligand binding properties of the human lipocalin apolipoprotein M. J Lipid Res 48(8):1754–1762.
2. Allan CM, Taylor JM (1996) Expression of a novel human apolipoprotein (apoC-IV) causes hypertriglyceridemia in transgenic mice. J Lipid Res 37(7):1510–1518.
3. Argraves KM et al (2011) S1P, dihydro-S1P and C24:1-ceramide levels in the HDL-containing fraction of serum inversely correlate with occurrence of ischemic heart disease. Lipids Health Dis 10:70.
4. Asztalos BF, Schaefer EJ (2003a) High-density lipoprotein subpopulations in pathologic conditions. Am J Cardiol 91(7A):12E–17E
5. Asztalos BF, Schaefer EJ (2003b) HDL in atherosclerosis: actor or bystander? Atheroscler Suppl 4 (1):21–29.
6. Asztalos BF et al (2007) Role of LCAT in HDL remodeling: investigation of LCAT deficiency states. J Lipid Res 48(3):592–599.
7. Atkinson D et al (1974) The structure of a high density lipoprotein (HDL3) from porcine plasma. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 186(083):165–180.
8. Axler O et al (2007) An ELISA for apolipoprotein M reveals a strong correlation to total cholesterol in human plasma. J Lipid Res 48(8):1772–1780.
9. Axler O et al (2008) Apolipoprotein M associates to lipoproteins through its retained signal peptide. FEBS Lett 582(5):826–828.
10. Baenziger JU (2012) Moving the O-glycoproteome from form to function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(25):9672–9673.
11. Benditt EP, Eriksen N (1977) Amyloid protein SAA is associated with high density lipoprotein from human serum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74(9):4025–4028.
12. Bergmeier C et al (2004) Distribution spectrum of paraoxonase activity in HDL fractions. Clin Chem 50(12):2309–2315.
13. Bhat S et al (2005) Intermolecular contact between globular N-terminal fold and C-terminal domain of ApoA-I stabilizes its lipid-bound conformation: studies employing chemical cross-linking and mass spectrometry. J Biol Chem 280(38):33015–33025.
14. Bisgaier CL et al (1985) Distribution of apolipoprotein A-IV in human plasma. J Lipid Res 26 (1):11–25.
15. Bondarenko PV et al (1999) Mass spectral study of polymorphism of the apolipoproteins of very low density lipoprotein. J Lipid Res 40(3):543–555.
16. Borhani DW et al (1997) Crystal structure of truncated human apolipoprotein A-I suggests a lipidbound conformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94(23):12291–12296.
17. Brasseur R et al (1990) Mode of assembly of amphipathic helical segments in model high-density lipoproteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1043(3):245–252.
18. Brewer HB Jr et al (1972) Amino acid sequence of human apoLp-Gln-II (apoA-II), an apolipoprotein isolated from the high-density lipoprotein complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 69 (5):1304–1308.
19. Brewer HB Jr et al (1978) The amino acid sequence of human APOA-I, an apolipoprotein isolated from high density lipoproteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 80(3):623–630.
20. Brouillette CG, Anantharamaiah GM (1995) Structural models of human apolipoprotein A-I. Biochim Biophys Acta 1256(2):103–129.
21. Brouillette CG et al (2001) Structural models of human apolipoprotein A-I: a critical analysis and review. Biochim Biophys Acta 1531(1–2):4–46.
22. Bruneel A et al (2008) Two dimensional gel electrophoresis of apolipoprotein C-III and MALDITOF MS are complementary techniques for the study of combined defects in N- and mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis. Proteomics Clin Appl 2:1670–1674.
23. Cabana VG et al (1996) HDL content and composition in acute phase response in three species: triglyceride enrichment of HDL a factor in its decrease. J Lipid Res 37(12):2662–2674.
24. Cabana VG et al (2004) Influence of apoA-I and apoE on the formation of serum amyloid A-containing lipoproteins in vivo and in vitro. J Lipid Res 45(2):317–325.
25. Calabresi L et al (2001) Limited proteolysis of a disulfide-linked apoA-I dimer in reconstituted HDL. J Lipid Res 42(6):935–942.
26. Camont L et al (2011) Biological activities of HDL subpopulations and their relevance to cardiovascular disease. Trends Mol Med 17(10):594–603.
27. Camont L et al (2013) Small, dense high-density lipoprotein-3 particles are enriched in negatively charged phospholipids: relevance to cellular cholesterol efflux, antioxidative, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic functionalities. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 33 (12):2715–2723.
28. Campos E, McConathy WJ (1986) Distribution of lipids and apolipoproteins in human plasma by vertical spin ultracentrifugation. Arch Biochem Biophys 249(2):455–463.
29. Candiano G et al (2008) High-resolution 2-DE for resolving proteins, protein adducts and complexes in plasma. Electrophoresis 29(3):682–694.
30. Catte A et al (2008) Structure of spheroidal HDL particles revealed by combined atomistic and coarse-grained simulations. Biophys J 94(6):2306–2319.
31. Chapman MJ et al (1981) A density gradient ultracentrifugal procedure for the isolation of the major lipoprotein classes from human serum. J Lipid Res 22(2):339–358.
32. Chen N et al (2000) Physiologic concentrations of homocysteine inhibit the human plasma GSH peroxidase that reduces organic hydroperoxides. J Lab Clin Med 136(1):58–65.
33. Chetty PS et al (2013) Comparison of apoA-I helical structure and stability in discoidal and spherical HDL particles by HX and mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 54(6):1589–1597.
34. Cheung MC, Albers JJ (1982) Distribution of high density lipoprotein particles with different apoprotein composition: particles with A-I and A-II and particles with A-I but no A-II. J Lipid Res 23(5):747–753.
35. Cheung MC et al (2010) Phospholipid transfer protein in human plasma associates with proteins linked to immunity and inflammation. Biochemistry 49(34):7314–7322.
36. Chiba T et al (2011) Serum amyloid A facilitates the binding of high-density lipoprotein from mice injected with lipopolysaccharide to vascular proteoglycans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 31 (6):1326–1332.
37. Christoffersen C et al (2008) The signal peptide anchors apolipoprotein M in plasma lipoproteins and prevents rapid clearance of apolipoprotein M from plasma. J Biol Chem 283(27):18765–18772.
38. Christoffersen C et al (2011) Endothelium-protective sphingosine-1-phosphate provided by HDL-associated apolipoprotein M. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(23):9613–9618.
39. Coetzee GA et al (1986) Serum amyloid A-containing human high density lipoprotein 3. Density, size, and apolipoprotein composition. J Biol Chem 261(21):9644–9651.
40. Collins LA et al (2010) Integrated approach for the comprehensive characterization of lipoproteins from human plasma using FPLC and nano-HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Physiol Genomics 40(3):208–215.
41. Contiero E et al (1997) Apolipoprotein AI isoforms in serum determined by isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting. Electrophoresis 18(1):122–126.
42. Dahlback B, Nielsen LB (2009) Apolipoprotein M affecting lipid metabolism or just catching a ride with lipoproteins in the circulation? Cell Mol Life Sci 66(4):559–564.
43. Davidson WS, Hilliard GM (2003) The spatial organization of apolipoprotein A-I on the edge of discoidal high density lipoprotein particles: a mass specrometry study. J Biol Chem 278 (29):27199–27207.
44. Davidson WS et al (1995) Effects of acceptor particle size on the efflux of cellular free cholesterol. J Biol Chem 270(29):17106–17113.
45. Davidson WS et al (2009) Proteomic analysis of defined HDL subpopulations reveals particlespecific protein clusters: relevance to antioxidative function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 29 (6):870–876.
46. Davidsson P et al (2010) Proteomics of apolipoproteins and associated proteins from plasma highdensity lipoproteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30(2):156–163
47. de Beer MC et al (2010) Impact of serum amyloid A on high density lipoprotein composition and levels. J Lipid Res 51(11):3117–3125.
48. De Lalla OF, Gofman JW (1954) Ultracentrifugal analysis of serum lipoproteins. Methods Biochem Anal 1:459–478
49. de Seny D et al (2008) Monomeric calgranulins measured by SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry and calprotectin measured by ELISA as biomarkers in arthritis. Clin Chem 54(6):1066–1075
50. de Silva HV et al (1990a) Purification and characterization of apolipoprotein J. J Biol Chem 265 (24):14292–14297
51. de Silva HV et al (1990b) A 70-kDa apolipoprotein designated ApoJ is a marker for subclasses of human plasma high density lipoproteins. J Biol Chem 265(22):13240–13247.
52. Deguchi H et al (2000) Cardiolipin is a normal component of human plasma lipoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97(4):1743–1748.
53. Duchateau PN et al (1997) Apolipoprotein L, a new human high density lipoprotein apolipoprotein expressed by the pancreas. Identification, cloning, characterization, and plasma distribution of apolipoprotein L. J Biol Chem 272(41):25576–25582.
54. Ducret A et al (1996) Characterization of human serum amyloid A protein isoforms separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 17(5):866–876.
55. Duriez P, Fruchart JC (1999) High-density lipoprotein subclasses and apolipoprotein A-I. Clin Chim Acta 286(1–2):97–114.
56. Edelstein C et al (1972) On the subunit structure of the protein of human serum high density lipoprotein. I. A study of its major polypeptide component (Sephadex, fraction 3). J Biol Chem 247(18):5842–5849.
57. Favari E et al (2004) Depletion of pre-beta-high density lipoprotein by human chymase impairs ATP-binding cassette transporter A1- but not scavenger receptor class B type I-mediated lipid efflux to high density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem 279(11):9930–9936.
58. Favari E et al (2007) A unique protease-sensitive high density lipoprotein particle containing the apolipoprotein A-I Milano dimer effectively promotes ATP-binding Cassette A1-mediated cell cholesterol efflux. J Biol Chem 282(8):5125–5132.
59. Fernandez-Irigoyen J et al (2005) Oxidation of specific methionine and tryptophan residues of apolipoprotein A-I in hepatocarcinogenesis. Proteomics 5(18):4964–4972.
60. Fievet C et al (1995) Non-enzymatic glycosylation of apolipoprotein A-I and its functional consequences. Diabete Metab 21(2):95–98.
61. Flood-Nichols SK et al (2013) Longitudinal analysis of maternal plasma apolipoproteins in pregnancy: a targeted proteomics approach. Mol Cell Proteomics 12(1):55–64.
62. Forte TM, Nordhausen RW (1986) Electron microscopy of negatively stained lipoproteins. Methods Enzymol 128:442–457.
63. Franceschini G et al (1985) Effects of storage on the distribution of high density lipoprotein subfractions in human sera. J Lipid Res 26(11):1368–1373.
64. Franceschini G et al (2007) Effects of fenofibrate and simvastatin on HDL-related biomarkers in low-HDL patients. Atherosclerosis 195(2):385–391.
65. Gauthamadasa K et al (2010) Speciated human high-density lipoprotein protein proximity profiles. Biochemistry 49(50):10656–10665.
66. Ghiselli G et al (1985) Origin of apolipoprotein A-I polymorphism in plasma. J Biol Chem 260 (29):15662–15668.
67. Gidez LI et al (1982) Separation and quantitation of subclasses of human plasma high density lipoproteins by a simple precipitation procedure. J Lipid Res 23(8):1206–1223.
68. Gillard BK et al (2005) Plasma factors required for human apolipoprotein A-II dimerization. Biochemistry 44(2):471–479.
69. Gogonea V et al (2010) Congruency between biophysical data from multiple platforms and molecular dynamics simulation of the double-super helix model of nascent high-density lipoprotein. Biochemistry 49(34):7323–7343.
70. Gordon JI et al (1983) Biosynthesis of human preproapolipoprotein A-II. J Biol Chem 258 (22):14054–14059.
71. Gordon SM et al (2010) Proteomic characterization of human plasma high density lipoprotein fractionated by gel filtration chromatography. J Proteome Res 9(10):5239–5249.
72. Gordon SM et al (2011) High density lipoprotein: it’s not just about lipid transport anymore. Trends Endocrinol Metab 22(1):9–15.
73. Gordon SM et al (2013) Multi-dimensional co-separation analysis reveals protein-protein interactions defining plasma lipoprotein subspecies. Mol Cell Proteomics 12(11):3123–3134.
74. Goswami B et al (2009) Paraoxonase: a multifaceted biomolecule. Clin Chim Acta 410(1–2):1–12.
75. Gu F et al (2010) Structures of discoidal high density lipoproteins: a combined computationalexperimental approach. J Biol Chem 285(7):4652–4665.
76. Gursky O (2013) Crystal structure of Delta(185–243)ApoA-I suggests a mechanistic framework for the protein adaptation to the changing lipid load in good cholesterol: from flatland to sphereland via double belt, belt buckle, double hairpin and trefoil/tetrafoil. J Mol Biol 425 (1):1–16.
77. Gursky O et al (2013) Structural basis for distinct functions of the naturally occurring Cys mutants of human apolipoprotein A-I. J Lipid Res 54(12):3244–3257.
78. Hajduk SL et al (1989) Lysis of Trypanosoma brucei by a toxic subspecies of human high density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem 264(9):5210–5217.
79. Halim A et al (2013) LC-MS/MS characterization of O-glycosylation sites and glycan structures of human cerebrospinal fluid glycoproteins. J Proteome Res 12(2):573–584.
80. Harel M et al (2004) Structure and evolution of the serum paraoxonase family of detoxifying and anti-atherosclerotic enzymes. Nat Struct Mol Biol 11(5):412–419.
81. Harvey SB et al (2009) O-glycoside biomarker of apolipoprotein C3: responsiveness to obesity, bariatric surgery, and therapy with metformin, to chronic or severe liver disease and to mortality in severe sepsis and graft vs host disease. J Proteome Res 8(2):603–612.
82. Hatters DM et al (2006) Apolipoprotein E structure: insights into function. Trends Biochem Sci 31 (8):445–454.
83. He Y et al (2008) Control of cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity by sequestration of lipid transfer inhibitor protein in an inactive complex. J Lipid Res 49(7):1529–1537.
84. Heinecke JW (2009) The HDL proteome: a marker - and perhaps mediator - of coronary artery disease. J Lipid Res Supp 50:S167–S171.
85. Hennessy LK et al (1997) Isolation of subpopulations of high density lipoproteins: three particle species containing apoE and two species devoid of apoE that have affinity for heparin. J Lipid Res 38(9):1859–1868.
86. Hoffman JS, Benditt EP (1982) Changes in high density lipoprotein content following endotoxin administration in the mouse. Formation of serum amyloid protein-rich subfractions. J Biol Chem 257(17):10510–10517.
87. Holleboom AG et al (2011) Heterozygosity for a loss-of-function mutation in GALNT2 improves plasma triglyceride clearance in man. Cell Metab 14(6):811–818.
88. Holmquist L (2002) Selective extraction of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.43) from human plasma. J Biochem Biophys Methods 52(1):63–68.
89. Hoofnagle AN, Heinecke JW (2009) Lipoproteomics: using mass spectrometry-based proteomics to explore the assembly, structure, and function of lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 50(10):1967–1975.
90. Hortin GL et al (2006) Diverse range of small peptides associated with high-density lipoprotein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 340(3):909–915.
91. Huang R et al (2011) Apolipoprotein A-I structural organization in high-density lipoproteins isolated from human plasma. Nat Struct Mol Biol 18(4):416–422.
92. Hussain MM, Zannis VI (1990) Intracellular modification of human apolipoprotein AII (apoAII) and sites of apoAII mRNA synthesis: comparison of apoAII with apoCII and apoCIII isoproteins. Biochemistry 29(1):209–217.
93. Jakubowski H (2000) Calcium-dependent human serum homocysteine thiolactone hydrolase. A protective mechanism against protein N-homocysteinylation. J Biol Chem 275(6):3957–3962.
94. Jaleel A et al (2010) Identification of de novo synthesized and relatively older proteins: accelerated oxidative damage to de novo synthesized apolipoprotein A-1 in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 59 (10):2366–2374.
95. James RW et al (1988) Protein heterogeneity of lipoprotein particles containing apolipoprotein A-I without apolipoprotein A-II and apolipoprotein A-I with apolipoprotein A-II isolated from human plasma. J Lipid Res 29(12):1557–1571.
96. Jian W et al (2013) Relative quantitation of glycoisoforms of intact apolipoprotein C3 in human plasma by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 85(5):2867–2874.
97. Jin Y, Manabe T (2005) Direct targeting of human plasma for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization and analysis of plasma proteins by time of flight-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 26(14):2823–2834.
98. Jonas A (1972) Studies on the structure of bovine serum high density lipoprotein using covalently bound fluorescent probes. J Biol Chem 247(23):7773–7778.
99. Jonas A (1986) Reconstitution of high-density lipoproteins. Methods Enzymol 128:553–582.
100. Jonas A (2002) Lipoprotein structure. In: Vance DE, Vance JE (eds) Biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins and membranes. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 483–504.
101. Jonas A, McHugh HT (1984) Reaction of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase with micellar substrates. Effect of particle sizes. Biochim Biophys Acta 794(3):361–372.
102. Jonas A et al (1989) Defined apolipoprotein A-I conformations in reconstituted high density lipoprotein discs. J Biol Chem 264(9):4818–4824.
103. Jonas A et al (1990) Apolipoprotein A-I structure and lipid properties in homogeneous, reconstituted spherical and discoidal high density lipoproteins. J Biol Chem 265(36):22123–22129.
104. Jones MK et al (2010) Assessment of the validity of the double superhelix model for reconstituted high density lipoproteins: a combined computational-experimental approach. J Biol Chem 285 (52):41161–41171.
105. Jones MK et al (2011) ”Sticky” and “promiscuous”, the Yin and Yang of apolipoprotein A-I termini in discoidal high-density lipoproteins: a combined computational-experimental approach. Biochemistry 50(12):2249–2263.
106. Karlsson H et al (2005) Lipoproteomics II: mapping of proteins in high-density lipoprotein using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Proteomics 5(5):1431–1445.
107. Karlsson H et al (2009) Protein profiling of low-density lipoprotein from obese subjects. Proteomics Clin Appl 3(6):663–671.
108. Khovidhunkit W et al (2004) Effects of infection and inflammation on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism: mechanisms and consequences to the host. J Lipid Res 45(7):1169–1196.
109. Kiernan UA et al (2003) Detection of novel truncated forms of human serum amyloid A protein in human plasma. FEBS Lett 537(1–3):166–170.
110. Kim E et al (2008) Expression of apolipoprotein C-IV is regulated by Ku antigen/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma complex and correlates with liver steatosis. J Hepatol 49 (5):787–798.
111. Kisilevsky R, Manley PN (2012) Acute-phase serum amyloid A: perspectives on its physiological and pathological roles. Amyloid 19(1):5–14.
112. Kisilevsky R, Tam SP (2003) Macrophage cholesterol efflux and the active domains of serum amyloid A 2.1. J Lipid Res 44(12):2257–2269.
113. Klon AE et al (2002a) Comparative models for human apolipoprotein A-I bound to lipid in discoidal high-density lipoprotein particles. Biochemistry 41(36):10895–10905.
114. Klon AE et al (2002b) Molecular dynamics simulations on discoidal HDL particles suggest a mechanism for rotation in the apo A-I belt model. J Mol Biol 324(4):703–721.
115. Kontush A, Chapman MJ (2010) Antiatherogenic function of HDL particle subpopulations: focus on antioxidative activities. Curr Opin Lipidol 21(4):312–318.
116. Kontush A, Chapman MJ (2012) High-density lipoproteins: structure, metabolism, function and therapeutics. Wiley, New York
117. Kontush A et al (2003) Small, dense HDL particles exert potent protection of atherogenic LDL against oxidative stress. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23(10):1881–1888.
118. Kontush A et al (2007) Preferential sphingosine-1-phosphate enrichment and sphingomyelin depletion are key features of small dense HDL3 particles: relevance to antiapoptotic and antioxidative activities. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27(8):1843–1849.
119. Koppaka V et al (1999) The structure of human lipoprotein A-I. Evidence for the “belt” model. J Biol Chem 274(21):14541–14544.
120. Kulkarni KR et al (1997) Quantification of HDL2 and HDL3 cholesterol by the vertical auto profile-II (VAP-II) methodology. J Lipid Res 38(11):2353–2364.
121. Laggner P et al (1973) Studies on the structure of lipoprotein A of human high density lipoprotein HDL3: the spherically averaged electron density distribution. FEBS Lett 33(1):77–80.
122. Lagor WR et al (2009) Overexpression of apolipoprotein F reduces HDL cholesterol levels in vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 29(1):40–46.
123. Lamant M et al (2006) ApoO, a novel apolipoprotein, is an original glycoprotein up-regulated by diabetes in human heart. J Biol Chem 281(47):36289–36302.
124. Lee M et al (2003) Apolipoprotein composition and particle size affect HDL degradation by chymase: effect on cellular cholesterol efflux. J Lipid Res 44(3):539–546.
125. Lee JY et al (2010) Profiling of phospholipids in lipoproteins by multiplexed hollow fiber flow field-flow fractionation and nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1217(10):1660–1666.
126. Levels JH et al (2011) High-density lipoprotein proteome dynamics in human endotoxemia. Proteome Sci 9(1):34.
127. Lhomme M et al (2012) Lipidomics in lipoprotein biology. In: Ekroos K (ed) Lipidomics: technologies and applications. Wiley, Weinheim, pp 197–231.
128. Li H et al (2000) Structural determination of lipid-bound ApoA-I using fluorescence resonance energy transfer. J Biol Chem 275(47):37048–37054.
129. Li HH et al (2002) ApoA-I structure on discs and spheres. Variable helix registry and conformational states. J Biol Chem 277(42):39093–39101.
130. Liadaki KN et al (2000) Binding of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and discoidal reconstituted HDL to the HDL receptor scavenger receptor class B type I. Effect of lipid association and APOA-I mutations on receptor binding. J Biol Chem 275(28):21262–21271.
131. Lipina C, Hundal HS (2011) Sphingolipids: agents provocateurs in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Diabetologia 54(7):1596–1607.
132. Ljunggren S et al (2013) APOA-I mutations, L202P and K131DEL, IN HDL from heterozygotes with low HDL-cholesterol. Proteomics Clin Appl 8(3–4):241–250.
133. Lucke S, Levkau B (2010) Endothelial functions of sphingosine-1-phosphate. Cell Physiol Biochem 26(1):87–96.
134. Lund-Katz S, Phillips MC (2010) High density lipoprotein structure-function and role in reverse cholesterol transport. Subcell Biochem 51:183–227.
135. Mackness B et al (2010) Human tissue distribution of paraoxonases 1 and 2 mRNA. IUBMB Life 62(6):480–482.
136. Maeba R, Ueta N (2003) Ethanolamine plasmalogen and cholesterol reduce the total membrane oxidizability measured by the oxygen uptake method. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 302 (2):265–270.
137. Maiorano JN et al (2004) Identification and structural ramifications of a hinge domain in apolipoprotein A-I discoidal high-density lipoproteins of different size. Biochemistry 43(37):11717-11726.
138. Majek P et al (2011) Plasma proteome changes in cardiovascular disease patients: novel isoforms of apolipoprotein A1. J Transl Med 9:84.
139. Mallat Z et al (2010) Lipoprotein-associated and secreted phospholipases A in cardiovascular disease: roles as biological effectors and biomarkers. Circulation 122(21):2183–2200.
140. Marcel YL et al (1990) Distribution and concentration of cholesteryl ester transfer protein in plasma of normolipemic subjects. J Clin Invest 85(1):10–17.
141. Marhaug G et al (1982) Characterization of amyloid related protein SAA complexed with serum lipoproteins (apoSAA). Clin Exp Immunol 50(2):382–389.
142. Martin DD et al (2006) Apolipoprotein A-I assumes a “looped belt” conformation on reconstituted high density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem 281(29):20418–20426.
143. Matz CE, Jonas A (1982) Micellar complexes of human apolipoprotein A-I with phosphatidylcholines and cholesterol prepared from cholate-lipid dispersions. J Biol Chem 257(8):4535-4540.
144. Mauger JF et al (2006) Apolipoprotein C-III isoforms: kinetics and relative implication in lipid metabolism. J Lipid Res 47(6):1212–1218.
145. Mazur MT et al (2010) Quantitative analysis of intact apolipoproteins in human HDL by top-down differential mass spectrometry. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(17):7728–7733.
146. McConathy WJ, Alaupovic P (1973) Isolation and partial characterization of apolipoprotein D: a new protein moiety of the human plasma lipoprotein system. FEBS Lett 37(2):178–182.
147. McIntyre TM et al (2009) The emerging roles of PAF acetylhydrolase. J Lipid Res Supp 50:S255–S259.
148. McLachlan AD (1977) Repeated helical pattern in apolipoprotein-A-I. Nature 267(5610):465–466.
149. Mei X, Atkinson D (2011) Crystal structure of C-terminal truncated apolipoprotein A-I reveals the assembly of high density lipoprotein (HDL) by dimerization. J Biol Chem 286(44):38570-38582.
150. Miida T et al (2003) Analytical performance of a sandwich enzyme immunoassay for pre beta 1-HDL in stabilized plasma. J Lipid Res 44(3):645–650.
151. Miyazaki M et al (2010) Static and dynamic characterization of nanodiscs with apolipoprotein A-I and its model peptide. J Phys Chem B 114(38):12376–12382.
152. Mora S (2009) Advanced lipoprotein testing and subfractionation are not (yet) ready for routine clinical use. Circulation 119(17):2396–2404.
153. Moren X et al (2008) HDL subfraction distribution of paraoxonase-1 and its relevance to enzyme activity and resistance to oxidative stress. J Lipid Res 49(6):1246–1253.
154. Navab M et al (2004) The oxidation hypothesis of atherogenesis: the role of oxidized phospholipids and HDL. J Lipid Res 45(6):993–1007.
155. Nelsestuen GL et al (2008) Top-down proteomic analysis by MALDI-TOF profiling: concentration-independent biomarkers. Proteomics Clin Appl 2(2):158–166.
156. Neumann S et al (2009) Mammalian Wnt3a is released on lipoprotein particles. Traffic 10(3):334-343.
157. Nicholls SJ, Hazen SL (2009) Myeloperoxidase, modified lipoproteins, and atherogenesis. J Lipid Res Supp 50:S346–S351.
158. Nichols AV et al (1983) Characterization of discoidal complexes of phosphatidylcholine, apolipoprotein A-I and cholesterol by gradient gel electrophoresis. Biochim Biophys Acta 750 (2):353–364.
159. Nichols AV et al (1986) Nondenaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. Methods Enzymol 128:417–431.
160. Nicolardi S et al (2013a) Mapping O-glycosylation of apolipoprotein C-III in MALDI-FT-ICR protein profiles. Proteomics 13(6):992–1001.
161. Nicolardi S et al (2013b) Identification of new apolipoprotein-CIII glycoforms with ultrahigh resolution MALDI-FTICR mass spectrometry of human sera. J Proteome Res 12(5):2260-2268.
162. Nijstad N et al (2011) Overexpression of apolipoprotein O does not impact on plasma HDL levels or functionality in human apolipoprotein A-I transgenic mice. Biochim Biophys Acta 1811 (4):294–299.
163. Nilsson A, Duan RD (2006) Absorption and lipoprotein transport of sphingomyelin. J Lipid Res 47 (1):154–171.
164. Nobecourt E et al (2007) The impact of glycation on apolipoprotein A-I structure and its ability to activate lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. Diabetologia 50(3):643–653.
165. Nolte RT, Atkinson D (1992) Conformational analysis of apolipoprotein A-I and E-3 based on primary sequence and circular dichroism. Biophys J 63(5):1221–1239.
166. Ohta T et al (1985) Studies on the in vivo and in vitro distribution of apolipoprotein A-IV in human plasma and lymph. J Clin Invest 76(3):1252–1260.
167. Olofsson SO et al (1978) Isolation and partial characterization of a new acidic apolipoprotein (apolipoprotein F) from high density lipoproteins of human plasma. Biochemistry 17(6):1032-1036.
168. Ortiz-Munoz G et al (2009) HDL antielastase activity prevents smooth muscle cell anoikis, a potential new antiatherogenic property. FASEB J 23(9):3129–3139.
169. Otvos JD et al (1992) Development of a proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic method for determining plasma lipoprotein concentrations and subspecies distributions from a single, rapid measurement. Clin Chem 38(9):1632–1638.
170. Panagotopulos SE et al (2001) Apolipoprotein A-I adopts a belt-like orientation in reconstituted high density lipoproteins. J Biol Chem 276(46):42965–42970.
171. Park KH et al (2010) Fructated apolipoprotein A-I showed severe structural modification and loss of beneficial functions in lipid-free and lipid-bound state with acceleration of atherosclerosis and senescence. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 392(3):295–300.
172. Phillips MC (2013) New insights into the determination of HDL structure by apolipoproteins: thematic review series: high density lipoprotein structure, function, and metabolism. J Lipid Res 54(8):2034–2048.
173. Phillips JC et al (1997) Predicting the structure of apolipoprotein A-I in reconstituted high-density lipoprotein disks. Biophys J 73(5):2337–2346.
174. Pruzanski W et al (2000) Comparative analysis of lipid composition of normal and acute-phase high density lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 41(7):1035–1047.
175. Puppione DL et al (2010) Mass spectral analyses of the two major apolipoproteins of great ape high density lipoproteins. Comp Biochem Physiol Part D Genomics Proteomics 4(4):305–309.
176. Qiu X et al (2007) Crystal structure of cholesteryl ester transfer protein reveals a long tunnel and four bound lipid molecules. Nat Struct Mol Biol 14(2):106–113.
177. Rassart E et al (2000) Apolipoprotein D. Biochim Biophys Acta 1482(1–2):185–198.
178. Remaley AT et al (1993) O-linked glycosylation modifies the association of apolipoprotein A-II to high density lipoproteins. J Biol Chem 268(9):6785–6790.
179. Roghani A, Zannis VI (1988) Mutagenesis of the glycosylation site of human ApoCIII. O-linked glycosylation is not required for ApoCIII secretion and lipid binding. J Biol Chem 263 (34):17925–17932.
180. Rosenson RS et al (2011) HDL measures, particle heterogeneity, proposed nomenclature, and relation to atherosclerotic cardiovascular events. Clin Chem 57(3):392–410.
181. Rousset X et al (2009) Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase–from biochemistry to role in cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 16(2):163–171.
182. Rye KA et al (1996) The influence of sphingomyelin on the structure and function of reconstituted high density lipoproteins. J Biol Chem 271(8):4243–4250.
183. Saito H et al (2000) Inhibition of lipoprotein lipase activity by sphingomyelin: role of membrane surface structure. Biochim Biophys Acta 1486(2–3):312–320.
184. Samanta U, Bahnson BJ (2008) Crystal structure of human plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase: structural implication to lipoprotein binding and catalysis. J Biol Chem 283 (46):31617–31624.
185. Santucci L et al (2011) Protein-protein interaction heterogeneity of plasma apolipoprotein A1 in nephrotic syndrome. Mol Biosyst 7(3):659–666.
186. Sattler KJ et al (2010) Sphingosine 1-phosphate levels in plasma and HDL are altered in coronary artery disease. Basic Res Cardiol 105(6):821–832.
187. Scanu AM (1978) Ultrastructure of serum high density lipoproteins: facts and models. Lipids 13 (12):920–925.
188. Schaefer EJ, Asztalos BF (2007) Increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein, and heart disease risk reduction. Am J Cardiol 100(11A): S25–S31.
189. Schaefer EJ et al (1979) The composition and metabolism of high density lipoprotein subfractions. Lipids 14(5):511–522.
190. Schaefer EJ et al (2010) Marked HDL deficiency and premature coronary heart disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 21(4):289–297.
191. Scherer M et al (2010) Sphingolipid profiling of human plasma and FPLC-separated lipoprotein fractions by hydrophilic interaction chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Biochim Biophys Acta 1811(2):68–75.
192. Schjoldager KT et al (2012) Probing isoform-specific functions of polypeptide GalNActransferases using zinc finger nuclease glycoengineered SimpleCells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(25):9893–9898.
193. Schonfeld G et al (1976) Structure of high density lipoprotein. The immunologic reactivities of the COOH- and NH2-terminal regions of apolipoprotein A-I. J Biol Chem 251(13):3921–3926.
194. Segrest JP (1977) Amphipathic helixes and plasma lipoproteins: thermodynamic and geometric considerations. Chem Phys Lipids 18(1):7–22.
195. Segrest JP et al (1974) A molecular theory of lipid-protein interactions in the plasma lipoproteins. FEBS Lett 38(3):247–258.
196. Segrest JP et al (1994) The amphipathic alpha helix: a multifunctional structural motif in plasma apolipoproteins. Adv Protein Chem 45:303–369.
197. Segrest JP et al (1999) A detailed molecular belt model for apolipoprotein A-I in discoidal high density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem 274(45):31755–31758.
198. Segrest JP et al (2000) Detailed molecular model of apolipoprotein A-I on the surface of highdensity lipoproteins and its functional implications. Trends Cardiovasc Med 10(6):246–252.
199. Segrest JP et al (2013) MD simulations suggest important surface differences between reconstituted and circulating spherical HDL. J Lipid Res 54(10):2718–2732.
200. Sevvana M et al (2009) Serendipitous fatty acid binding reveals the structural determinants for ligand recognition in apolipoprotein M. J Mol Biol 393(4):920–936.
201. Shah AS et al (2013) Proteomic diversity of high density lipoproteins: our emerging understanding of its importance in lipid transport and beyond. J Lipid Res 54(10):2575–2585.
202. Shao B (2012) Site-specific oxidation of apolipoprotein A-I impairs cholesterol export by ABCA1, a key cardioprotective function of HDL. Biochim Biophys Acta 1821(3):490–501.
203. Shen BW et al (1977) Structure of human serum lipoproteins inferred from compositional analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74(3):837–841.
204. Shiflett AM et al (2005) Human high density lipoproteins are platforms for the assembly of multicomponent innate immune complexes. J Biol Chem 280(38):32578–32585.
205. Shimano H (2009) ApoAII controversy still in rabbit? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 29 (12):1984–1985.
206. Silva RA et al (2005) A mass spectrometric determination of the conformation of dimeric apolipoprotein A-I in discoidal high density lipoproteins. Biochemistry 44(24):8600–8607.
207. Silva RA et al (2008) Structure of apolipoprotein A-I in spherical high density lipoproteins of different sizes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(34):12176–12181.
208. Sloop CH et al (1983) Characterization of dog peripheral lymph lipoproteins: the presence of a disc-shaped “nascent” high density lipoprotein. J Lipid Res 24(11):1429–1440.
209. Sparks DL et al (1992) The conformation of apolipoprotein A-I in discoidal and spherical recombinant high density lipoprotein particles. 13C NMR studies of lysine ionization behavior. J Biol Chem 267(36):25830–25838.
210. Stahlman M et al (2013) Dyslipidemia, but not hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, is associated with marked alterations in the HDL lipidome in type 2 diabetic subjects in the DIWA cohort: impact on small HDL particles. Biochim Biophys Acta 1831(11):1609–1617.
211. Sung HJ et al (2012) Large-scale isotype-specific quantification of Serum amyloid A 1/2 by multiple reaction monitoring in crude sera. J Proteomics 75(7):2170–2180.
212. Tardieu A et al (1976) Structure of human serum lipoproteins in solution. II. Small-angle x-ray scattering study of HDL and LDL. J Mol Biol 101(2):129–153.
213. Tselepis AD et al (1995) PAF-degrading acetylhydrolase is preferentially associated with dense LDL and VHDL-1 in human plasma. Catalytic characteristics and relation to the monocytederived enzyme. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15(10):1764–1773.
214. Usami Y et al (2011) Detection of chymase-digested C-terminally truncated apolipoprotein A-I in normal human serum. J Immunol Methods 369(1–2):51–58.
215. Usami Y et al (2013) Identification of sites in apolipoprotein A-I susceptible to chymase and carboxypeptidase A digestion. Biosci Rep 33(1):49–56.
216. Utermann G (1975) Isolation and partial characterization of an arginine-rich apolipoprotein from human plasma very-low-density lipoproteins: apolipoprotein E. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem 356(7):1113–1121.
217. Vaisar T (2009) Thematic review series: proteomics. Proteomic analysis of lipid-protein complexes. J Lipid Res 50(5):781–786.
218. Vaisar T et al (2007) Shotgun proteomics implicates protease inhibition and complement activation in the antiinflammatory properties of HDL. J Clin Invest 117(3):746–756.
219. Vieu C et al (1996) Identification and quantification of diacylglycerols in HDL and accessibility to lipase. J Lipid Res 37(5):1153–1161.
220. Wald JH et al (1990) Structure of apolipoprotein A-I in three homogeneous, reconstituted high density lipoprotein particles. J Biol Chem 265(32):20037–20043.
221. Wiesner P et al (2009) Lipid profiling of FPLC-separated lipoprotein fractions by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 50(3):574–585.
222. Wlodawer A et al (1979) High-density lipoprotein recombinants: evidence for a bicycle tire micelle structure obtained by neutron scattering and electron microscopy. FEBS Lett 104 (2):231–235.
223. Wolfrum C et al (2005) Apolipoprotein M is required for prebeta-HDL formation and cholesterol efflux to HDL and protects against atherosclerosis. Nat Med 11(4):418–422.
224. Wopereis S et al (2003) Apolipoprotein C-III isofocusing in the diagnosis of genetic defects in O-glycan biosynthesis. Clin Chem 49(11):1839–1845.
225. Wroblewska M et al (2009) Phospholipids mediated conversion of HDLs generates specific apoAII pre-beta mobility particles. J Lipid Res 50(4):667–675.
226. Wu Z et al (2007) The refined structure of nascent HDL reveals a key functional domain for particle maturation and dysfunction. Nat Struct Mol Biol 14(9):861–868.
227. Wu Z et al (2009) Double superhelix model of high density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem 284(52): 36605–36619.
228. Wu Z et al (2011) The low resolution structure of ApoA1 in spherical high density lipoprotein revealed by small angle neutron scattering. J Biol Chem 286(14):12495–12508.
229. Wurfel MM et al (1994) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein is carried on lipoproteins and acts as a cofactor in the neutralization of LPS. J Exp Med 180(3):1025–1035.
230. Yu B et al (1997) Lipopolysaccharide binding protein and soluble CD14 catalyze exchange of phospholipids. J Clin Invest 99(2):315–324.
231. Zannis VI et al (1980) Isoproteins of human apolipoprotein A-I demonstrated in plasma and intestinal organ culture. J Biol Chem 255(18):8612–8617.
232. Zerrad-Saadi A et al (2009) HDL3-mediated inactivation of LDL-associated phospholipid hydroperoxides is determined by the redox status of apolipoprotein A-I and HDL particle surface lipid rigidity: relevance to inflammation and atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 29(12):2169–2175.
233. Zhang L et al (2011) Morphology and structure of lipoproteins revealed by an optimized negativestaining protocol of electron microscopy. J Lipid Res 52(1):175–184.
234. Zhaorigetu S et al (2008) ApoL1, a BH3-only lipid-binding protein, induces autophagic cell death. Autophagy 4(8):1079–1082.
235. Zhou W et al (2009) An initial characterization of the serum phosphoproteome. J Proteome Res 8(12):5523–5531