Adaptation in Collaborative Governance Regimes

Environmental Management

Volumn 54, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 768-781

  Emerson, Kirk ^a   Gerlak, Andrea K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

Author keywords

Adaptation; Adaptive capacity; Collaborative capacity; Collaborative governance; Institutional adaptation

Indexed keywords

SOIL CONSERVATION; WATER CONSERVATION; WATER MANAGEMENT;

ADAPTATION; ADAPTIVE CAPACITY; COLLABORATIVE CAPACITIES; COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCES; INSTITUTIONAL ADAPTATION;

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION;

ARTICLE; COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE REGIMES; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING; EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION; PARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; WATERSHED MANAGEMENT; CONSUMER; COOPERATION; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; GOVERNMENT; HUMAN; LEGISLATION AND JURISPRUDENCE; POLICY;

CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; CONSUMER PARTICIPATION; COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR; GOVERNMENT; HUMANS; PUBLIC POLICY;

EID: 84919401680     PISSN: 0364152X     EISSN: 14321009     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00267-014-0334-7     Document Type: Article

References (152)

1. Adger WN (2003) Social capital, collective action and adaptation to climate change. Econ Geogr 79:387–404
2. Adger WN, Arnella NW, Tompkins EL (2005) Successful adaptation to climate change across scales. Glob Environ Change 15:77–86
3. Adger WN, Dessai S, Goulden M, Hulme M, Lorenzoni I, Nelson DR, Naess LO, Wolf J, Wreford A (2009) Are there limits to adaptation to climate change? Clim Change 93:335–354
4. Agranoff R (2006) Inside collaborative networks: ten lessons for public managers. Public Adm Rev 66(Supplement):56–65
5. Agranoff R, McGuire M (2003) Collaborative public management. Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC
6. Agrawal A, Lemos MC (2007) A greener revolution in the making? Environmental governance in the 21st century. Environment 49(5):36–45
7. Anderies JM, Janssen MA, Ostrom E (2004) A framework to analyze the robustness of social-ecological systems from an institutional perspective. Ecol Soc 9(1):18 [online]. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss1/art18
8. Ansell C, Gash A (2008) Collaborative governance in theory and practice. J Public Adm Res Theor 18(4):543
9. Armitage D, Berkes F, Doubleday N (eds) (2007) Adaptive co-management: collaboration, learning, multi-level governance. UBC Press, Vancouver
10. Armitage D, Marschke M, Plummer R (2008) Adaptive co-management and the paradox of learning. Glob Environ Change 18:86–98
11. Bardach E (1998) Getting agencies to work together. Brookings Institution, Washington, DC
12. Barnes-Mauthe M, Arita S, Allen SD, Gray SA, Leung PS (2013) The influence of ethnic diversity on social network structure in a common-pool resource system: implications for collaborative management. Ecol Soc 18(1):23. doi:10.5751/ES-05295-180123
13. Barnett J (2003) Security and climate change. Glob Environ Change 13:7–17
14. Beierle TC (1998) Public participation in environmental decisions: an evaluation framework using social goals. Resources for the Future, Washington, DC, pp 99–106
15. Beierle TC, Cayford J (2002) Democracy in practice. Resources for the Future, Washington, DC
16. Bentrup G (2001) Evaluation of a Collaborative Mode: a Case Study Analysis of Watershed Planning in the Intermountain West. Environ Manag 27:9
17. Berkes F (2009) Evolution of co-management: role of knowledge generation, bridging organizations and social learning. J Environ Manag 90:1692–1702. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.12.001
18. Berkes F, Colding J, Folke C (2003) Navigating social-ecological systems: building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
19. Bingham LB, O’Leary R (eds) (2008) Big ideas in collaborative public management. M.E. Sharpe, New York
20. Brooks N, Adger WN, Kelly MP (2005) The determinants of vulnerability and adaptive capacity at the national level and the implications for adaptation. Glob Environ Change 15:151–163
21. Brunner RD, Steelman TA, Coe-Juell L, Crommley CM, Edwards CM, Tucker DW (eds) (2005) Adaptive governance: integrating science, policy, and decision making. Columbia University Press, New York
22. Bryson JM, Crosby BC (2007) Leadership for the common good: creating regimes of mutual gain. In: Morse RS, Buss TF, Kinghorn CM (eds) Transforming public leadership for the 21st century. National Academy of Public Administration. M.E. Sharpe, New York
23. Bryson JM, Crosby BC, Stone MM (2006) The design and implementation of cross-sector collaborations: propositions from the literature. Public Adm Rev 66(Supplement S1):44–55
24. Burdick D, Mathieson A, Moore G, Short F (2008) Letters to the editor: measurements in the estuary worse than Boston Harbor. Seacoastonline.com. June 3, 2008 at http://www.seacoastonline.com/articles/20080603-OPINION-806030382?cid=sitesearch
25. Carlson C (2007) A practical guide to collaborative governance. Policy Consensus Initiative, Portland
26. Carpenter SR, Gunderson LH (2001) Coping with collapse: ecological and social dynamics in ecosystem management. BioScience 6:451–457
27. Chapin FS III, Folke C, Kofinas GP (2009) A framework for understanding change. In: Folke C, Kofinas GP, Chapin FSIII (eds) Principles of ecosystem stewardship resilience-based natural resource management in a changing world. Springer, Berlin, pp 3–28
28. Charnley S, Engelbert B (2005) Evaluating public participation in environmental decisionmaking: EPA’s superfund community involvement program. J Environ Manag 77(3):165–182
29. Cheng AS, Sturtevant VE (2012) A framework for assessing collaborative capacity in community-based public forest management. Environ Manag 49:675–689
30. Choate D (2010) Last decade a wet one for the seacoast. Seacoastonline.com. http://www.seacoastonline.com/articles/20100207-NEWS-2070338?cid=sitesearch. Accessed 7 Feb 2010
31. Clark W, Jeager J, van Eijndhoven J, Dickson N (2001) Learning to manage global environmental risks: a comparative history of social responses to climate change, ozone depletion, and acid rain. MIT Press, Cambridge
32. Cooper TL, Bryer TA, Meek JW (2006) Citizen-centered collaborative public management. Public Adm Rev 66(Supplement S1):76–88
33. Cooper TL, Bryer TA, Meek JW (2008) Outcomes achieved through citizen-centered collaborative public management. In: Bingham LB, O’Leary R (eds) Big ideas in collaborative public management. M.E. Sharpe, New York
34. Crosby B, Bryson J (2005) Leadership for the common good: tackling problems in a shared-power world. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco
35. Daniels SE, Walker GB (2001) Working through environmental conflict: the collaborative learning approach. Praeger Publishers,Westport, CT
36. Dietz T, Stern PC (eds) (2008) Public participation in environmental assessment and decision making. National Research Council, Washington, DC
37. Dietz T, Ostrom E, Stern PC (2003) The struggle to govern the commons. Science 302:1907–1910
38. Dinan E (2010) Pollution solutions wanted for Great Bay watershed. Seacoastonline.com. http://www.seacoastonline.com/articles/20100720-NEWS-7200373. Accessed 20 July 2010
39. Eakin H, Lemos MC (2006) Adaptation and the state: Latin America and the challenge of capacity building under globalization. Glob Environ Change 16(1):7–18
40. Eakin H, Eriksen S, Eikelnad P-O, Oyen C (2011) Public sector reform and government for adaptation: implications of new public management for adaptive capacity in Mexico and Norway. Environ Manag 47:338–351
41. Elmqvist T, Folke C, Nyströom M, Peterson G, Bengtsson J et al (2003) Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience. Front Ecol Environ 1:488–494
42. Emerson K, Murchie P (2010) Collaborative governance and climate change: opportunities for public administration. In: O’Leary R, Van Slyke DM, Kim S (eds) The future of public administration around the world. The Minnowbrook Perspective. Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC, pp 144–154
43. Emerson K, Orr PJ, Keyes DL, McKnight KM (2009) Environmental conflict resolution: evaluating performance outcomes and contributing factors. Confl Resolut Q 27:38
44. Emerson K, Nabatchi T, Balogh S (2012) An integrated framework for collaborative governance. J Public Adm Theory Res 22(1):1–29
45. Engle NL, Lemos MC (2010) Unpacking governance: building adaptive capacity to climate change of river basins in Brazil. Glob Environ Change 20:4–13
46. Fazey I, Fazey JA, Fazey DMA (2005) Learning more effectively from experience. Ecol Soc 10(2):4. On line at http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/articles/1384.html
47. Feldman MS, Khademian AM, Ingram H, Schneider AS (2006) Ways of knowing and inclusive management practices. Public Adm Rev 66(S1):89–99
48. Folke C, Carpenter S, Elmqvist T, Gunderson L, Holling CS, Walker B (2002) Resilience and sustainable development: building adaptive capacity in a world of transformations. Ambio 31:437–440
49. Folke C, Hahn T, Olsson P, Norberg J (2005) Adaptive governance of social-ecological systems. Annu Rev Environ Resour 30:441–473
50. Fosters (2013) Great Bay Coalition retracts petition to EPA. Fosters.com. At http://www.fosters.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20130904/GJNEWS_01/130909738/-1/fosnews. Accessed Sep 27, 2013
51. Frederickson G (1999) The repositioning of American public administration. PS. Polit Sci Polit 32(4):701–711
52. Fung A (2006) Varieties of participation in complex governance. Public Adm Rev 66(s1):66–75
53. Garmestani AS, Benson MH (2013) A framework for resilience-based governance of social-ecological systems. Ecol Soc 18(1):9. doi:10.5751/ES-05180-180109
54. Gerlak AK (2013) Policy interactions in human–landscape systems. Environ Manag. doi:10.1007/s00267-013-0068-y
55. Gerlak AK, Heikkila T (2006) Comparing collaborative mechanisms in large-scale ecosystem governance. Nat Resour J 46(3):657–707
56. Gerlak AK, Heikkila T (2011) Building a theory of learning in collaboratives: evidence from the Everglades Restoration Program. J Public Adm Res Theory 21(4):619–644
57. Gerlak AK, Lubell M, Heikkila T (2013) The promise and performance of collaborative governance. In: Kamieniecki S, Kraft ME (eds) Oxford handbook of US environmental policy. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 413–434
58. Gerring J (2007) Case study research: principles and practices. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 172–186
59. Groff TR, Jones TP (2003) Introduction to knowledge management. Elsevier Science Publishers, Burlington
60. Gunderson L (1999) Resilience, flexibility and adaptive management: antidotes for spurious certitude?. Conserv Ecol 3(1):7. [online] http://www.consecol.org/vol3/iss1/art7/
61. Gunderson LH, Carpenter SR, Folke C, Olsoon P, Peterson G (2006) Water RATs (resilience, adaptability, and transformability) in lake and wetland social-ecological systems. Ecol Soc 11(1):16. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss1/art16
62. Gupta J, Termeer C, Klostermann J, Meijerink S, van den Brink M, Jong P, Nooteboom S, Bergsma E (2010) The adaptive capacity wheel: a method to assess the inherent characteristics of institutions to enable the adaptive capacity of society. Environ Sci Policy 13(6):459–471
63. Gutiérrez N, Hilborn R, Defeo O (2011) Leadership, social capital and incentives promote successful fisheries. Nature 470:386–389
64. Heikkila T, Gerlak AK (2005) The formation of large-scale Collaborative Resource Management Institutions: clarifying the Roles of Stakeholders, Science and Institutions. Policy Stud J 33(4):583–612
65. Haddad BM (2005) Ranking the adaptive capacity of nations to climate change when socio-political goals are explicit. Glob Environ Change 15:165–176
66. Harden CP, Chin A, English MR, Fu R, Galvin KA, Gerlak AK, McDowell PF, McNamara DE, Peterson JM, Poff NL, Rosa EA, Solecki WD, Wohl EE (2013) Understanding human–landscape interactions in the “Anthropocene”. Environ Manag. doi:10.1007/s00267-013-0082-0
67. Henton D, Melville J, Amsler T, Kopell M (2005) Collaborative governance: a guide for grantmakers. William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, Menlo Park
68. Holling CS (1978) Adaptive environmental assessment and management. Wiley, New York
69. Huxham C, Vangen S (2005) Managing to collaborate: the theory and practice of collaborative advantage. Routledge, New York
70. Imperial M (2005) Using Collaboration as a Governance Strategy: lessons from Six Watershed Management Programs. Adm Soc 37(3):281–320
71. Imperial MT, Hennessey TM (1996) An ecosystem based approach to managing estuaries: an assessment of the National Estuary program. Coast Manag 24(2):115–139
72. Imperial MT, Hennessey TM (2000) Environmental governance in watersheds: the importance of collaboration to institutional performance. National Academy of Public Administration, Washington, DC
73. Innes JE, Booher DE (1999) Consensus building and complex adaptive systems: a framework for evaluating collaborative planning. J Am Plan Assoc 65(4):412–423
74. Janssen MA, Schoon ML, Ke W, Börner K (2006) Scholarly networks on resilience, vulnerability and adaptation within the human dimensions of global environmental change. Glob Environ Change 16:12
75. Janssen MA, Anderies JM, Ostrom E (2007) Robustness of social-ecological systems to spatial and temporal variability. Soc Nat Resour 20(4):307–322
76. Johnson KA, Dana G, Jordan NR, Draeger KJ, Kapuscinski A, Schmitt Olabisi LK, Reich PB (2012) Using participatory scenarios to stimulate social learning for collaborative sustainable development. Ecol Soc 17(2):9. doi:10.5751/ES-04780-170209
77. Juhola S, Westerhoff L (2011) Challenges of adaptation to climate change across multiple scales: a case study of network governance in two European countries. Environ Sci Policy 14(3):239–247
78. Jun JS (ed) (2002) Rethinking administrative theory: the challenge of the new century. Praeger, Westport
79. Kenward RE, Whittingham MJ, Arampatzis S, Manos BD, Hahn T, Terry A, Simoncini R, Alcorn J, Bastian O, Donlan M, Elowe K, Franzén F, Karacsonyi Z, Larsson M, Manou D, Navodaru I, Papadopoulou O, Papathanasiou J, von Raggamby A, Sharp RJA, Söderqvist T, Soutukorva Å, Vavrova L, Aebischer NJ, Leader-Williams N, Rutz C (2011) Identifying governance strategies that effectively support ecosystem services, resource sustainability, and biodiversity. PNAS 108:5308–5312. doi:10.1073/pnas.1007933108
80. Kettl DF (2002) The transformation of governance: public administration for twenty-first century America. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
81. Kofinas GP (2009) Adaptive co-management in social–ecological governance. In: Folke C, Kofinas GP, Chapin FSIII (eds) Principles of ecosystem stewardship resilience-based natural resource management in a changing world. Springer, Berlin, pp 77–101
82. Koontz TM, Thomas CW (2006) What do we know and need to know about the environmental outcomes of collaborative management? Public Adm Rev 66(6):111–121 Special Issue on Collaborative Management, supplement to issue
83. Koontz TM, Steelman TA, Carmin J, Korfmacher KS, Moseley C, Thomas CW (2004) Collaborative environmental management: what roles for government?. Resources for the Future, Washington, DC
84. Korfmacher KS (1998) Invisible successes, visible failures: Paradoxes of ecosystem management in the Albemarle–Pamlico Estuarine Study. Coast Manage 26(3):191–211
85. Korfmacher KS (2002) Science and ecosystem management in the Albemarle–Pamlico Estuarine Study. Ocean Coast Manage 45(4–5):277–300
86. Korfmacher KS (2004) Science-based Collaborative Management: The Albemarle Pamlico Estuarine Study. In: Koontz T et al (eds) Collaborative environmental management: what roles for government?. Resources for the Future, Washington, DC, pp 103–125
87. Leach WD, Pelkey NW (2001) Making watershed partnerships work: a review of the empirical literature. J Water Resour Plann Manag 127(6):378–385
88. Leach WD, Sabatier PA (2005) To trust an adversary: integrating rational and psychological models of collaborative policy making. Am Polit Sci Rev 99:491–503
89. Lebel L, Anderies JH, Campbell B, Folke C, Hatfield-Dodds S, Hughes TP, Wilson J (2006) Governance and the capacity to manage resilience in regional social–ecological systems. Ecol Soc 11(1):19. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art19
90. Lee KN (1993) Compass and gyroscope: integrating science and politics for the environment. Island Press, Washington, DC
91. Lee KN (1999) Appraising adaptive management. Conserv Ecol 3:3–16
92. Lubell M (2004a) Collaborative watershed management: a view from the grassroots. Policy Stud J 32(3):321–341
93. Lubell M (2004b) Resolving conflict and building cooperation in the National Estuary program. Environ Manage 33(5):677–691
94. Lubell M, Leach, WB, Sabatier P (2009) Collaborative watershed partnerships in the epoch of sustainability. In: Mazmanian D, Kraft M (eds) Toward sustainable communities: transition and transformations in environmental policy, 2nd edn. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
95. Margerum RD (2008) A typology of collaboration efforts in environmental management. Environ Manage 41:487–500
96. Margerum RD (2011) Beyond consensus: improving collaboration to solve complex public problems. MIT Press, Cambridge
97. Moellenkamp S, Lamers M, Huesmann C, Rotter S, Pahl-Wostl C, Speil K and Pohl W (2010) Informal participatory platforms for adaptive management. Insights into niche-finding, collaborative design and outcomes from a participatory process in the rhine basin. Ecol Soc 15(4):41. [online] http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss4/art41/
98. Morse R (2007) Developing public leaders in an age of collaborative governance. In: Morse R, Buss T (eds) Innovations in public leadership development. M.E. Sharpe, Armonk
99. Mostert E, Pahl-Wostl C, Rees Y, Searle B, Tàbara D, Tippett J (2007) Social learning in European river basin management: barriers and supportive mechanisms from 10 river basins. Ecol Soc 12(1):19–35
100. Munaretto S, Huitema D (2012) Adaptive comanagement in the Venice lagoon? An analysis of current water and environmental management practices and prospects for change. Ecol Soc 17(2):19. doi:10.5751/ES-04772-170219
101. Næss LO, Bang G, Eriksen S, Vevatne J (2005) Institutional adaptation to climate change: flood responses at the municipal level in Norway. Glob Environ Change 15:125–138
102. Nelson DR, Adger WN, Brown K (2007) Adaptation to environmental change: contributions of a resilience framework. Annu Rev Environ Resour 32:395–419
103. New Hampshire Estuaries Project (2008a) Overview. At http://www.prep.unh.edu/resources/pdf/nhep_overview_unh-nhep-08.pdf
104. New Hampshire Estuaries Project (2008b) The New Hampshire Estuaries project extension into maine: working across political boundaries to protect, restore, and monitor the Great Bay Estuary. At http://www.prep.unh.edu/resources/pdf/the_new_hampshire_maine-brochure-NHEP-08.pdf
105. New Hampshire Estuaries Project (NHEP) (2000) Management Plan. Durham, NH, Piscataqua Region Estuaries Partnership. University of New Hampshire, Durham
106. New Hampshire Estuaries Project (NHEP) (2005) NHEP Management Plan 2005 update and integration with 2000 NHEP Management Plan. University of New Hampshire, Durham
107. Newig J, Fritsch O (2009) Environmental governance: participatory, multi-level—and effective? Environ Policy Gov 19:197–214
108. Newig J, Pahl-Wostl C, Sigel K (2005) The role of public participation in managing uncertainty in the implementation of the water framework directive. Eur Environ 15:333–343
109. Norberg J, Wilson J, Walker BH, Ostrom E (2008) Diversity and resilience of social-ecological systems. In: Norberg J, Cumming GS (eds) Complexity theory for a sustainable future. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 46–79
110. O’Leary R, Gazley B, McGuire M, Bingham LB (2009) Public managers in collaboration. In: O’Leary R, Bingham LB (eds) The collaborative public manager. Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC, pp 1–12
111. O’Leary R, Bingham LB, Gerard C (2006) Special issue on collaborative public management. Public Adm Rev 66(s1):33–43
112. O’Leary R, Choi Y, and Gerard CM (2012) The skill set of the successful collaborator. PAR, doi: 10.111/j.1540-6210.2012.02667.x
113. Olsson P, Folke C, Berkes F (2004) Adaptive comanagement for building resilience in social-ecological systems. Environ Manag 34(1):75–90
114. Ostrom E (2009) A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems. Science 325:419–422
115. Pahl-Wostl C (2007) Transitions toward adaptive management of water Facing climate and global change. Water Resour Manag 21(1):49–62
116. Pahl-Wostl C (2009) A conceptual framework for analysing adaptive capacity and multi-level learning processes in resource governance regimes. Global Environ Change 19:354–365
117. Pahl-Wostl C, Conca K, Kramer A, Maestu J, Schmidt F (2013) Missing links in global water governance: a processes-oriented analysis. Ecol Soc 18(2):33. doi:10.5751/ES-05554-180233
118. Pennington, DD (2008) Cross-disciplinary collaboration and learning. Ecol Soc 13(2):8 [Online] http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art8/
119. Peterson CH, Barber RT, Cottingham KL, Lotze HK, Simenstad CA,Christian RR, Piehler MF, Wilson J (2008) National estuaries. In: Julius SH, West JM, Baron JS, Griffith B, Joyce LA, Kareiva P, Keller BD, Palmer MA, Peterson CH, Scott JM (eds) Preliminary review of adaptation options for climate- sensitive ecosystems and resources. A report by the US Climate change science program and the subcommittee on global change research. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, pp 7-1–7-108
120. Piscataqua Region Estuaries Partnership (PREP) (2009a) State of the estuaries. University of New Hampshire, Durham
121. Piscataqua Region Estuaries Partnership (PREP) (2009b) Press release: new hampshire estuaries project changes name to Piscataqua Region Estuaries Partnership. University of New Hampshire, Durham
122. Piscataqua Region Estuaries Partnership (PREP) (2010) Management Plan. Piscataqua Region Estuaries Partnership University of New Hampshire, Durham
123. Piscataqua Region Estuaries Partnership (PREP) (2013) Committees. At http://www.prep.unh.edu/about/committees.htm. Accessed Sep 9 2013
124. Plummer R, Armitage D (2007) A resilience-based framework for evaluating adaptive co-management: linking ecology, economics, and society in a complex world. Ecol Econ 61:62–74
125. Prager K (2010) Local and regional partnerships in natural resource management: the challenge of bridging institutional levels. Environ Manag 46:711–724
126. Provan KG, Milward BH (1995) A preliminary theory of interorganizational network effectiveness: a comparative study of four community mental health systems. Adm Sci Q 40(1):1–33
127. Raadgever GT, Mostert E, Kranz N, Interwies E, Timmerman JG (2008) Assessing management regimes in transboundary river basins: do they support adaptive management? Ecol Soc 13:14. [online]. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss1/art14/
128. Reed MS, Evely AC, Cundill G, Fazey I, Glass J, Laing A, Newig J, Parrish B, Prell C, Raymond C, Stringer LC (2010) What is social learning? Ecol Soc 15(4): r1. [online] http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss4/resp1/
129. Salehyan I (2008) From climate change to conflict? No consensus yet. J Peace Res 45(3):315–326
130. Schneider M (2003) Building consensual institutions: networks and the national estuary program. Am J Politi Sci 47(1):143–158
131. Scholz JT, Stiftel B (eds) (2005) Adaptive governance and water conflict. Resources for the Future, Washington, DC
132. Schusler TM, Decker DJ, Pfeffer MJ (2003) Social learning for collaborative natural resource management. Soc Nat Resour 15:309–326
133. Selin S, Chavez D (1995) Developing a collaborative model for environmental planning and management. Environ Manag 19:6
134. Sirianni C (2009) Investing in democracy: engaging citizens in collaborative governance. Brookings Institution, Washington, DC
135. Steinberg PF (2009) Institutional resilience amid political change: the case of biodiversity conservation. Global Environ Polit 9(3):61–81
136. Steyaert P, Jiggins J (2007) Governance of complex environmental situations through social learning: a synthesis of SLIM’s lessons for research, policy and practice. Environ Sci Policy 10:575–585
137. Susskind L, McKearnan S, Thomas-Larmer J (eds) (1999) The consensus-building handbook: a comprehensive guide to reaching agreement. Sage Books, Thousand Oaks
138. Tang SY, Mazmanian DA (2010) Understanding collaborative governance from the structural choice—politics, IAD, and transaction cost perspectives. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1516851 or 10.2139/ssrn.1516851
139. Thomson AM, Perry J (2006) Collaboration processes: inside the black box. Public Adm Rev 66(s1):20–31
140. Thomson AM, Perry JL, Miller TK (2008) Linking collaborative performance: aligning policy intent, design, and impact. In: Bingham LB, O’Leary R (eds) Big ideas in collaborative public management. M.E. Sharpe, New York
141. Tippett J, Searle B, Pahl-Wostl C, Rees Y (2005) Social learning in public participation in river basin management—early findings from HarmoniCOP European case studies. Environ Sci Policy 8:287–299
142. Truslow DB (2009) PREP CCMP update: stakeholder input and meeting summary report on PREP comprehensive conservation and management plan update. University of New Hampshire, Durham http://www.prep.unh.edu/resources/pdf/prep_ccmp_update_stakeholder.pdf
143. US Environmental Protection Agency (2013) National estuaries program. At http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/nep/index.cfm
144. Wagner CL, Fernandez-Gimenez ME (2009) Effects of community-based collaborative group characteristics on social capital. Environ Manag 44:632–645
145. Walker B, Carpenter S, Anderies J, Abel N, Cummings G., Janssen M, Lebel L, Norberg J, Peterson GD, Pritchard R (2002) Resilience management in social-ecological systems: a working hypothesis for a participatory approach. Conserv Ecol 6(1):14 (online), http://www.consecol.org/vol6/iss1/art14/main.html
146. Walters CJ (1986) Adaptive management of renewable resources. Blackburn Press, Caldwell
147. Weber EP (2003) Bringing society back. In: Weber EP (ed) Grassroots ecosystem management, accountability, and sustainable communities. MIT Press, Cambridge
148. Weber EP, Lovrich NP, Gaffney M (2005) Collaboration, enforcement, and endangered species: a framework for assessing collaborative problem-solving capacity. Soc Nat Resour 18:677–698
149. Weible CM, Pattison A, Sabatier PA (2010) Harnessing expert-based information for learning and the sustainable management of complex socio-ecological systems. Environ Sci Policy 13:522–534
150. West JM, Julius SH, Kareiva P, Enquist C, Lawler JJ, Petersen B, Johnson AE, Shaw MR (2009) US natural resources and climate change: concepts and approaches for management adaptation. Environ Manage 44:1001–1021
151. Wheaton EE, Maciver DC (1999) A framework and key questions for adapting to climate variability and change. Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Change 4(3):215–225
152. Yohe G, Tol RSJ (2002) Indicators for social and economic coping capacity: moving towards a working definition of adaptive capacity. Glob Environ Change 12:25–40