Effects of high vs low glycemic index of dietary carbohydrate on cardiovascular disease risk factors and insulin sensitivity: The OmniCarb randomized clinical trial

JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association

Volumn 312, Issue 23, 2014, Pages 2531-2541

  Sacks, Frank M ^a,b   Carey, Vincent J ^a   Anderson, Cheryl A M ^c,e   Miller, Edgar R ^c,d   Copeland, Trisha ^a   Charleston, Jeanne ^c,d   Harshfield, Benjamin J ^a   Laranjo, Nancy ^a   McCarron, Phyllis ^c   Swain, Janis ^a   White, Karen ^c   Yee, Karen ^a   Appel, Lawrence J ^c,d  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY   (United States)

^d JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; INSULIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSSOVER PROCEDURE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIET THERAPY; DIETARY INTAKE; FEMALE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLYCEMIC INDEX; HIGH GLYCEMIC INDEX; HUMAN; INSULIN BLOOD LEVEL; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LOW CARBOHYDRATE DIET; LOW GLYCEMIC INDEX; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OBESITY; ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE; BLOOD; BLOOD PRESSURE; CALORIC INTAKE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CLINICAL TRIAL; MIDDLE AGED; MULTICENTER STUDY; RISK FACTOR;

ADULT; BLOOD GLUCOSE; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHOLESTEROL, HDL; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; DIET, CARBOHYDRATE-RESTRICTED; DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES; ENERGY INTAKE; FEMALE; GLYCEMIC INDEX; HUMANS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RISK FACTORS; TRIGLYCERIDES;

EID: 84919342453     PISSN: 00987484     EISSN: 15383598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.16658     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Wolever TM, Jenkins DJ, Jenkins AL, Josse RG. The glycemic index: methodology and clinical implications. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54(5):846-854.
2. Atkinson FS, Foster-Powell K, Brand-Miller JC. International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2008. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(12): 2281-2283.
3. Wolever TM, Gibbs AL, Mehling C, et al. The Canadian Trial of Carbohydrates in Diabetes (CCD), a 1-y controlled trial of low-glycemic-index dietary carbohydrate in type 2 diabetes: no effect on glycated hemoglobin but reduction in C-reactive protein. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(1):114-125.
4. Reynolds RC, Stockmann KS, Atkinson FS, Denyer GS, Brand-Miller JC. Effect of the glycemic index of carbohydrates on day-long (10 h) profiles of plasma glucose, insulin, cholecystokinin and ghrelin. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009;63(7):872-878.
5. Fabricatore AN, Ebbeling CB,Wadden TA, Ludwig DS. Continuous glucose monitoring to assess the ecologic validity of dietary glycemic index and glycemic load. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(6): 1519-1524.
6. Livesey G, Taylor R, Hulshof T, Howlett J. Glycemic response and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis: relations between dietary glycemic properties and health outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(1)(suppl):258S-268S.
7. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, et al; DASH Collaborative Research Group. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(16):1117-1124.
8. Appel LJ, Sacks FM, Carey VJ, et al; OmniHeart Collaborative Research Group. Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. JAMA. 2005;294(19): 2455-2464.
9. de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaud I, Delaye J, Mamelle N. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications aftermyocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation. 1999;99(6):779-785.
10. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, et al; PREDIMED Study Investigators. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(14):1279-1290.
11. Michaud DS, Fuchs CS, Liu S, WillettWC, Colditz GA, Giovannucci E. Dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate, sugar, and colorectal cancer risk in men and women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(1):138-147.
12. White WB, Anwar YA. Evaluation of the overall efficacy of the Omron office digital blood pressure HEM-907 monitor in adults. Blood Press Monit. 2001;6(2):107-110.
13. Matsuda M, DeFronzo RA. Insulin sensitivity indices obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing: comparison with the euglycemic insulin clamp. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(9):1462-1470.
14. Gannon MC, Nuttall FQ,Westphal SA, Fang S, Ercan-Fang N. Acutemetabolic response to high-carbohydrate, high-starch meals compared with moderate-carbohydrate, low-starch meals in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1998; 21(10):1619-1626.
15. Ludbrook J. Multiple inferences using confidence intervals. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2000;27(3):212-215.
16. Jones G, Kenward MG. Design and Analysis of Cross-Over Trials. Second Ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2003.
17. Mensink RP, Katan MB. Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins: ameta-analysis of 27 trials. Arterioscler Thromb. 1992;12(8):911-919.
18. Obarzanek E, Sacks FM, Vollmer WM, et al; DASH Research Group. Effects on blood lipids of a blood pressure-lowering diet: the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74(1):80-89.
19. Sloth B, Krog-Mikkelson I, Flint A, et al. No difference in body weight decrease between a low-glycemic-index and a high-glycemic-index diet but reduced LDL cholesterol after 10-wk ad libitum intake of the low-glycemic-index diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(2):337-347.
20. Hartman TJ, Albert PS, Zhang Z, et al. Consumption of a legume-enriched, low-glycemic index diet is associated with biomarkers of insulin resistance and inflammation among men at risk for colorectal cancer. J Nutr. 2010;140(1):60-67.
21. Runchey SS, Pollak MN, Valsta LM, et al. Glycemic load effect on fasting and post-prandial serum glucose, insulin, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in a randomized, controlled feeding study. Eur J ClinNutr. 2012;66(10):1146-1152.
22. Sichieri R, Moura AS, Genelhu V, Hu F, Willett WC. An 18-mo randomized trial of a low-glycemic-index diet and weight change in Brazilian women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86(3):707-713.
23. Vrolix R, Mensink RP. Effects of glycemic load on metabolic risk markers in subjects at increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(2):366-374.
24. Järvi AE, Karlström BE, Granfeldt YE, Björck IE, Asp NG, Vessby BO. Improved glycemic control and lipid profile and normalized fibrinolytic activity on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(1):10-18.
25. Shikany JM, Phadke RP, Redden DT, Gower BA. Effects of low- and high-glycemic index/glycemic load diets on coronary heart disease risk factors in overweight/obese men. Metabolism. 2009;58(12): 1793-1801.
26. Raatz SK, Torkelson CJ, Redmon JB, et al. Reduced glycemic index and glycemic load diets do not increase the effects of energy restriction on weight loss and insulin sensitivity in obese men and women. J Nutr. 2005;135(10):2387-2391.
27. McMillan-Price J, Petocz P, Atkinson F, et al. Comparison of 4 diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction in overweight and obese young adults: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(14): 1466-1475.
28. de Rougemont A, Normand S, Nazare JA, et al. Beneficial effects of a 5-week low-glycaemic index regimen on weight control and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight non-diabetic subjects. Br J Nutr. 2007;98(6):1288-1298.
29. Fabricatore AN,Wadden TA, Ebbeling CB, et al. Targeting dietary fat or glycemic load in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;92(1):37-45.
30. Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G. Long-term effects of low glycemic index/load vs high glycemic index/load diets on parameters of obesity and obesity-associated risks: a systematic review and meta-analysis. NutrMetab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;23 (8):699-706.
31. Jebb SA, Lovegrove JA, Griffin BA, et al; RISCK Study Group. Effect of changing the amount and type of fat and carbohydrate on insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk: the RISCK (Reading, Imperial, Surrey, Cambridge, and Kings) trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(4):748-758.
32. Gögebakan O, Kohl A, OsterhoffMA, et al; DiOGenes. Effects of weight loss and long-term weight maintenance with diets varying in protein and glycemic index on cardiovascular risk factors: the diet, obesity, and genes (DiOGenes) study: a randomized, controlled trial. Circulation. 2011;124 (25):2829-2838.
33. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, McKeown-Eyssen G, et al. Effect of a low-glycemic index or a high-cereal fiber diet on type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2008;300(23):2742-2753.
34. Selvin E, SteffesMW, Zhu H, et al. Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(9): 800-811.
35. Mirrahimi A, de Souza RJ, Chiavaroli L, et al. Associations of glycemic index and load with coronary heart disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohorts. J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1(5):e000752.
36. Dong JY, Zhang L, Zhang YH, Qin LQ. Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load in relation to the risk of type 2 diabetes: ameta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Br J Nutr. 2011;106(11): 1649-1654.
37. Goff LM, Cowland DE, Hooper L, Frost GS. Low glycaemic index diets and blood lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. NutrMetab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;23(1):1-10.
38. Brown L, Rosner B, WillettWW, Sacks FM. Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: ameta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(1):30-42.
39. Thomas DE, Elliott EJ. The use of low-glycaemic index diets in diabetes control. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(6):797-802.
40. Ebbeling CB, Swain JF, Feldman HA, et al. Effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance. JAMA. 2012;307(24):2627-2634.
41. Larsen TM, Dalskov SM, van Baak M, et al; Diet, Obesity, and Genes (Diogenes) Project. Diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index for weight-loss maintenance. N Engl J Med. 2010;363 (22):2102-2113.
42. Heilbronn LK, Noakes M, Clifton PM. The effect of high- and low-glycemic index energy restricted diets on plasma lipid and glucose profiles in type 2 diabetic subjects with varying glycemic control. J AmColl Nutr. 2002;21(2):120-127.