In defense of judicial elections

In Defense of Judicial Elections

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-181

  Bonneau, Chris W ^a   Hall, Melinda Gann ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^b MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84917081108     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203876992     Document Type: Book

References (189)

1. Abbe, Owen G. and Paul S. Herrnson. 2003. "Public Financing of Judicial Elections? A Judicious Perspective on the ABA's Proposal for Campaign Finance Reform." Polity 35 (July): 535-554
2. Abramowitz, Alan I. 1988. "Explaining Senate Election Outcomes." American Political Science Review 82 (June): 385-403
3. Abramowitz, Alan I. 1991. "Incumbency, Campaign Spending, and the Decline of Competition in U. S. House Elections." Journal of Politics 53 (February): 34-56
4. Abramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, and David W. Rohde. 2007. Change and Continuity in the 2004 and 2006 Elections. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
5. Adamany, David and Philip Dubois. 1976. "Electing State Judges." Wisconsin Law Review 1976 (3): 731-779
6. Alvarez, R. Michael. 1997. Information and Elections. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
7. American Bar Association. 1998. Report and Recommendations of the Task Force on Lawyers' Political Contributions: Part II. Chicago, IL: American Bar Association.
8. American Bar Association Commission on the 21st Century Judiciary. 2003. Justice in Jeopardy. Chicago: American Bar Association.
9. American Judicature Society. 2008a. Judicial Selection in the States,North Carolina. http://www.ajs.org/js/NC.htm
10. American Judicature Society. 2008b. Judicial Selection in the States, Arkansas. http://www.ajs.org/js/AR.htm
11. American Judicature Society. 2008c. Judicial Selection in the States, Minnesota. http://www.ajs.org/js/MN.htm
12. American Judicature Society. 2008d. Judicial Selection in the States, New Mexico. http://www.ajs.org/js/NM.htm
13. American Judicature Society. 2008e. Judicial Selection in the States, Wisconsin. http://www.ajs.org/js/WI.htm
14. Arrington, Theodore S. 1996. "When Money Doesn't Matter: Campaign Spending for Minor Statewide Judicial and Executive Offices in North Carolina." Justice System Journal 18 (3): 257-266
15. Aspin, Larry T. and William K. Hall. 1987. "The Friends and Neighbors Effect in Judicial Retention Elections." Western Political Quarterly 40 (December): 703-715.
16. Aspin, Larry T. and William K. Hall. 1989. "Friends and Neighbors Voting in Judicial Retention Elections: A Research Note Comparing Trial and Appellate Court Elections." Western Political Quarterly 42 (December): 587-595
17. Atkeson, Lonna Rae and Randall W. Partin. 1995. "Economic and Referendum Voting: A Comparison of Gubernatorial and Senate Elections." American Political Science Review 89 (March): 99-107
18. Averill, Lawrence H, Jr. 1995. "Observations on the Wyoming Experience with Merit Selection of Judges: A Model for Arkansas." University of Arkansas-Little Rock Law Journal 17 (Winter): 281-342
19. Banks, Jeffrey S. and D. Roderick Kiewiet. 1989. "Explaining Patterns of Candidate Competition in Congressional Elections." American Journal of Political Science 33 (November): 997-1015
20. Bardwell, Kedron. 2002. "Money and Challenger Emergence in Gubernatorial Primaries." Political Research Quarterly 55 (September): 653-667
21. Baum, L. 1983. "The Electoral Fates of Incumbent Judges in the Ohio Court of Common Pleas." Judicature 66 (April): 42-50
22. Baum, L. 1987. "Explaining the Vote in Judicial Elections: The 1984 Ohio Supreme Court Elections." Western Political Quarterly 40 (June): 361-371
23. Beechen, P. D. 1974. "Can Judicial Elections Express the People's Choice?" Judicature 57 (January): 242-246
24. Bell, D. 2001. "Engler to Ask for Appointed High Court." Detroit Free Press, January 27
25. Bend, D. 2005. "North Carolina's Public Financing of Judicial Campaigns: A Preliminary Analysis." Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics 18 (Summer): 597-609
26. Benesh, S. 2006. "Understanding Public Confidence in American Courts." Journal of Politics 68 (August): 697-707
27. Berkman, M., J. Eisenstein. 1999. "State Legislators as Congressional Candidates: The Effects of Prior Experience on Legislative Recruitment and Fundraising." Political Research Quarterly 52 (September): 487-598
28. Beyle, T. 2003. "2002 Gubernatorial Elections." Spectrum: The Journal of State Government 76 (Winter): 12-14
29. Beyle, T. 2005. "2004 Gubernatorial Elections." Spectrum: The Journal of State Government 78 (Winter): 12-14, 30
30. Bond, J. R., C. Covington, and R. Fleisher. 1985. "Explaining Challenger Quality in Congressional Elections." Journal of Politics 47 (May): 510-529
31. Bonneau, C. W. 2001. "The Composition of State Supreme Courts, 2000." Judicature 85 (July-August): 26-31
32. Bonneau, C. W. 2004. "Patterns of Campaign Spending and Electoral Competition in State Supreme Court Elections." Justice System Journal 25 (1): 21-38
33. Bonneau, C. W. 2005a. "What Price Justice(s)? Understanding Campaign Spending in State Supreme Court Elections." State Politics and Policy Quarterly 5 (Summer): 107-125
34. Bonneau, C. W. 2005b. "Electoral Verdicts: Incumbent Defeats in State Supreme Court Elections." American Politics Research 33 (November): 818-841
35. Bonneau, C. W. 2007a. "Campaign Fundraising in State Supreme Court Elections." Social Science Quarterly 88 (March): 68-85
36. Bonneau, C. W. 2007b. "The Dynamics of Campaign Spending in State Supreme Court Elections." In Running for Judge: The Rising Political, Financial, and Legal Stakes of Judicial Elections, ed. by Matthew Streb. New York: New York University Press.
37. Bonneau, C. W. 2007c. "The Effects of Campaign Spending in State Supreme Court Elections." Political Research Quarterly 60 (September): 489-499
38. Bonneau, C. W. and M. G. Hall. 2003. "Predicting Challengers in State Supreme Court Elections: Context and the Politics of Institutional Design." Political Research Quarterly 56 (September): 337-349
39. Bowler, S., T. Donovan, and T. Happ. 1992. "Ballot Propositions and Information Costs: Direct Democracy and the Fatigued Voter." Western Political Quarterly 45 (June): 559-568
40. Brace, P. and M. G. Hall. 1993. "Integrated Models of Judicial Dissent." Journal of Politics 55 (November): 914-935
41. Brace, P. and M. G. Hall. 1995. "Studying Courts Comparatively: The View from the American States." Political Research Quarterly 48 (March): 5-29
42. Brace, P., M. G. Hall. 1997. "The Interplay of Preferences, Case Facts, Context, and Structure in the Politics of Judicial Choice." Journal of Politics 59 (November): 1206-1231
43. Brace, P., M. G. Hall. 2001. " 'Haves' Versus 'Have Nots' in State Supreme Courts: Allocating Docket Space and Wins in Power Asymmetric Cases." Law and Society Review 35 (2): 393-417
44. Brace, P., M. G. Hall, and L. Langer. 1999. "Judicial Choice and the Politics of Abortion: Institutions, Context, and the Autonomy of Courts." Albany Law Review 62 (April): 1265-1303
45. Brace, P., M. G. Hall, and L. Langer. 2001. "Placing State Supreme Courts in State Politics." State Politics and Policy Quarterly 1 (Spring): 81-108
46. Bullock, C. S., III, and R. E. Dunn. 1996. "Election Roll-Off: A Test of Three Explanations." Urban Affairs Review 32 (September): 71-86
47. Burbank, S. B. and B. Friedman. 2002. "Reconsidering Judicial Independence." In Judicial Independence at the Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Approach, ed. by Stephen B. Burbank and Barry Friedman. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
48. Campbell, L. 2002. "An Absurd System Gets Even Worse." Fort Worth Star-Telegram, November 2
49. Cann, D. M. 2002. "Campaign Contributions and Judicial Behavior." American Review of Politics 23 (Fall): 261-274
50. Cann, D. M. 2007. "Justice for Sale? Campaign Contributions and Judicial Decisionmaking." State Politics and Policy Quarterly 7 (Fall): 281-297
51. Cann, D. M. and J. Yates. 2008. "Homegrown Institutional Legitimacy: Assessing Citizens' Diffuse Support for State Courts." American Politics Research 36 (March): 297-329
52. Carsey, T. M., and G. R. Wright. 1998. "State and National Forces in Gubernatorial and Senate Elections." American Journal of Political Science 42 (July): 994-1002
53. Cassie, W. E. and D. A. Breaux. 1998. "Expenditures and Election Results." In Campaign Finance in State Legislative Elections, ed. by Joel A. Thompson and Gary F. Moncrief. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
54. Champagne, A. 2003. "The Politics of Judicial Selection." Policy Studies Journal 31 (August): 413-419
55. Champagne, A. and J. Haydel. 1993. Judicial Reform in the States. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
56. Champagne, A. and G. Thielemann. 1991. "Awareness of Trial Court Judges." Judicature 74 (February-March): 271-276
57. Choi, S. J., G. M. Gulati, and E. A. Posner. 2007. "Professionals or Politicians: The Uncertain Case for an Elected Rather than Appointed Judiciary." Unpublished manuscript. August 2007
58. Citizens Commission for the Preservation of an Independent Judiciary. 2007. Final Report and Recommendations. http://www.keepmnjusticeimpartial.org/ FinalReportAndRecommendation.pdf
59. Citizens for Independent Courts Task Force on Selecting State Court Judges. 2000. "Choosing Justice: Reforming the Selection of State Judges." In Uncertain Justice: Politics in America's Courts. New York: Century Foundation.
60. Clarke, H. D., F. B. Feigert, B. J. Seldon, and M. C. Stewart. 1999. "More Time with My Money: Leaving the House and Going Home in 1992 and 1994." Political Research Quarterly 52 (March): 67-85
61. Coleman, J. J. and P. F. Manna. 2000. "Congressional Campaign Spending and the Quality of Democracy." Journal of Politics 62 (August): 757-789
62. Common Cause of Wisconsin. 2008. " 'Impartial Justice' Measure Passes Senate 23-10." http://www.commoncause.org/site/ pp.asp?c=dkLNK1MQIwG&b=1776959
63. Council of State Governments. 1999. Book of the States. Lexington, KY: Council of State Governments.
64. Council of State Governments. 2006. The Book of the States. Lexington, KY: Council of State Governments.
65. Czarnezki, J. J. 2005. "A Call for Change: Improving Judicial Selection Methods." Marquette Law Review 89 (Fall): 169-178
66. Davidoff, J. 2007. "Justices Endorse Public Funding for Supreme Court Races." Capital Times, December 10
67. Democracy North Carolina. 2006. "A Profile of the Judicial Public Financing Program, 2004-06." http://www.democracy-nc.org/nc/judicialcampaignreform/ impact06-06.pdf
68. Dickerson, B. 2001. "Belatedly, Engler Seeks Court Reform." Detroit Free Press, January 2
69. Dimino, M. R. 2004. "The Futile Quest for a System of Judicial 'Merit' Selection." Albany Law Review 67 (Spring): 803-819
70. Dimino, Sr. M. R., 2005. "The Worst Way of Selecting Judges-Except All the Others that Have Been Tried." Northern Kentucky Law Review 32 (2): 267-304
71. Dubois, P. L. 1979. "The Significance of Voting Cues in State Supreme Court Elections." Law and Society Review 13 (Spring): 757-779
72. Dubois, P. L. 1980. From Ballot to Bench: Judicial Elections and the Quest for Accountability. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
73. Dubois, P. L. 1984. "Voting Cues in Nonpartisan Trial Court Elections: A Multivariate Assessment." Law and Society Review 18 (3): 395-436
74. Dubois, P. L. 1986. "Penny for Your Thoughts? Campaign Spending in California Trial Court Elections, 1976-1982." Western Political Quarterly 39 (June): 265-284
75. Friedman, L. M. 1985. History of American Law. New York: Simon and Schuster.
76. Garand, J. 1991. "Electoral Marginality in State Legislative Elections, 1968- 86." Legislative Studies Quarterly 16 (February): 7-28
77. Garand, J. C., K. Wink, and B. Vincent. 1993. "Changing Meanings of Election Marginality in U.S. House Elections, 1824-1978." Political Research Quarterly 46 (March): 27-48
78. Gerber, A. S. and D. P. Green. 2000."The Effects of Canvassing, Telephone Calls, and Direct Mail on Voter Turnout: A Field Experiment." American Political Science Review 94 (September): 653-663
79. Geyh, C. G. 2001. "Publicly Funded Judicial Elections: An Overview." Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 34 (June): 1467-1487
80. Geyh, C. G. 2003. "Why Judicial Elections Stink." Ohio State Law Journal 64 (1): 43-79
81. Gibson, J. L. 2008. "Challenges to the Impartiality of State Supreme Courts: Legitimacy Theory and 'New-Style' Judicial Campaigns." American Political Science Review 102 (February): 59-75
82. Gierzynski, A. 1998. "A Framework for the Study of Campaign Finance." In Campaign Finance in State Legislative Elections, ed. by Joel A. Thompson and Gary F. Moncrief. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
83. Gierzynski, A. and D. A. Breaux. 1991. "Money and Votes in State Legislative Elections." Legislative Studies Quarterly 16 (May): 203-217
84. Gierzynski, A. and D. A. Breaux. 1996. "Legislative Elections and the Importance of Money." Legislative Studies Quarterly 21 (August): 337-358
85. Giles, M. W. and A. Pritchard. 1985. "Campaign Expenditures and Legislative Elections in Florida." Legislative Studies Quarterly 10 (February): 71-88
86. Glaberson, W. 2000a. "Fierce Campaigns Signal a New Era for State Courts." New York Times, June 5, p. A
87. Glaberson, W. 2000b. "State Chief Justices Plan to Meet on Judicial Candidates' Abuses." New York Times, September 8, p. A14
88. Glick, H. R. and C. F. Emmert. 1987. "Selection Systems and Judicial Characteristics: The Recruitment of State Supreme Court Judges." Judicature 70 (December-January): 228-235
89. Goldberg, D. 2002. Public Funding of Judicial Elections: Financing Campaigns for Fair and Independent Courts. New York: Brennan Center for Justice.
90. Goldberg, D., S. Samis, E. Bender, and R. Weiss. 2005. The New Politics of Judicial Elections, 2004. Washington, DC: Justice at Stake Campaign.
91. Green, D. P. and J. S. Krasno. 1988. "Salvation for the Spendthrift Incumbent: Reestimating the Effects of Campaign Spending in House Elections." American Journal of Political Science 32 (November): 884-907
92. Groseclose, T. and K. Krehbiel. 1994. "Golden Parachutes, Rubber Checks, and Strategic Retirements in the 102nd House." American Journal of Political Science 38 (February): 75-99
93. Hajnal, Z. and J. Trounstine. 2005. "Where Turnout Matters: The Consequences of Uneven Turnout in City Politics." Journal of Politics 67 (May): 515-535
94. Hall, K. L. 1984. "Progressive Reform and the Decline of Democratic Accountability: The Popular Election of State Supreme Court Judges, 1850- 1920." American Bar Foundation Research Journal 9 (Spring): 345-369
95. Hall, M. G. 1987. "Constituent Influence in State Supreme Courts: Conceptual Notes and a Case Study." Journal of Politics 49 (November): 1117-1124
96. Hall, M. G. 1992. "Electoral Politics and Strategic Voting in State Supreme Courts." Journal of Politics 54 (May): 427-446
97. Hall, M. G. 1995. "Justices as Representatives: Elections and Judicial Politics in the American States." American Politics Quarterly 23 (October): 485-503
98. Hall, M. G. 1999. "State Judicial Politics: Rules, Structure, and the Political Game." In American State and Local Politic: Directions for the Twenty-First Century, ed. by Ronald E. Weber and Paul Brace. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
99. Hall, M. G. 2001a. "State Supreme Courts in American Democracy: Probing the Myths of Judicial Reform." American Political Science Review 95 (June): 315-330
100. Hall, M. G. 2001b. "Voluntary Retirements from State Supreme Courts: Assessing Democratic Pressures to Relinquish the Bench." Journal of Politics 63 (November): 1112-1140
101. Hall, M. G. 2007a. "Competition as Accountability in State Supreme Court Elections." In Running for Judge: The Rising Political, Financial, and Legal Stakes of Judicial Elections, ed. by Matthew Streb. New York: New York University Press.
102. Hall, M. G. 2007b. "Courts and Judicial Politics in the American States." In Politics in the American States: A Comparative Analysis, ed. by Virginia Gray and Russell L. Hanson. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
103. Hall, M. G. 2007c. "Voting in State Supreme Court Elections: Competition and Context as Democratic Incentives." Journal of Politics 69 (November): 1147-1159
104. Hall, M. G. 2009a. "The Controversy over Electing Judges and Advocacy in Political Science." Justice System Journal 30 (3): Forthcoming.
105. Hall, M. G. 2009b. "On the Cataclysm of Judicial Elections and Other Popular Anti-Democratic Myths." Paper presented at the What's Law Got to Do With It? Conference at the Indiana University School of Law, March 26-27
106. Hall, M. G. and C. W. Bonneau. 2006. "Does Quality Matter? Challengers in State Supreme Court Elections." American Journal of Political Science 50 (January): 20-33
107. Hall, M. G. and C. W. Bonneau. 2008. "Mobilizing Interest: The Effects of Money on Citizen Participation in State Supreme Court Elections." American Journal of Political Science 52 (July): 457-470
108. Hall, M. G. and P. Brace. 1989. "Order in the Courts: A Neo-Institutional Approach to Judicial Consensus." Western Political Quarterly 42 (September): 391-407
109. Hall, M. G. and P. Brace.. 1992. "Toward an Integrated Model of Judicial Voting Behavior." American Politics Quarterly 20 (April): 147-168
110. Hall, R. L. and R. van Houweling. 1995. "Avarice and Ambition in Congress: Representatives' Decisions to Run or Retire from the U.S. House." American Political Science Review 89 (March): 121-136
111. Hall, W. K. and L. T. Aspin. 1987a. "The Roll-Off Effect in Judicial Retention Elections." Social Science Journal 24 (4): 415-427
112. Hall, W. K. and L. T. Aspin. 1987b. "What Twenty Years of Judicial Retention Elections Have Told Us." Judicature 70 (April-May): 340-347
113. Hampton, D. 2002. "Political and Special-Interest Influence on Judges Worsens." Jackson Clarion-Ledger, October 27
114. Hansen, M. 1998. "A Run for the Bench." ABA Journal 84 (October): 68-72
115. Heckman, J. J. 1979. "Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error." Econometrica 47 (January): 153-162
116. Hibbing, J. R. and S. L. Brandes. 1983. "State Population and Electoral Success of U.S. Senators." American Journal of Political Science 27 (November): 808-819
117. Hill, K. Q. and J. E. Leighley. 1993. "Party Ideology, Organization, and Competitiveness as Mobilizing Forces in Gubernatorial Elections." American Journal of Political Science 37 (November): 1158-1178
118. Hogan, R. E. 2000. "The Costs of Representation in State Legislatures: Explaining Variations in Campaign Spending." Social Science Quarterly 81 (December): 941-956
119. Hogan, R. E., and K. E. Hamm. 1998. "Variations in District-Level Campaign Spending in State Legislatures." In Campaign Finance in State Legislative Elections, ed. by Joel A. Thompson and Gary F. Moncrief. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
120. Hojnacki, M. and L. Baum. 1992. " 'New Style' Judicial Campaigns and Voters: Economic Issues and Union Members in Ohio." Western Political Quarterly 45 (December): 921-948
121. Holbrook, T. M. and C. M. Tidmarch. 1991. "Sophomore Surge in State Legislative Elections, 1968-86." Legislative Studies Quarterly 16 (February): 49-63
122. Hurwitz, M. S. and D. N. Lanier. 2003. "Explaining Judicial Diversity: The Differential Ability of Women and Minorities to Attain Seats on State Supreme and Appellate Courts." State Politics and Policy Quarterly 3 (Winter): 329-352
123. Hurwitz, M. S. and D. N. Lanier. 2008. "Diversity in State and Federal Appellate Courts: Change and Continuity Across 20 Years." Justice System Journal 29 (1): 47-70
124. Jackson, D. W. and J. W. Riddlesperger, Jr. 1991. "Money and Politics in Judicial Elections: The 1988 Election of the Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court." Judicature 74 (December-January): 184-189
125. Jackson, R. A. 1995. "Clarifying the Relationship between Education and Turnout." American Politics Quarterly 23 (July): 279-299
126. Jacobson, G. C. 1978. "The Effects of Campaign Spending in Congressional Elections." American Political Science Review 72 (June): 469-491
127. Jacobson, G. C. 1980. Money in Congressional Elections. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
128. Jacobson, G. C. 1989. "Strategic Politicians and the Dynamics of U.S. House Elections, 1946-86." American Political Science Review 83 (September): 773-793
129. Jacobson, G. C. 1990. "The Effects of Campaign Spending in House Elections: New Evidence for Old Arguments." American Journal of Political Science 34 (May): 334-362
130. Jacobson, G. C. 1997. The Politics of Congressional Elections, 4th edn. New York: Longman.
131. Jewell, M. E. 1982. Representation in State Legislatures. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.
132. Jewell, M. E. and D. A. Breaux. 1988. "The Effect of Incumbency on State Legislative Elections." Legislative Studies Quarterly 13 (November): 495-514
133. Justice at Stake. 2008. Minnesota Public Opinion Poll on Judicial Selection. http:// www.gavelgrab.org/wpcontent/resources/polls/MinnesotaJusticeatStakeSurvey. pdf.
134. Klein, D. and L. Baum. 2001. "Ballot Information and Voting Decisions in Judicial Elections." Political Research Quarterly 54 (December): 709-728
135. Krasno, J. S. 1994. Challengers, Competition, and Reelection: Comparing Senate and House Elections. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
136. Krasno, J. S. and D. P. Green. 1988. "Preempting Quality Challengers in House Elections." Journal of Politics 50 (November): 920-936
137. Kritzer, H. M., P. Brace, and M. G. Hall, and B. T. Boyea. 2007. "The Business of State Supreme Courts, Revisited." Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 4 (July): 427-439
138. Langer, L. 2002. Judicial Review in State Supreme Courts: A Comparative Study. Albany: SUNY Press.
139. Leyden, K. M. and S. A. Borrelli. 1995. "The Effect of State Economic Conditions on Gubernatorial Elections: Does Unified Government Make a Difference?" Political Research Quarterly 48 (June): 275-290
140. Liptak, A. 2004. "Judicial Races in Several States Become Partisan Battlegrounds." New York Times, October 24
141. Lovrich, N. P., Jr. and C. H. Sheldon. 1983. "Voters in Contested, Nonpartisan Judicial Elections: A Responsible Electorate or a Problematic Public?" Western Political Quarterly 36 (June): 241-256
142. Lublin, D. I. 1994. "Quality, Not Quantity: Strategic Politicians in U.S. Senate Elections, 1952-1990." Journal of Politics 56 (February): 228-241
143. Magleby, D. B. 1984. Direct Legislation: Voting on Ballot Propositions in the United States. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
144. Mauro, T. 2006. "Chief Justices Sound Alarm on Judicial Elections." Legal Times, August 23
145. Milton, S. 1983. "A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Roll-Off Vote in New York State, 1948-1974." Polity 15 (Summer): 613-629
146. Moe, T. M. 1987. "An Assessment of the Positive Theory of 'Congressional Dominance.' " Legislative Studies Quarterly 12 (November): 475-520
147. National Center for State Courts. 1999. How the Public Views the State Courts: A 1999 National Survey. Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Courts.
148. National Center for State Courts. 2002. Call to Action: Statement of the National Summit on Improving Judicial Selection. Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Courts.
149. Nichols, S. M. and G. A. Strizek. 1995. "Electronic Voting Machines and Ballot Roll-Off." American Politics Quarterly 23 (July): 300-318
150. Nicholson, S. P. and G. M. Segura. 1999. "Midterm Elections and Divided Government: An Information-Driven Theory of Electoral Volatility." Political Research Quarterly 52 (September): 609-629
151. Niemi, R. G., H. W. Stanley, and R. J. Vogel. 1995. "State Economies and State Taxes: Do Voters Hold Governors Accountable?" American Journal of Political Science 39 (November): 936-957
152. North Carolina Center for Voter Education. 2008. "How the Public Campaign Fund has Reduced the Role of Private Money in Elections for the N.C. Supreme Court." http://www.ncjudges.org/jcra/graphic_contributions.html
153. O'Connor, S. D. 2007. "Justice for Sale: How Special-Interest Money Threatens the Integrity of our Courts." Wall Street Journal, November 15
154. Partin, R. W. 2002. "Assessing the Impact of Campaign Spending in Governors' Races." Political Research Quarterly 55 (March): 213-233
155. Phillips, T. R. 2002. "When Money Talks, the Judiciary Must Balk." Washington Post, April 14, p. B
156. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 2001. "Editorial: Ridge the Reformer." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 14
157. Pritchett, C. H. 1941. "Divisions of Opinion among Justices on the U.S. Supreme Court, 1939-1941." American Political Science Review 35 (October): 890-898
158. Ragsdale, L. 1981. "Incumbent Popularity, Challenger Invisibility, and Congressional Voters." Legislative Studies Quarterly 6 (May): 201-218
159. Republican Party of Minnesota v. White. 2002. 536 U.S. 765
160. Rohde, D. W. and H. J. Spaeth. 1976. Supreme Court Decision Making. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
161. Rottman, D. B. and R. A. Schotland. 2001. "What Makes Judicial Elections Unique?" Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 34 (June): 1369-1373
162. Sample, J., L. Jones, and R. Weiss. 2007. The New Politics of Judicial Elections 2006. Washington, DC: Justice at Stake.
163. Scammon, R. M., A. McGillivray, and R. Cook. 2001. America Votes 24: A Handbook of Contemporary American Election Statistics. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
164. Schaffner, B. F., M. Streb, and G. Wright. 2001. "Teams without Uniforms: The Nonpartisan Ballot in State and Local Elections." Political Research Quarterly 54 (March): 7-30
165. Schotland, R. A. 1985. "Elective Judges' Campaign Financing: Are State Judges' Robes the Emperor's Clothes of American Democracy." Journal of Law and Politics 2 (Spring): 57-167
166. Schotland, R. A. 2001. "Financing Judicial Elections, 2000: Change and Challenge." Law Review of Michigan State University-Detroit College of Law 2001 (Fall): 849-899
167. Segal, J. A. and H. J. Spaeth. 2002. The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited. New York: Cambridge University Press.
168. Sheboygan Press Gazette. 2007. "Heed High Court's Advice on Financing Judicial Elections." Sheboygan Press Gazette, December 23, p. 5A.
169. Sheldon, C. H. and L. S. Maule. 1997. Choosing Justice: The Recruitment of State and Federal Judges. Pullman, WA: Washington State University Press.
170. Shepsle, K. A. and B. R. Weingast. 1987. "The Institutional Foundations of Committee Power." American Political Science Review 81 (March): 85-104
171. Sorauf, F. J. 1988. Money in American Elections. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
172. Soule, G. W. 2008. "The Threats of Partisanship to Minnesota's Judicial Elections." William Mitchell Law Review 34 (2): 701-728
173. Spriggs, J. F., II, and P. J. Wahlbeck. 1995. "Calling It Quits: Strategic Retirement on the Federal Courts of Appeals, 1893-1991." Political Research Quarterly 48 (September): 573-597
174. Squire, P. 1988. "Politics and Personal Factors in the Retirement from the United States Supreme Court." Political Behavior 10 (June): 180-190
175. Squire, P. 1989. "Challengers in U.S. Senate Elections." Legislative Studies Quarterly 14 (November): 531-547
176. Squire, P. 1995. "Candidates, Money, and Voters-Assessing the State of Congressional Elections Research." Political Research Quarterly 48 (December): 891-991
177. Squire, P. and J. R. Wright. 1990. "Fundraising by Nonincumbent Candidates for the U.S. House of Representatives." Legislative Studies Quarterly 15 (February): 89-917
178. Stone, W. J., S. Maisel, and C. D. Maestas. 2004. "Quality Counts: Extending the Strategic Politician Model of Incumbent Deterrence." American Journal of Political Science 48 (July): 479-495
179. Streb, M. J., ed. 2007. Running for Judge: The Rising Political, Financial, and Legal Stakes of Judicial Elections. New York: New York University Press.
180. Streb, M. J. and B. Frederick. 2007. "Judicial Reform and the Future of Judicial Elections." In Running for Judge: The Rising Political, Financial, and Legal Stakes of Judicial Elections, ed. by Matthew Streb. New York: New York University Press.
181. Streb, M. J. and B. Frederick. 2008. "Paying a Price for a Seat on the Bench: Campaign Spending in Contested Intermediate Appellate Court Elections." State Politics and Policy Quarterly 8 (Winter): 410-429
182. Svoboda, C. J. 1995. "Retrospective Voting in Gubernatorial Elections: 1982 and 1986." Political Research Quarterly 48 (March): 135-150
183. Thielemann, G. S. 1993. "Local Advantage in Campaign Financing: Friends, Neighborhoods, and Their Money in Texas Supreme Court Elections." Journal of Politics 55 (May): 472-478
184. Thomas, S. J. 1989. "Do Incumbent Campaign Expenditures Matter?" Journal of Politics 51 (November): 965-976
185. Van Dunk, E. 1997. "Challenger Quality in State Legislative Elections." Political Research Quarterly 50 (September): 793-807
186. Vanderleeuw, J. M. and R. L. Engstrom. 1987. "Race, Referendums, and Roll-Off." Journal of Politics 49 (November): 1081-1092
187. Waltenburg, E. N. and C. S. Lopeman. 2000. "Tort Decisions and Campaign Dollars." Southeastern Political Review 28 (2): 241-263
188. Wattenberg, M. P., I. McAllister, and A. Salvanto. 2000. "How Voting is Like Taking an SAT Test: An Analysis of American Voter Rolloff." American Politics Quarterly 28 (April): 234-250
189. Webster, B. A., C. Wilcox, P. S. Herrnson, P. L. Francia, J. C. Green, and L. Powell. 2001. "Competing for Cash: The Individual Financiers of Congressional Elections." In Playing Hardball: Campaigning for the U.S. Congress, ed. by Paul S. Herrnson. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.