On the link between arctic sea ice decline and the freshwater content of the beaufort gyre: Insights from a simple process model

Journal of Climate

Volumn 27, Issue 21, 2014, Pages 8170-8184

  Davis, Peter E D ^a   Lique, Camille ^a   Johnson, Helen L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Arctic; Freshwater; Ocean dynamics

Indexed keywords

EFFICIENCY; ICE; MOMENTUM; MOMENTUM TRANSFER; OCEANOGRAPHY; SEA ICE;

ARCTIC; DYNAMICAL RESPONSE; FRESHWATER; FRESHWATER CONTENTS; HYDROGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS; LINEAR RELATIONSHIPS; OCEAN DYNAMICS; PROCESS MODELING;

WATER;

ANNUAL CYCLE; ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE FORCING; EKMAN PUMPING; FLUX MEASUREMENT; FRESHWATER; GYRE; ICE COVER; SEA ICE; SEASONAL VARIATION;

ARCTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH); BEAUFORT SEA;

EID: 84916212059     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00090.1     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Aagaard, K., and E.C. Carmack, 1989: The role of sea ice and other fresh water in the Arctic circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 14 485-14 498, doi:10.1029/JC094iC10p14485.
2. Aagaard, K., and E.C. Carmack, L.K. Coachman, and E. Carmack, 1981: On the halocline of the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 28A, 529-545, doi:10.1016/ 0198-0149(81)90115-1.
3. Allison, L.C., H.L. Johnson, and D.P. Marshall, 2011: Spin-up and adjustment of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and global pycnocline. J. Mar. Res., 69, 167-189, doi:10.1357/ 002224011798765330.
4. Andreas, E. L, T.W. Horst, A.A. Grachev, P.O.G. Persson, C.W. Fairall, P.S. Guest, and R.E. Jordan, 2010: Parametrizing turbulent exchange over summer sea ice and the marginal ice zone. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 927-943, doi:10.1002/qj.618.
5. Belkin, I.M., 2004: Propagation of the "Great Salinity Anomaly" of the 1990s around the northern North Atlantic. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L08306, doi:10.1029/2003GL019334.
6. Belkin, I.M., S. Levitus, J. Antonov, and S.-A. Malmberg, 1998: "Great SalinityAnomalies" in the NorthAtlantic. Prog.Oceanogr., 41, 1-68, doi:10.1016/S0079-6611(98)00015-9.
7. Carmack, E.C., 2000: The Arctic Ocean's freshwater budget: Sources, storage, and export. The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean, E.L. Lewis et al., Eds., Springer, 91-126.
8. Cavalieri, D.J., and C.L. Parkinson, 2012: Arctic sea ice variability and trends, 1979-2010. Cryosphere, 6, 881-889, doi:10.5194/ tc-6-881-2012.
9. Coachman, L.K., and K. Aagaard, 1974: Physical oceanography of Arctic and subarctic seas. Marine Geology and Oceanography of the Arctic Seas, Y. Herman, Ed., Springer, 1-72.
10. Condron, A., P. Winsor, C. Hill, and D. Menemenlis, 2009: Simulated response of the Arctic freshwater budget to extreme NAO wind forcing. J. Climate, 22, 2422-2437, doi:10.1175/ 2008JCLI2626.1.
11. Curry, B., C.M. Lee, B. Petrie, R.E. Moritz, and R. Kwok, 2014: Multiyear volume, liquid freshwater, and sea ice transports through Davis Strait, 2004-10. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44, 1244- 1266, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-13-0177.1.
12. Dee, D.P., and Coauthors, 2011: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553-597, doi:10.1002/qj.828.
13. de Steur, L., E. Hansen, R. Gerdes, M. Karcher, E. Fahrbach, and J. Holfort, 2009: Freshwater fluxes in the East Greenland Current: A decade of observations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L23611, doi:10.1029/2009GL041278.
14. Dickson, R.R., J. Meincke, S.-A. Malmberg, and A.J. Lee, 1988: The "Great Salinity Anomaly" in the northern North Atlantic 1968-1982. Prog. Oceanogr., 20, 103-151, doi:10.1016/ 0079-6611(88)90049-3.
15. Dickson, R.R., J. Meincke, S.-A. Malmberg, and A.J. Lee, and Coauthors, 2000: The ArcticOcean response to the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Climate, 13, 2671-2696, doi:10.1175/ 1520-0442(2000)013>2671:TAORTT<2.0.CO;2.
16. Dickson, R.R., J. Meincke, S.-A. Malmberg, and A.J. Lee, B. Rudels, S. Dye, M. Karcher, J. Meincke, and I. Yashayaev, 2007: Current estimates of freshwater flux through Arctic and subarctic seas. Prog. Oceanogr., 73, 210-230, doi:10.1016/ j.pocean.2006.12.003.
17. Flocco, D., D. Schroeder, D.L. Feltham, and E.C. Hunke, 2012: Impact of melt ponds on Arctic sea ice simulations from 1990 to 2007. J. Geophys. Res., 117, C09032, doi:10.1029/ 2012JC008195.
18. Gent, P.R., 2011: The Gent-McWilliams parameterization: 20/20 hindsight. Ocean Modell., 39, 2-9, doi:10.1016/ j.ocemod.2010.08.002.
19. Giles, K.A., S.W. Laxon, A.L. Ridout, D.J. Wingham, and S. Bacon, 2012: Western Arctic Ocean freshwater storage increased by wind-driven spin-up of the Beaufort Gyre. Nat. Geosci., 5, 194-197, doi:10.1038/ngeo1379.
20. Häkkinen, S., and A. Proshutinsky, 2004: Freshwater content variability in the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C03051, doi:10.1029/2003JC001940.
21. Jahn, A., B. Tremblay, L.A. Mysak, and R. Newton, 2010: Effect of the large-scale atmospheric circulation on the variability of the Arctic Ocean freshwater export. Climate Dyn., 34, 201-222, doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0558-z.
22. Johnson, H.L., and D.P. Marshall, 2002: A theory for the surface Atlantic response to thermohaline variability. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 1121-1132, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032>1121: ATFTSA<2.0.CO;2.
23. Jones, E.P., and L.G. Anderson, 2008: Is the global conveyor belt threatened by Arctic Ocean fresh water outflow. Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Fluxes: Defining the Role of the Northern Seas in Climate, R.R. Dickson, J. Meincke, and P. Rhines, Eds., Springer, 385-404.
24. Krishfield, R.A., A. Proshutinsky, K. Tateyama, W.J. Williams, E.C. Carmack, F.A. McLaughlin, and M.L. Timmermans, 2014: Deterioration of perennial sea ice in the Beaufort Gyre from 2003 to 2012 and its impact on the oceanic freshwater cycle. J. Geophys. Res., 119, 1271-1305, doi:10.1002/2013JC008999.
25. Kwok, R., and D.A. Rothrock, 2009: Decline in Arctic sea ice thickness from submarine and ICESat records: 1958-2008. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L15501, doi:10.1029/2009GL039035.
26. Laxon, S.W., and Coauthors, 2013: CryoSat-2 estimates of Arctic sea ice thickness and volume. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 732-737, doi:10.1002/grl.50193.
27. Lique, C., and M. Steele, 2012: Where can we find a seasonal cycle of the Atlantic water temperature within the Arctic basin? J. Geophys. Res., 117, C03026, doi:10.1029/2011JC007612.
28. Lique, C., and M. Steele,A.M. Treguier, M. Scheinert, and T. Penduff, 2009:Amodelbased study of ice and freshwater transport variability along both sides of Greenland. Climate Dyn., 33, 685-705, doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0510-7.
29. Lique, C., and M. Steele, B. Blanke, and N. Grima, 2010: On the origins of water masses exported along both sides of Greenland: ALagrangian model analysis. J. Geophys. Res., 115, C05019, doi:10.1029/ 2009JC005316.
30. Marshall, J., H. Jones, R. Karsten, and R. Wardle, 2002: Can eddies set ocean stratification? J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 26-38, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032>0026:CESOS<2.0.CO;2.
31. Martin, T., M. Steele, and J. Zhang, 2014: Seasonality and longterm trend of Arctic Ocean surface stress in a model. J. Geophys. Res., 119, 1723-1738, doi:10.1002/2013JC009425.
32. Maslanik, J., and J. Stroeve, 1999 (updated daily): Near-real-time DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS daily polar gridded sea ice concentrations. National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, CO, digital media. [Available online at http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0081.]
33. Maslanik, J., and J. Stroeve, C. Fowler, J. Stroeve, S. Drobot, J. Zwally, D. Yi, and W.Emery, 2007:Ayounger, thinnerArctic ice cover: Increased potential for rapid, extensive sea-ice loss. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L24501, doi:10.1029/2007GL032043.
34. Mauritzen, C., 2012: Arctic freshwater. Nat. Geosci., 5, 162-164, doi:10.1038/ngeo1409.
35. McPhee, M.G., 2012: Advances in understanding ice-ocean stress during and since AIDJEX. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 76-77, 24- 36, doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2011.05.001.
36. McPhee, M.G., 2013: Intensification of geostrophic currents in the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean. J. Climate, 26, 3130-3138, doi:10.1175/ JCLI-D-12-00289.1.
37. McPhee, M.G., A. Proshutinsky, J.H. Morison, M. Steele, and M.B. Alkire, 2009: Rapid change in freshwater content of the Arctic Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L10602, doi:10.1029/2009GL037525.
38. Morison, J., R. Kwok, C. Peralta-Ferriz, M. Alkire, I. Rigor, R. Andersen, and M. Steele, 2012: Changing Arctic Ocean freshwater pathways. Nature, 481, 66-70, doi:10.1038/nature10705.
39. Ogi, M., and J.M. Wallace, 2012: The role of summer surface wind anomalies in the summerArctic sea ice extent in 2010 and 2011. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L09704, doi:10.1029/2012GL051330.
40. Overland, J.E., J.A. Francis, E. Hanna, and M. Wang, 2012: The recent shift in early summer Arctic atmospheric circulation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L19804, doi:10.1029/2012GL053268.
41. Proshutinsky, A., and M.A. Johnson, 1997: Two circulation regimes of the wind-driven Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 12 493-12 514, doi:10.1029/97JC00738.
42. Proshutinsky, A., and M.A. Johnson, R.H. Bourke, and F.A. McLaughlin, 2002: The role of the Beaufort Gyre in Arctic climate variability: Seasonal to decadal climate scales. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2100, doi:10.1029/ 2002GL015847.
43. Proshutinsky, A., and M.A. Johnson, and Coauthors, 2009: Beaufort Gyre freshwater reservoir: State and variability from observations. J. Geophys. Res., 114, C00A10, doi:10.1029/2008JC005104.
44. Rabe, B., and Coauthors, 2011: An assessment of Arctic Ocean freshwater content changes from the 1990s to the 2006-2008 period. Deep-Sea Res. I, 58, 173-185, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2010.12.002.
45. Schmidtko, S., G.C. Johnson, and J.M. Lyman, 2013: MIMOC: A global monthly isopycnal upper-ocean climatology with mixed layers. J.Geophys. Res., 118, 1658-1672, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20122.
46. Serreze, M.C., and A.P. Barrett, 2011: Characteristics of the Beaufort Sea high. J. Climate, 24, 159-182, doi:10.1175/ 2010JCLI3636.1.
47. Serreze, M.C., and A.P. Barrett, and Coauthors, 2006: The large-scale freshwater cycle of the Arctic. J. Geophys. Res., 111, C11010, doi:10.1029/ 2005JC003424.
48. Simmonds, I., and K. Keay, 2009: Extraordinary September Arctic sea ice reductions and their relationships with storm behavior over 1979-2008. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L19715, doi:10.1029/ 2009GL039810.
49. Spall, M.A., 2003: On the thermohaline circulation in flat bottom marginal seas. J. Mar. Res., 61, 1-25, doi:10.1357/ 002224003321586390.
50. Spall, M.A., 2004: Boundary currents and watermass transformation in marginal seas. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 1197-1213, doi:10.1175/ 1520-0485(2004)034,1197:BCAWTI.2.0.CO;2.
51. Spall, M.A., 2013:On the circulation of AtlanticWater in theArctic Ocean. J. Phys.Oceanogr., 43, 2352-2371, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-13-079.1.
52. Steele, M., R. Morley, and W. Ermold, 2001: PHC: A global ocean hydrography with a high-quality Arctic Ocean. J. Climate, 14, 2079-2087, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032>0026:CESOS<2.0.CO;2.
53. Stewart, K.D., and T.W.N. Haine, 2013: Wind-driven Arctic freshwater anomalies. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 6196-6201, doi:10.1002/2013GL058247.
54. Stroeve, J.C., M.M. Holland, W. Meier, T. Scambos, and M. Serreze, 2007: Arctic sea ice decline: Faster than forecast. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L09501, doi:10.1029/2007GL029703.
55. M. Serreze,M.C. Serreze, M.M. Holland, J.E. Kay, J. Malanik, and A.P. Barrett, 2012: The Arctic's rapidly shrinking sea ice cover: A research synthesis. Climatic Change, 110, 1005-1027, doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0101-1.
56. Timmermann, R., H. Goosse, G. Madec, T. Fichefet, C. Ethe, and V. Dulière, 2005: On the representation of high latitude processes in the ORCA-LIM global coupled sea ice- ocean model. Ocean Modell., 8, 175-201, doi:10.1016/ j.ocemod.2003.12.009.
57. Toole, J.M., M.L. Timmermans, D.K. Perovich, R.A. Krishfield, A. Proshutinsky, and J.A. Richter-Menge, 2010: Influences of the ocean surface mixed layer and thermohaline stratification on Arctic Sea ice in the central Canada Basin. J. Geophys. Res., 115, C10018, doi:10.1029/2009JC005660.
58. Tsamados,M.,D.L. Feltham, D. Schroeder, D. Flocco, S.L. Farrell, N.T. Kurtz, S.W. Laxon, and S. Bacon, 2014: Impact of variable atmospheric and oceanic form drag on simulations of Arctic sea ice. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44, 1329-1353, doi:10.1175/ JPO-D-13-0215.1.
59. Vellinga, M., and R.A. Wood, 2002: Global climatic impacts of a collapse of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation. Climatic Change, 54, 251-267, doi:10.1023/A:1016168827653.
60. Yang, J., 2006: The seasonal variability of the Arctic Ocean Ekman transport and its role in the mixed layer heat and salt fluxes. J. Climate, 19, 5366-5387, doi:10.1175/JCLI3892.1.
61. Yang, J., 2009: Seasonal and interannual variability of downwelling in the Beaufort Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 114, C00A14, doi:10.1029/ 2008JC005084.
62. Zhang, J., R. Lindsay, A. Schweiger, and I. Rigor, 2012: Recent changes in the dynamic properties of declining Arctic sea ice: A model study. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L20503, doi:10.1029/ 2012GL053545.