Seasonality and long-term trend of Arctic Ocean surface stress in a model

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 119, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 1723-1738

  Martin, Torge ^a   Steele, Michael ^a   Zhang, Jinlun ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Arctic Ocean; ocean surface stress; sea ice internal stress; sea ice retreat

Indexed keywords

MOMENTUM; MOMENTUM TRANSFER; OCEANOGRAPHY; OPTIMIZATION; SEA ICE;

ARCTIC OCEAN; FRICTIONAL LOSS; ICE CONCENTRATION; LONG-TERM EVOLUTION; OCEAN SURFACES; OPEN WATER SURFACE; SEA ICE RETREATS; STRESS FORMULATION;

SURFACE PROPERTIES;

FRACTIONATION; HYDROLOGICAL MODELING; LONG-TERM CHANGE; MOMENTUM; OPEN WATER; SEA ICE; SEASONALITY; WIND FORCING;

ARCTIC OCEAN;

EID: 84900354605     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2013JC009425     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Andreas, E. L., T. W. Horst, A. A. Grachev, P. O. G. Persson, C. W. Fairall, P. S. Guest, and, R. E. Jordan, (2010), Parametrizing turbulent exchange over summer sea ice and the marginal ice zone, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 136 (649), 927-943, doi: 10.1002/qj.618.
2. Arrigo, K. R., G. van Dijken, and, S. Pabi, (2008), Impact of a shrinking Arctic ice cover on marine primary production, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19603, doi: 10.1029/2008GL035028.
3. Birnbaum, G., and, C. Lüpkes, (2002), A new parameterization of surface drag in the marginal sea ice zone, Tellus, Ser. A, 54, 107-123.
4. Briegleb, B. P., C. M. Bitz, E. C. Hunke, W. H. Lipscomb, M. M. Holland, J. L. Schramm, and, R. E. Moritz, (2004), Scientific description of the sea ice component in the community climate model, version 3, Tech. Note NCAR/TN-463+STR, 78 pp., Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo.
5. Cavalieri, D. J., and, C. L. Parkinson, (2012), Arctic sea ice variability and trends, 1979-2010, Cryosphere, 6 (4), 881-889, doi: 10.5194/tc-6-881-2012.
6. Condron, A., P. Winsor, C. Hill, and, D. Menemenlis, (2009), Simulated response of the Arctic freshwater budget to extreme NAO wind forcing, J. Clim., 22 (9), 2422-2437, doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2626.1.
7. Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, J. E. Hare, A. A. Grachev, and, J. B. Edson, (2003), Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE algorithm, J. Clim., 16 (4), 571-591.
8. Gille, S. T., (2005), Statistical characterization of zonal and meridional ocean wind stress, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 22 (9), 1353-1372.
9. Guest, P. S., and, K. L. Davidson, (1991), The aerodynamic roughness of different types of sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 96 (C3), 4709-4721.
10. Hakkinen, S., A. Proshutinsky, and, I. Ashik, (2008), Sea ice drift in the Arctic since the 1950s, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19704, doi: 10.1029/2008GL034791.
11. Hibler, W. D., (1979), A dynamic thermodynamic sea ice model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 9, 815-846.
12. Hibler, W. D., III, and, K. Bryan, (1987), A diagnostic ice-ocean model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17 (7), 987-1015.
13. Hibler, W. D., A. Roberts, P. Heil, A. Y. Proshutinsky, H. L. Simmons, and, J. Lovick, (2006), Modeling M2 tidal variability in Arctic sea-ice drift and deformation, Ann. Glaciol., 44 (1), 418-428.
14. Johnson, M., et al. (2012), Evaluation of Arctic sea ice thickness simulated by Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project models, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C00D13, doi: 10.1029/2011JC007257.
15. Kalnay, E., M. Kanamitsu, R. Kistler, W. Collins, D. Deaven, L. Gandin, M. Iredell, S. Saha, G. White, and, J. Woollen, (1996), The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77 (3), 437-471.
16. Kauker, F., R. Gerdes, M. Karcher, C. Köberle, and, J. L. Lieser, (2003), Variability of Arctic and North Atlantic sea ice: A combined analysis of model results and observations from 1978 to 2001, J. Geophys. Res., 108 (C6), 3182, doi: 10.1029/2002JC001573.
17. Kwok, R., and, D. A. Rothrock, (2009), Decline in Arctic sea ice thickness from submarine and ICESat records: 1958-2008, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L15501, doi: 10.1029/2009GL039035.
18. Kwok, R., and, N. Untersteiner, (2011), The thinning of Arctic sea ice, Phys. Today, 64 (4), 36-41.
19. Kwok, R., E. C. Hunke, W. Maslowski, D. Menemenlis, and, J. Zhang, (2008), Variability of sea ice simulations assessed with RGPS kinematics, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C11012, doi: 10.1029/2008JC004783.
20. Kwok, R., G. Spreen, and, S. Pang, (2013), Arctic sea ice circulation and drift speed: Decadal trends and ocean currents, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, 2408-2425, doi: 10.1002/jgrc.20191.
21. Large, W. G., and, S. Pond, (1981), Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11 (3), 324-336.
22. Levine, M. D., C. A. Paulson, and, J. H. Morison, (1987), Observations of internal gravity waves under the Arctic pack ice, J. Geophys. Res., 92 (C1), 779-782.
23. Lindsay, R. W., and, J. Zhang, (2006), Assimilation of ice concentration in an ice-ocean model, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 23 (5), 742-749.
24. Losch, M., D. Menemenlis, J.-M. Campin, P. Heimbach, and, C. Hill, (2010), On the formulation of sea-ice models. Part 1: Effects of different solver implementations and parameterizations, Ocean Modell., 33 (1), 129-144, doi: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2009.12.008.
25. Lüpkes, C., V. M. Gryanik, J. Hartmann, and, E. L. Andreas, (2012), A parameterization, based on sea ice morphology, of the neutral atmospheric drag coefficients for weather prediction and climate models, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D13112, doi: 10.1029/2012JD017630.
26. Martin, T., and, R. Gerdes, (2007), Sea ice drift variability in Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project models and observations, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C04S10, doi: 10.1029/2006JC003617.
27. McPhee, M. G., (1980), An analysis of pack ice drift in summer, in Sea Ice Processes and Models, edited by, R. Pritchard, pp. 62-75, Univ. of Wash. Press, Seattle, Wash.
28. McPhee, M. G., (2002), Turbulent stress at the ice/ocean interface and bottom surface hydraulic roughness during the SHEBA drift, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (C10), 8037, doi: 10.1029/2000JC000633.
29. McPhee, M. G., (2012), Advances in understanding ice-ocean stress during and since AIDJEX, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 76, 24-36, doi: 10.1016/j. coldregions.2011.05.001.
30. McPhee, M. G., (2013), Intensification of geostrophic currents in the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean, J. Clim., 26 (10), 3130-3138, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00289.1.
31. Morison, J. H., and, M. McPhee, (2001), Ice-ocean interaction, in Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, edited by, J. Steele, et al., pp. 1271-1281, Academic, London, doi: 10.1006/rwos.2001.0003.
32. Morison, J. H., C. E. Long, and, M. D. Levine, (1985), Internal wave dissipation under sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 90 (C6), 11,959-11,966, doi: 10.1029/JC090iC06p11959.
33. Nicolaus, M., C. Katlein, J. Maslanik, and, S. Hendricks, (2012), Changes in Arctic sea ice result in increasing light transmittance and absorption, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L24501, doi: 10.1029/2012GL053738.
34. Nolin, A., R. L. Armstrong, and, J. Maslanik, (1998), Near-Real-Time SSM/I-SSMIS EASE-Grid Daily Global Ice Concentration and Snow Extent, Digital Media, Natl. Snow and Ice Data Cent., Boulder, Colo.
35. Overland, J. E., (1985), Atmospheric boundary layer structure and drag coefficients over sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 90 (C5), 9029-9049.
36. Parkinson, C. L., and, W. M. Washington, (1979), A large-scale numerical model of sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 84 (C1), 311-337, doi: 10.1029/ JC084iC01p00311.
37. Peralta-Ferriz, C., J. H. Morison, J. M. Wallace, and, J. Zhang, (2011), A basin-coherent mode of sub-monthly variability in Arctic Ocean bottom pressure, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L14606, doi: 10.1029/2011GL048142.
38. Plueddemann, A. J., R. Krishfield, T. Takizawa, K. Hatakeyama, and, S. Honjo, (1998), Upper ocean velocities in the Beaufort Gyre, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25 (2), 183-186.
39. Rainville, L., and, R. A. Woodgate, (2009), Observations of internal wave generation in the seasonally ice-free Arctic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L23604, doi: 10.1029/2009GL041291.
40. Rainville, L., C. Lee, and, R. Woodgate, (2011), Impact of wind-driven mixing in the Arctic Ocean, Oceanography, 24 (3), 136-145, doi: 10.5670/oceanog.2011.65.
41. Rampal, P., J. Weiss, and, D. Marsan, (2009), Positive trend in the mean speed and deformation rate of Arctic sea ice, 1979-2007, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C05013, doi: 10.1029/2008JC005066.
42. Rigor, I. G., and, J. M. Wallace, (2004), Variations in the age of Arctic sea-ice and summer sea-ice extent, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L09401, doi: 10.1029/2004GL019492.
43. Schweiger, A., R. Lindsay, J. Zhang, M. Steele, H. Stern, and, R. Kwok, (2011), Uncertainty in modeled Arctic sea ice volume, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C00D06, doi: 10.1029/2011JC007084.
44. Simmonds, I., and, K. Keay, (2009), Extraordinary September Arctic sea ice reductions and their relationships with storm behavior over 1979-2008, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L19715, doi: 10.1029/2009GL039810.
45. Simmonds, I., and, I. Rudeva, (2012), The great Arctic cyclone of August 2012, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L23709, doi: 10.1029/2012GL054259.
46. Spreen, G., R. Kwok, and, D. Menemenlis, (2011), Trends in Arctic sea ice drift and role of wind forcing: 1992-2009, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L19501, doi: 10.1029/2011GL048970.
47. Steele, M., J. Zhang, D. Rothrock, and, H. Stern, (1997), The force balance of sea ice in a numerical model of the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 102 (C9), 21,061-21,079.
48. Steele, M., W. Ermold, and, J. Zhang, (2008), Arctic Ocean surface warming trends over the past 100 years, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L02614, doi: 10.1029/2007GL031651.
49. Taylor, P. K., and, M. J. Yelland, (2001), The dependence of sea surface roughness on the height and steepness of the waves, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31 (2), 572-590.
50. Thorndike, A. S., and, R. Colony, (1982), Sea ice motion in response to geostrophic winds, J. Geophys. Res., 87 (C8), 5845-5852.
51. Yang, J., (2009), Seasonal and interannual variability of downwelling in the Beaufort Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C00A14, doi: 10.1029/2008JC005084.
52. Zhang, J., and, D. A. Rothrock, (2003), Modeling global sea ice with a thickness and enthalpy distribution model in generalized curvilinear coordinates, Mon. Weather Rev., 131 (5), 845-861.
53. Zhang, J., and, D. A. Rothrock, (2005), Effect of sea ice rheology in numerical investigations of climate, J. Geophys. Res., 110, C08014, doi: 10.1029/2004JC002599.
54. Zhang, J., M. Steele, R. Lindsay, A. Schweiger, and, J. Morison, (2008), Ensemble 1-year predictions of Arctic sea ice for the spring and summer of 2008, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L08502, doi: 10.1029/2008GL033244.
55. Zhang, J., R. Lindsay, A. Schweiger, and, I. Rigor, (2012), Recent changes in the dynamic properties of declining Arctic sea ice: A model study, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L20503, doi: 10.1029/2012GL053545.