Parametrizing turbulent exchange over summer sea ice and the marginal ice zone

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

Volumn 136, Issue 649, 2010, Pages 927-943

  Andreas, Edgar L ^a   Horst, Thomas W ^b   Grachev, Andrey A ^c,d   Persson, P Ola G ^c,d   Fairall, Christopher W ^c   Guest, Peter S ^e   Jordan, Rachel E ^f  

^a NORTHWEST RESEARCH ASSOCIATES   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^c NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^e NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL   (United States)

^f Jordan Environmental Modeling   (United States)

Author keywords

Arctic Ocean; Bulk turbulent flux algorithm; Drag coefficient; Fictitious correlation; Monin Obukhov similarity; Roughness lengths; SHEBA; Turbulence measurements

Indexed keywords

ARCTIC OCEAN; BULK TURBULENT FLUX ALGORITHM; ROUGHNESS LENGTH; TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS; TURBULENT FLUX;

AERODYNAMIC DRAG; AERODYNAMICS; ALGORITHMS; ARCTIC ENGINEERING; DRAG COEFFICIENT; HEAT FLUX; LATENT HEAT; SEA ICE; SEAWATER; TURBULENCE;

OCEANOGRAPHY;

AERODYNAMICS; ALGORITHM; DRAG COEFFICIENT; ENERGY BUDGET; LATENT HEAT FLUX; MARGINAL ICE ZONE; PARAMETERIZATION; RELATIVE HUMIDITY; SEA ICE; SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX; STRATIFICATION; SUMMER; TURBULENCE; WATER TEMPERATURE;

ARCTIC OCEAN;

EID: 77954471430     PISSN: 00359009     EISSN: 1477870X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/qj.618     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Anderson RJ. 1987. Wind stress measurements over rough ice during the 1984 Marginal Ice Zone Experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 92(C7): 6933-6941.
2. Andreas EL. 1987. A theory for the scalar roughness and the scalar transfer coefficients over snow and sea ice. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 38: 159-184.
3. Andreas EL. 1995. Air-ice drag coefficients in the western Weddell Sea. 2: A model based on form drag and drifting snow. J. Geophys. Res. 100(C3): 4833-4843.
4. Andreas EL. 1998. The atmospheric boundary layer over polar marine surfaces. Pp 715- 773 in Physics of ice-covered seas, Vol. 2, Leppäranta M (ed). Helsinki University Press.
5. Andreas EL. 2002. Parameterizing scalar transfer over snow and ice: A review. J. Hydrometeorol. 3: 417-432.
6. Andreas EL. 2005. 'Handbook of physical constants and functions for use in atmospheric boundary layer studies.' ERDC/CRREL Monogr. No. M-05-01, 42 pp. US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory: Hanover, New Hampshire.
7. Andreas EL, Emanuel KA. 2001. Effects of sea spray on tropical cyclone intensity. J. Atmos. Sci. 58: 3741-3751.
8. Andreas EL, Makshtas AP. 1985. Energy exchange over Antarctic sea ice in the spring. J. Geophys. Res. 90(C4): 7199-7212.
9. Andreas EL, Tucker WB III, Ackley SF. 1984. Atmospheric boundary-layer modification, drag coefficient, and surface heat flux in the Antarctic marginal ice zone. J. Geophys. Res. 89(C1): 649-661.
10. Andreas EL, Fairall CW, Guest PS, Persson POG. 1999. 'An overview of the SHEBA atmospheric surface flux program.' Pp 411-416 in Proceedings of Fifth Conference on polar meteorology and oceanography, Dallas, Texas, 10-15 January 1999. American Meteorological Society: Boston.
11. Andreas EL, Guest PS, Persson POG, Fairall CW, Horst TW, Moritz RE, Semmer SR. 2002. Near-surface water vapor over polar sea ice is always near ice saturation. J. Geophys. Res. 107: 8033, DOI: 10.1029/2000JC000411.
12. Andreas EL, Fairall CW, Grachev AA, Guest PS, Horst TW, Jordan RE, Persson POG. 2003. 'Turbulent transfer coefficients and roughness lengths over sea ice: The SHEBA results.' Paper 3.11 in Proceedings of 7th Conference on polar meteorology and oceanography, Hyannis, Massachusetts, 12-16 May 2003. American Meteorological Society: Boston.
13. Andreas EL, Jordan RE, Makshtas AP. 2004. Simulations of snow, ice, and near-surface atmospheric processes on Ice Station Weddell. J. Hydrometeorol. 5: 611-624.
14. Andreas EL, Jordan RE, Makshtas AP. 2005a. Parameterizing turbulent exchange over sea ice: The Ice Station Weddell results. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 114: 439-460.
15. Andreas EL, Persson POG, Jordan RE, Horst TW, Guest PS, Grachev AA, Fairall CW. 2005b. 'Parameterizing the turbulent surface fluxes over summer sea ice.' Paper J1.15 in Proceedings of 8th Conference on polar meteorology and oceanography, San Diego, California, 9-13 January 2005. American Meteorological Society: Boston.
16. Andreas EL, Claffey KJ, Jordan RE, Fairall CW, Guest PS, Persson POG, Grachev AA. 2006. Evaluations of the von Kármán constant in the atmospheric surface layer. J. Fluid Mech. 559: 117-149.
17. Andreas EL, Persson POG, Hare JE. 2008. A bulk turbulent air-sea flux algorithm for high-wind, spray conditions. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 38: 1581-1596.
18. Andreas EL, Persson POG, Jordan RE, Horst TW, Guest PS, Grachev AA, Fairall CW. 2010. Parameterizing turbulent exchange over sea ice in winter. J. Hydrometeorol. 11: 87-104.
19. Arya SPS. 1975. A drag partition theory for determining the large-scale roughness parameter and wind stress on the Arctic pack ice. J. Geophys. Res. 80(24): 3447-3454.
20. Banke EG, Smith SD, Anderson RJ. 1980. Drag coefficients at AIDJEX from sonic anemometer measurements. Pp 430-442 in Seaice processes and models, Pritchard RS (ed). University of Washington Press: Seattle.
21. Birnbaum G, Lüpkes C. 2002. A new parameterization of surface drag in the marginal sea ice zone. Tellus 54A: 107-123.
22. Bradley RS, Keimig FT, Diaz HF. 1993. Recent changes in the North American Arctic boundary layer in winter. J. Geophys. Res. 98(D5): 8851-8858.
23. Briegleb BP, Bitz CM, Hunke EC, Lipscomb WH, Holland MM, Schramm JL, Moritz RE. 2004. 'Scientific description of the sea ice component in the Community Climate System Model, version three.' NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-463+STR, 70 pp. National Center for Atmospheric Research: Boulder, Colorado.
24. Brunke MA, Zhou M, Zeng X, Andreas EL. 2006. An intercomparison of bulk aerodynamic algorithms used over sea ice with data from the Surface Heat Budget for the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 111: C09001, DOI: 10.1029/2005JC002907.
25. Brutsaert W. 1982. Evaporation into the atmosphere: Theory, history, and applications. D. Reidel: Dordrecht.
26. Claffey KJ,Andreas EL,Perovich K,Fairall CW,Guest PS,Persson POG. 1999. 'Surface temperature measurements at SHEBA.' Pp 327-332 in Proceedings of Fifth Conference on polar meteorology and oceanography, Dallas, Texas, 10-15 January 1999. American Meteorological Society: Boston.
27. Collins WD, Bitz CM, Blackmon ML, Bonan GB, Bretherton CS, Carton JA, Chang P, Doney SC, Hack JJ, Henderson TB, Kiehl JT, Large WG, McKenna DS, Santer D,Smith RD. 2006. The Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3). J. Climate 19: 2122-2143.
28. Deardorff JW. 1970. Convective velocity and temperature scales for the unstable planetary boundary layer and for Rayleigh convection. J. Atmos. Sci. 27: 1211-1213.
29. Denby B, Snellen H. 2002. A comparison of surface renewal theory with the observed roughness length for temperature on a melting glacier surface. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 103: 459-468.
30. Dozier J, Warren SG. 1982. Effect of viewing angle on the infrared brightness temperature of snow. Water Resour. Res. 18: 1424-1434.
31. Ebert EE, Curry JA. 1993. An intermediate one-dimensional thermodynamic sea ice model for investigating ice-atmosphere interactions. J. Geophys. Res. 98(C6): 10085-10109.
32. Fairall CW, Bradley EF, Rogers DP, Edson JB, Young GS. 1996. Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 101(C2): 3747-3764.
33. Fairall CW, Persson POG, Bradley EF, Payne RE, Anderson SP. 1998. A new look at calibration and use of Eppley precision infrared radiometers. Part I: Theory and application. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 15: 1229-1242.
34. Fairall CW, Bradley EF, Hare JE, Grachev AA, Edson JB. 2003. Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE algorithm. J. Climate 16: 571-591.
35. Garratt JR. 1992. The atmospheric boundary layer. Cambridge University Press.
36. Garratt JR, Hicks BB. 1973. Momentum, heat and water vapour transfer to and from natural and artificial surfaces. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 99: 680-687.
37. Godfrey JS, Beljaars ACM. 1991. On the turbulent fluxes of buoyancy, heat and moisture at the air-sea interface at low wind speeds. J. Geophys. Res. 96(C12): 22043-22048.
38. Grachev AA, Fairall CW, Persson POG, Andreas EL, Guest PS. 2005. Stable boundary-layer scaling regimes: The SHEBA data. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 116: 201-235.
39. Grachev AA, Andreas EL, Fairall CW, Guest PS, Persson POG. 2007a. SHEBA flux-profile relationships in the stable atmospheric boundary layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 124: 315-333.
40. Grachev AA, Andreas EL, Fairall CW, Guest PS, Persson POG. 2007b. On the turbulent Prandtl number in the stable atmospheric surface layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 125: 329-341.
41. Guest PS, Davidson KL. 1987. The effect of observed ice conditions on the drag coefficient in the summer East Greenland Sea marginal ice zone. J. Geophys. Res. 92(C7): 6943-6954.
42. Guest PS, Davidson KL. 1991. The aerodynamic roughness of different types of sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. 96(C3): 4709-4721.
43. Hartmann J, Kottmeier C, Wamser C, Augstein E. 1994. Aircraft measured atmospheric momentum, heat and radiation fluxes over Arctic sea ice. Pp 443-454 in The polar oceans and their role in shaping global environment, Johannessen OM, Muench RD, Overland JE (eds). Geophys. Monogr. 85. American Geophysical Union: Washington, DC.
44. Holland MM, Bitz CM, Hunke EC, Lipscomb WH, Schramm JL. 2006. Influence of the sea ice thickness distribution on polar climate in CCSM3. J. Climate 19: 2398-2414.
45. Holtslag AAM, De Bruin HAR. 1988. Applied modeling of the nighttime surface energy balance over land. J. Appl. Meteorol. 27: 689-704.
46. Horst TW, Oncley SP, Semmer SR. 1997. 'Measurement of water vapor fluxes using capacitance RH sensors and cospectral similarity.' Pp 360-361 in Proceedings of 12th Symposium on boundary layers and turbulence, Vancouver, British Columbia, 28 July-1 August 1997. American Meteorological Society: Boston.
47. Hunke EC, Lipscomb WH. 2008. 'CICE: The Los Alamos sea ice model, documentation and software user's manual, version 4.0.' Tech. Rep. LA-CC-06-012, 59 pp. Los Alamos National Laboratory: Los Alamos, New Mexico.
48. Huwald H, Tremblay L-B, Blatter H. 2005. Reconciling different observational data sets from Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) for model validation purposes. J. Geophys. Res. 110: C05009, DOI: 10.1029/2003JC002221.
49. Intrieri JM, Fairall CW, Shupe MD, Persson POG, Andreas EL, Guest PS, Moritz RE. 2002. An annual cycle of Arctic surface cloud forcing at SHEBA. J. Geophys. Res. 107: 8039, DOI: 10.1029/2000JC000439.
50. Jordan RE,Andreas EL, Makshtas AP.1999. Heat budget of snow-covered sea ice at North Pole 4. J. Geophys. Res. 104(C4): 7785-7806.
51. Kahl JD. 1990. Characteristics of the low-level temperature inversion along the Alaskan Arctic coast. Int. J. Climatol. 10: 537-548.
52. Kaimal JC, Finnigan JJ. 1994. Atmospheric boundary layer flows: Their structure and measurement. Oxford University Press: New York.
53. Kaimal JC, Gaynor JE. 1991. Another look at sonic thermometry. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 56: 401-410.
54. Kiehl JT, Gent PR. 2004. The Community Climate System Model, version 2. J. Climate 17: 3666-3682.
55. Larsen SE, Edson JB, Fairall CW, Mestayer PG. 1993. Measurement of temperature spectra by a sonic anemometer. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 10: 345-354.
56. Launiainen J, Vihma T. 1990. Derivation of turbulent surface fluxes - An iterative flux-profile method allowing arbitrary observing heights. Environ. Software 5: 113-124.
57. Liu WT, Katsaros KB, Businger JA. 1979. Bulk parameterization of air-sea exchanges of heat and water vapor including the molecular constraints at the interface. J. Atmos. Sci. 36: 1722-1735.
58. Lüpkes C, Birnbaum G. 2005. Surface drag in the Arctic marginal sea-ice zone: A comparison of different parameterisation concepts. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 117: 179-211.
59. MacDonald RW, Griffiths RF, Hall DJ. 1998. An improved method for the estimation of surface roughness of obstacle arrays. Atmos. Environ. 32: 1857-1864.
60. Mahrt L. 1998. Stratified atmospheric boundary layers and breakdown of models. Theor. Comput. Fluid Dyn. 11: 263-279.
61. Mahrt L. 1999. Stratified atmospheric boundary layers. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 90: 375-396.
62. Mahrt L. 2008. Bulk formulation of surface fluxes extended to weak-wind stable conditions. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 134: 1-10.
63. Mai S, Wamser C, Kottmeier C. 1996. Geometric and aerodynamic roughness of sea ice. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 77: 233-248.
64. Marshall JK. 1971. Drag measurements in roughness arrays of varying density and distribution. Agric. Meteorol. 8: 269-292.
65. Maykut GA. 1978. Energy exchange over young sea ice in the central Arctic. J. Geophys. Res. 83(C7): 3646-3658.
66. Militzer JM, Michaelis MC, Semmer SR, Norris KS, Horst TW, Oncley SP, Delany AC, Brock FV. 1995. 'Development of the prototype PAM III/Flux-PAM surface meteorological station.' Pp 490-494 in Proceedings of 9th Symposium on meteorological observations and instrumentation, Charlotte, North Carolina, 27-31 March 1995. American Meteorological Society: Boston.
67. Overland JE. 1985. Atmospheric boundary layer structure and drag coefficients over sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. 90(C5): 9029-9049.
68. Overland JE, McNutt SL, Groves J, Salo S, Andreas EL, Persson POG. 2000. Regional sensible and radiative heat flux estimates for the winter Arctic during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 105(C6): 14093-14102.
69. Paulson CA. 1970. The mathematical representation of wind speed and temperature profiles in the unstable atmospheric surface layer. J. Appl. Meteorol. 9: 857- 861.
70. Perovich DK, Tucker WB III, Ligett KA. 2002. Aerial observations of the evolution of ice surface conditions during summer. J. Geophys. Res. 107: 8048, DOI: 10.1029/2000JC000449.
71. Persson POG, Fairall CW, Andreas EL, Guest PS, Perovich DK. 2002. Measurements near the Atmospheric Surface Flux Group tower at SHEBA: Near-surface conditions and surface energy budget. J. Geophys. Res. 107: 8045, DOI: 10.1029/2000JC000705.
72. Raupach MR. 1992. Drag and drag partition on rough surfaces. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 60: 375-395.
73. Raupach MR, Thom AS, Edwards I. 1980. A wind-tunnel study of turbulent flow close to regularly arrayed rough surfaces. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 18: 373-397.
74. Reijmer CH, Van Meijgaard E, Van den Broeke MR. 2004. Numerical studies with a regional atmospheric climate model based on changes in the roughness length for momentum and heat over Antarctica. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 111: 313-337.
75. Schotanus P, Nieuwstadt FTM, De Bruin HAR. 1983. Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 26: 81-93.
76. Serreze MC, Kahl JD, Schnell RC. 1992. Low-level temperature inversions of the Eurasian Arctic and comparisons with Soviet drifting station data. J. Climate 5: 615-629.
77. Shao Y, Yang Y. 2005. A scheme for drag partition over rough surfaces. Atmos. Environ. 39: 7351-7361.
78. Smeets CJPP, Van den Broeke MR. 2008. The parameterisation of scalar transfer over rough ice. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 128: 339-355.
79. Smeets CJPP, Duynkerke PG, Vugts HF. 1998. Turbulence characteristics of the stable boundary layer over a mid-latitude glacier. Part I: A combination of katabatic and large-scale forcing. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 87: 117-145.
80. Tjernström M, Graversen RG. 2009. The vertical structure of the lower Arctic troposphere analysed from observations and the ERA-40 reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 135: 431-443.
81. Uttal T, Curry JA, McPhee MG, Perovich DK, Moritz RE, Maslanik JA, Guest PS, Stern HL, Moore JA, Turenne R, Heiberg A, Serreze MC, Wylie DP, Persson POG, Paulson CA, Halle C, Morison JH, Wheeler PA, Makshtas A, Welch H, Shupe MD, Intrieri JM,Stamnes K, Lindsey RW, Pinkel R, Pegau WS, Stanton TP, Grenfeld TC. 2002. Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 83: 255-275.
82. Vickers D, Mahrt L. 2006. Evaluation of the air-sea bulk formula and sea-surface temperature variability from observations. J. Geophys. Res. 111: C05002, DOI: 10.1029/2005JC003323.
83. Vihma T.1995. Subgrid parameterization ofsurface heat and momentum fluxes over polar oceans. J. Geophys. Res. 100(C11): 22625-22646.
84. Warren SG. 1982. Optical properties of snow. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 20: 67-89.
85. nd edition. Academic Press: Amsterdam.
86. Willmott CJ. 1982. Some comments on the evaluation of model performance. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 63: 1309-1313.
87. Wooding RA, Bradley EF, Marshall JK. 1973. Drag due to regular arrays of roughness elements of varying geometry. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 5: 285-308.
88. Zeng X, Zhao M, Dickinson RE. 1998. Intercomparison of bulk aerodynamic algorithms for the computation of sea surface fluxes using TOGA COARE and TAO data. J. Climate 11: 2628-2644.