The tempo and mode of New World monkey evolution and biogeography in the context of phylogenomic analysis

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

Volumn 82, Issue PB, 2015, Pages 386-399

  Jameson Kiesling, Natalie M ^a   Yi, Soojin V ^b   Xu, Ke ^b   Gianluca Sperone, F ^c   Wildman, Derek E ^d  

^a Progenity Inc   (United States)

^b GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^c WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

Amazonia; Neotropical primates; Neotropics; Phylogeny; Platyrrhine

Indexed keywords

PLATYRRHINI; PRIMATES;

ANIMAL; BAYES THEOREM; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CLASSIFICATION; DNA SEQUENCE; EVOLUTION; GENETICS; PHYLOGENY; PLATYRRHINI; SOUTH AMERICA; STATISTICAL MODEL;

ANIMALS; BAYES THEOREM; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS; MODELS, GENETIC; PHYLOGENY; PLATYRRHINI; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA; SOUTH AMERICA;

EID: 84914811058     PISSN: 10557903     EISSN: 10959513     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.03.027     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Babb P.L., Fernandez-Duque E., Baiduc C.A., Gagneux P., Evans S., Schurr T.G. MtDNA diversity in Azara's owl monkeys (Aotus azarai azarai) of the Argentinean Chaco. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2011, 146:209-224.
2. Bailey W.J., Fitch D.H., Tagle D.A., Czelusniak J., Slightom J.L., Goodman M. Molecular evolution of the psi eta-globin gene locus: gibbon phylogeny and the hominoid slowdown. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1991, 8:155-184.
3. Bailey W.J., Hayasaka K., Skinner C.G., Kehoe S., Sieu L.C., Slightom J.L., Goodman M. Reexamination of the African hominoid trichotomy with additional sequences from the primate beta-globin gene cluster. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 1992, 1:97-135.
4. Barroso C.M.L., Schneider H., Schneider M.P.C., Sampaio I., Harada M.L., Czelusniak J., Goodman M. Update on the phylogenetic systematics of new world monkeys: further DNA evidence for placing the pygmy marmoset (Cebuella) within the genus Callithrix. Int. J. Primatol. 1997, 18:651-674.
5. Beard K.C. East of Eden: Asia as an important center of taxonomic origination in mammalian evolution. Bull. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist. 1998, 34:5-39.
6. Berggren W.A., Hollister C.D. Paleogeography, Paleobiography and the history of circulation in the Atlantic Ocean. Studies in Paleo-Oceanography 1974, 126-186. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa. W.W. Hay (Ed.).
7. Bloch J.I., Silcox M.T., Boyer D.M., Sargis E.J. New Paleocene skeletons and the relationship of plesiadapiforms to crown-clade primates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104:1159-1164.
8. Brandley M.C., Schmitz A., Reeder T.W. Partitioned Bayesian analyses, partition choice, and the phylogenetic relationships of scincid lizards. Syst. Biol. 2005, 54:373-390.
9. Cachel S. Plate tectonics and the problem of anthropoid origins. Yearb. Phys. Anthropol. 1981, 24:139-172.
10. Canavez F.C., Moreira M.A., Ladasky J.J., Pissinatti A., Parham P., Seuanez H.N. Molecular phylogeny of new world primates (Platyrrhini) based on beta2-microglobulin DNA sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 1999, 12:74-82.
11. Chen F.C., Li W.H. Genomic divergences between humans and other hominoids and the effective population size of the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2001, 68:444-456.
12. Ciochon R.L., Chiarelli A.B. Evolutionary Biology of the New World Monkeys and Continental Drift 1980, Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, NY.
13. Consortium, Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Initial Sequence of the Chimpanzee Genome and Comparison with the Human Genome. Nature 2005, 437:69-87.
14. Crisci J.V. The voice of historical biogeography. J. Biogeogr. 2001, 28:157-168.
15. Delson E., Rosenberger A.L. Phyletic perspectives on platyrrhine origins and anthropoid relationships. Evolutionary Biology of the New World monkeys and continental drift 1980, 445-458. Plenum, New York. R.L. Ciochon, A.B. Chiarelli (Eds.).
16. Drummond A.J., Suchard M.A., Xie D., Rambaut A. Bayesian Phylogenetics with BEAUti and the BEAST 1.7. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2012, 29:1969-1973.
17. Elango N., Thomas J.W., Yi S.V. Variable molecular clocks in hominoids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103:1370-1375.
18. Ellegren H., Smith N.G., Webster M.T. Mutation rate variation in the mammalian genome. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2003, 13:562-568.
19. Fabre P.H., Rodrigues A., Douzery E.J.P. Patterns of macroevolution among Primates inferred from a supermatrix of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2009, 53:808-825.
20. Felsenstein J. Cases in which parsimony or compatibility methods will be positively misleading. Syst. Biol. 1978, 27:401-410.
21. Felsenstein J. Inferring Phylogenies 2004, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
22. Fleagle J.G. Primate Adaptation and Evolution 1999, Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
23. Fleagle J.G., Tejedor M.F. Early platyrrhines of southern South America. The Primate Fossil Record 2002, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. W.C. Hartwig (Ed.).
24. Galbreath G.J. Karyotypic evolution in aotus. Am. J. Primatol. 1983, 4:245-251.
25. Gingerich P. Eocene Adapidae, paleobiogeography, and the origin of South American Platyrrhini. Evolutionary Biology of the New World Monkeys and Continental Drift 1980, 123-138. Plenum, New York. R.L. Ciochon, A.B. Chiarelli (Eds.).
26. Goldized W.W. Tamarins and marmosets: communal care of offspring. Primate Societies 1987, 34-43. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. B.B. Smuts (Ed.).
27. Goodman M. The role of immunochemical differences in the phyletic development of human behavior. Hum. Biol. 1961, 33:131-162.
28. Goodman M. Evolution of the immunologic species specificity of human serum proteins. Hum. Biol. 1962, 34:104-150.
29. Goodman M., Porter C.A., Czelusniak J., Page S.L., Schneider H., Shoshani J., Gunnell G., Groves C.P. Toward a phylogenetic classification of Primates based on DNA evidence complemented by fossil evidence. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 1998, 9:585-598.
30. Groves C.P. Order Primates. Mammal Species of the World 2005, 111-184. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. D. Wilson, D. Reeder (Eds.).
31. Harada M.L., Schneider H., Schneider M.P., Sampaio I., Czelusniak J., Goodman M. DNA evidence on the phylogenetic systematics of New World monkeys: support for the sister-grouping of Cebus and Saimiri from two unlinked nuclear genes. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 1995, 4:331-349.
32. Hartwig W.C., Meldrum D.J. Miocene platyrrhines of the northern Neotropics. The Primate Fossil Record 2002, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. W.C. Hartwig (Ed.).
33. Hershkovitz P. Two new species of night monkeys, genus Aotus (Cebidae, Platyrrhini): a preliminary report on Aotus taxonomy. Am. J. Primatol. 1983, 4:209-243.
34. Ho S.Y.W., Phillips M.J., Cooper A., Drummond A.J. Time dependency of molecular rate estimates and systematic overestimation of recent divergence times. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2005, 22:1561-1568.
35. Hodgson J.A., Sterner K.N., Matthews L.J., Burrell A.S., Jani R.A., Raaum R.L., Stewart C.B., Disotell T.R. Successive radiations, not stasis, in the South American primate fauna. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106:5534-5539.
36. Hoorn C., Wesselingh F. Amazonia, Landscape and Species Evolution: A Look into the Past 2010, Wiley-Blackwell.
37. Hoorn C., Wesselingh F.P., ter Steege H., Bermudez M.A., Mora A., Sevink J., Sanmartín I., Sanchez-Meseguer A., Anderson C.L., Figueiredo J.P., Jaramillo C., Riff D., Negri F.R., Hooghiemstra H., Lundberg J., Stadler T., Särkinen T., Antonelli A. Amazonia Through Time: Andean Uplift, Climate Change, Landscape Evolution, and Biodiversity. Science 2010, 330:927-931. (New York, NY).
38. Houle A. The origin of platyrrhines: an evaluation of the Antarctic scenario and the floating island model. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1999, 109:541-559.
39. Huelsenbeck J.P. Performance of phylogenetic methods in simulation. Syst. Biol. 1995, 44:17-48.
40. Hughes S., Arneson N., Done S., Squire J. The use of whole genome amplification in the study of human disease. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 2005, 88:173-189.
41. IUCN, 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. <>. http://www.iucnredlist.org.
42. Jameson N.M., Xu K., Yi S.V., Wildman D.E. Development and annotation of shotgun sequence libraries from New World monkeys. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 2012, 12:950-955.
43. Janis C.M. Evolution of Terriary Mammals of North America 1998, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
44. Jaramillo C., Hoorn C., Silva A., Leite F., Herrera F., Quiroz L., Dino R., Antonioli L. The origin of the modern Amazon rainforest: implications of the palynological and palaeobotanical record. Amazonia: Landscape and Species Evolution, A Look into the Past 2010, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. C. Hoorn, F.P. Wesselingh (Eds.).
45. Jaramillo C., Rueda M.J., Mora G. Cenozoic plant diversity in the neotropics. Science 2006, 311:1893-1896. (New York, NY).
46. Jones K.E., Jon B., Cardillo M., Fritz S.A., O'Dell J., Orme C.D.L., Safi K., Sechrest W., Boakes E.H., Carbone C., Connolly C., Cutts M.J., Foster J.K., Grenyer R., Habib M., Plaster C.A., Price S.A., Rigby E.A., Rist J., Teacher A., Bininda-Emonds O.R., Gittleman J.L., Mace G.M., Purvis A. PanTHERIA: a species-level database of life history, ecology, and geography of extant and recently extinct mammals. Ecology 2009, 90:2648.
47. Kass R.E., Raftery A.E. Bayes factors. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1995, 90:773-795.
48. Kay R.F., Cozzuol M.A. New platyrrhine monkeys from the Solimoes Formation (late Miocene, Acre State, Brazil). J. Hum. Evol. 2006, 50:673-686.
49. Kay R.F. Biogeography in deep time - what do phylogenetics, geology, and paleoclimate tell us about early platyrrhine evolution?. Mol. Phylogenet Evol. 2015, 82(PB):358-374.
50. Kay R.F., Johnson D., Meldrum D.J. A new pitheciin primate from the middle Miocene of Argentina. Am. J. Primatol. 1998, 45:317-336.
51. Kay R.F., Perry J.M.G., Malinzak M., Allen K.L., Kirk E.C., Plavcan J.M., Fleagle J.G. Paleobiology of Santacrucian primates. Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation 2012, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. S.F. Vizcaino, R.F. Kay, M.S. Bargo (Eds.).
52. Latrubesse E.M., Cozzuol M., da Silva-Caminha S.A.F., Rigsby C.A., Absy M.L., Jaramillo C. The late miocene paleogeography of the amazon basin and the evolution of the Amazon river system. Earth-Sci. Rev. 2010, 99:99-124.
53. Lebatard A.E., Bourles D.L., Duringer P., Jolivet M., Braucher R., Carcaillet J., Schuster M., Arnaud N., Monie P., Lihoreau F., Likius A., Mackaye H.T., Vignaud P., Brunet M. Cosmogenic nuclide dating of Sahelanthropus tchadensis and Australopithecus bahrelghazali: mio-pliocene hominids from Chad. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105:3226-3231.
54. Li W.H., Wu C.I., Luo C.C. A new method for estimating synonymous and nonsynonymous rates of nucleotide substitution considering the relative likelihood of nucleotide and codon changes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1985, 2:150-174.
55. Lovmar L., Fredriksson M., Liljedahl U., Sigurdsson S., Syvanen A.C. Quantitative evaluation by minisequencing and microarrays reveals accurate multiplexed SNP genotyping of whole genome amplified DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 2003, 31:e129.
56. Lynch Alfaro J.W., Silva J.E.S.E., Rylands A.B. How different are robust and gracile capuchin monkeys? An argument for the use of Sapajus and Cebus. Am. J. Primatol. 2012, 74:273-286.
57. MacFadden B.J. Chronology of cenozoic primate localities in South America. J. Hum. Evol. 1990, 19:151-156.
58. Macphee R.D.E., Horovitz I. Extinct Quaternary platyrrhines of the Greater Antilles and Brazil. The Primate Fossil Record 2002, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. W.C. Hartwig (Ed.).
59. Maddison W.P. Gene trees in species trees. Syst. Biol. 1997, 46:523-536.
60. Menezes A.N., Bonvicino C.R., Seuanez H.N. Identification, classification and evolution of owl monkeys (Aotus, Illiger 1811). BMC Evol. Biol. 2010, 10:248.
61. Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W., Schwartz, T., 2010. Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In: Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), New Orleans, LA, pp. 1-8.
62. Morales-Jimenez A.L., Disotell T., Di Fiore A. Revisiting the Phylogenetic Relationships, Biogeography, and Taxonomy of Spider Monkey (Ateles sp.) in Light of New Molecular Data. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2015, 82(PB):467-483.
63. Nelson G., Platnick N. Systematics and Biogeography: Cladistics and Vicariance 1981, Columbia University Press, New York.
64. Newton M.A., Raftery A.E., Davison A.C., Bacha M., Celeux G., Carlin B.P., Clifford P., Lu C., Sherman M., Tanner M.A., Gelfand A.E., Mallick B.K., Gelman A., Grieve A.P., Kunsch H.R., Leonard T., Hsu J.S.J., Liu J.S., Rubin D.B., Lo A.Y., Louis T.A., Neal R.M., Owen A.B., Tu D.S., Gilks W.R., Roberts G., Sweeting T., Bates D., Ritter G., Worton B.J., Barnard G.A., Gibbens R., Silverman B. Approximate bayesian-inference with the weighted likelhood bootstrap. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B-Methodol. 1994, 56:3-48.
65. Nieves M., Ascunce M.S., Rahn M.I., Mudry M.D. Phylogenetic relationships among some Ateles species: the use of chromosomic and molecular characters. Primates 2005, 46:155-164.
66. Nylander, J.A., 2004. MrModeltest v2. Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University.
67. Ohta T. Evolution by nearly-neutral mutations. Genetica 1998, 102-103:83-90.
68. Opazo J.C., Wildman D.E., Prychitko T., Johnson R.M., Goodman M. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among New World monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2006, 40:274-280.
69. Pardo-Casas F., Molnar P. Relative motion of the Nazca (Farallon) and South American Plates since Late Cretaceous time. Tectonics 1987, 6:233-248.
70. Peng Z., Elango N., Wildman D.E., Yi S.V. Primate phylogenomics: developing numerous nuclear non-coding, non-repetitive markers for ecological and phylogenetic applications and analysis of evolutionary rate variation. BMC Genomics 2009, 10:247.
71. Perelman P., Johnson W.E., Roos C., Seuanez H.N., Horvath J.E., Moreira M.A., Kessing B., Pontius J., Roelke M., Rumpler Y., Schneider M.P., Silva A., O'Brien S.J., Pecon-Slattery J. A molecular phylogeny of living primates. PLoS Genet. 2011, 7:e1001342.
72. Perez S.I., Klaczko J., dos Reis S.F. Species tree estimation for a deep phylogenetic divergence in the New World monkeys (Primates: Platyrrhini). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2012, 65:621-630.
73. Philippe H., Brinkmann H., Lavrov D.V., Littlewood D.T., Manuel M., Worheide G., Baurain D. Resolving difficult phylogenetic questions: why more sequences are not enough. PLoS Biol. 2011, 9:e1000602.
74. Pons D., De Franceschi D. Neogene woods from western Peruvian Amazon and palaeoenvironmental interpretation. Bull. Geosci. 2007, 82:343-354.
75. Porter C.A., Czelusniak J., Schneider H., Schneider M.P., Sampaio I., Goodman M. Sequences of the primate epsilon-globin gene: implications for systematics of the marmosets and other New World primates. Gene 1997, 205:59-71.
76. Porter C.A., Czelusniak J., Schneider H., Schneider M.P., Sampaio I., Goodman M. Sequences from the 5' flanking region of the epsilon-globin gene support the relationship of Callicebus with the pitheciins. Am. J. Primatol. 1999, 48:69-75.
77. Poulsen C.J., Ehlers T.A., Insel N. Onset of convective rainfall during gradual late Miocene rise of the central Andes. Science 2010, 328:490-493. (New York, NY).
78. Poux C., Chevret P., Huchon D., de Jong W.W., Douzery E.J. Arrival and diversification of caviomorph rodents and platyrrhine primates in South America. Syst. Biol. 2006, 55:228-244.
79. Ronquist F., Huelsenbeck J.P. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 2003, 19:1572-1574. (Oxford, England).
80. Rosenberger A.L. Platyrrhine paleontology and systematics: the paradigm shifts. The Primate Fossil Record 2002, 151-159. Cambridge University Press, UK. W.C. Hartwig (Ed.).
81. Rosenberger A.L. New world monkey nightmares: science, art, use, and Abuse (?) in platyrrhine taxonomic nomenclature. Am. J. Primatol. 2012, 74(8):692-695.
82. Rylands A.B., Schneider H., Langguth A., Mittermeier R.A., Groves C.P., Rodriguez-Luna E. An assessment of the diversity of New World primates. Neptrop. Primates 2000, 8:61-93.
83. Schneider H., Bernardi J.A.R., Da Cunha D.B., Tagliaro C.H., Vallinoto M., Ferrari S.F., Sampaio I. A molecular analysis of the evolutionary relationships in the Callitrichinae, with emphasis on the position of the dwarf marmoset. Zoolog. Scr. 2012, 41:1-10.
84. Schneider H., Canavez F.C., Sampaio I., Moreira M.A.M., Tagliaro C.H., Seuanez H.N. Can molecular data place each neotropical monkey in its own branch?. Chromosoma 2001, 109:515-523.
85. Schneider H., Sampaio I. The systematics and evolution of New World primates - a review. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2015, 82(PB):348-357.
86. Schneider H., Sampaio I., Harada M.L., Barroso C.M.L., Schneider M.P.C., Czelusniak J., Goodman M. Molecular phylogeny of the new world monkeys (Platyrrhini, primates) based on two unlinked nuclear genes: IRBP intron 1 and epsilon-globin sequences. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1996, 100:153-179.
87. Shimodaira H., Hasegawa M. Multiple comparisons of log-likelihoods with applications to phylogenetic inference. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1999, 16:1114-1116.
88. Siepel A., Bejerano G., Pedersen J.S., Hinrichs A.S., Hou M., Rosenbloom K., Clawson H., Spieth J., Hillier L.W., Richards S., Weinstock G.M., Wilson R.K., Gibbs R.A., Kent W.J., Miller W., Haussler D. Evolutionarily conserved elements in vertebrate, insect, worm, and yeast genomes. Genome Res. 2005, 15:1034-1050.
89. Silcox M.T. The biogeographic origins of Primates and Euprimates: east, west, north or south of Eden?. Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology: A Tribute to Fredrick S. Szalay 2008, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. E.J. Sargis, M. Dagosto (Eds.).
90. Simons E.L. Description of two genera and species of late Eocene Anthropoidea from Egypt. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1989, 86:9956-9960.
91. Simons E.L. Discovery of the oldest known anthropoidean skull from the paleogene of Egypt. Science 1990, 247:1567-1569. (New York, NY).
92. Simons E.L. Discovery of the smallest Fayum Egyptian primates (Anchomomyini, Adapidae). Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 1997, 94:180-184.
93. Simons E.L., Plavcan J.M., Fleagle J.G. Canine sexual dimorphism in Egyptian Eocene anthropoid primates: catopithecus and proteopithecus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96:2559-2562.
94. Simpson G.G. The principles of classification and a classification of the mammals. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1945, 85:1-350.
95. Springer M.S., Meredith R.W., Gatesy J., Emerling C.A., Park J., Rabosky D.L., Stadler T., Steiner C., Ryder O.A., Janečka J.E., Fisher C.A., Murphy W.J. Macroevolutionary dynamics and historical biogeography of primate diversification inferred from a species supermatrix. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e49521.
96. Stamatakis A. RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 2006, 22:2688-2690. (Oxford, England).
97. Stanyon R., Bonvicino C.R., Svartman M., Seuanez H.N. Chromosome painting in Callicebus lugens, the species with the lowest diploid number (2n=16) known in primates. Chromosoma 2003, 112:201-206.
98. Stevens N.J., Seiffert E.R., O'Connor P.M., Roberts E.M., Schmitz M.D., Krause C., Gorscak E., Ngasala S., Hieronymus T.L., Temu J. Palaeontological evidence for an Oligocene divergence between Old World monkeys and apes. Nature 2013, 497:611-614.
99. Stewart C.B., Disotell T.R. Primate evolution - in and out of Africa. Curr. Biol.: CB 1998, 8:R582-R588.
100. Suchard M.A., Weiss R.E., Sinsheimer J.S. Bayesian selection of continuous-time Markov chain evolutionary models. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2001, 18:1001-1013.
101. * Phylogenetic Analysis using Parsimony (and other methods) 2002, Sinauer Associates.
102. Takai M. New specimens of Neosaimiri fieldsi from La Venta, Colombia: a middle Miocene ancestor of the living squirrel monkeys. J. Hum. Evol. 1994, 27:329-360.
103. Theveniaut H., Freyssinet P. Timing of lateritization on the Guiana Shield: synthesis of paleomagnetic results from French Guiana and Suriname. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2002, 178:91-117.
104. Thompson J.D., Higgins D.G., Gibson T.J. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994, 22:4673-4680.
105. Torres O.M., Enciso S., Ruiz F., Silva E., Yunis I. Chromosome diversity of the genus Aotus from Colombia. Am. J. Primatol. 1998, 44:255-275.
106. Visel A., Prabhakar S., Akiyama J.A., Shoukry M., Lewis K.D., Holt A., Plajzer-Frick I., Afzal V., Rubin E.M., Pennacchio L.A. Ultraconservation identifies a small subset of extremely constrained developmental enhancers. Nat. Genet. 2008, 40:158-160.
107. Wang X.P., Yu L., Roos C., Ting N., Chen C.P., Wang J., Zhang Y.P. Phylogenetic relationships among the colobine monkeys revisited: new insights from analyses of complete mt genomes and 44 nuclear non-coding markers. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e36274.
108. Webb S.D. Ecogeography and the great american interchange. Paleobiology 1991, 17:266-280.
109. Wesselingh F.P., Salo J.A. A Miocene perspective on the evolution of the Amazonian biota. Scripta Geol. 2006, 133:439-458.
110. Wiens J.J., Kuczynski C.A., Smith S.A., Mulcahy D.G., Sites J.W., Townsend T.M., Reeder T.W. Branch lengths, support, and congruence: testing the phylogenomic approach with 20 nuclear loci in snakes. Syst. Biol. 2008, 57:420-431.
111. Wildman D.E., Goodman M. Humankind's place in a phylogenetic classification of living primates. Evolutionary Theory and Processes: Modern Hoizons 2004, 293-311. Papers in Honour of Eviatar Nevo, Kluwer, Netherlands. S. Wasser (Ed.).
112. Wildman D.E., Jameson N.M., Opazo J.C., Yi S.V. A fully resolved genus level phylogeny of neotropical primates (Platyrrhini). Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2009.