Societies in transition: are they more sexist? A comparison between Polish, South African and British samples

Journal of Gender Studies

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 38-55

  Zawisza, Magdalena ^a   Luyt, Russell ^a   Zawadzka, Anna Maria ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WINCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GDA SK   (Poland)

Author keywords

ambivalent sexism; gender attitudes; Poland; South Africa; transition to democracy; United Kingdom

Indexed keywords

EID: 84914162520     PISSN: 09589236     EISSN: 14653869     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09589236.2013.803952     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Andrews, P.E., 2001. From gender apartheid to non-sexism: the pursuit of women's rights in South Africa. North Carolina journal of international law and commercial regulation, 26, 693–722.
2. Barreto, M. and Ellemers, N., 2005. The burden of benevolent sexism: how it contributes to the maintenance of gender inequalities. European journal of social psychology, 35 (5), 633–642.
3. Becker, J.C., 2010. Why do women endorse hostile and benevolent sexism? The role of salient female subtypes and internalization of sexist contents. Sex roles, 62, 453–467.
4. Ben-Porath, Y.S., 1990. Cross-cultural assessment of personality: the case for replicatory factor analysis. In: J.N.Butcher and C.D.Spielberger, eds. Advances in personality assessment. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 27–48.
5. Bhana, A., Zimmerman, R. and Cupp, P., 2008. Gender role attitudes and sexual risk among adolescents in South Africa. Vulnerable children and youth studies, 3, 112–119.
6. Blau, F.D., Brinton, M.C. and Grusky, D.B., 2006. The declining significance of gender?New York: Russell Sage.
7. Brandt, M.J. and Henry, P., 2012. Gender inequality and gender differences in authoritarianism. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 38 (10), 1301–1315.
8. Braun, M. and Scott, J., 2009. Gender-role egalitarianism – is the trend reversal real?International journal of public opinion research, 21 (3), 362–367.
9. Burgess, S.M. and Steenkamp, J.E.M., 1999. Value priorities and consumer behavior in a transitional economy: a case of South Africa. In: R.Batra, ed. Marketing issues in transitional economies. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic, 1–42.
10. Cameron, N., 2003. Physical growth in a transitional economy: the aftermath of South African apartheid. Economic human biology, 1 (1), 29–42.
11. Crompton, R., Brockmann, M. and Lyonette, C., 2005. Attitudes, women's employment and the domestic division of labour: a cross-national analysis of two waves. Work, employment and society, 19 (2), 213–233.
12. Dorius, S.F. and Alwin, D.F., 2010. The global development of egalitarian beliefs – a decomposition of trends in the nature and structure of gender ideology. Michigan: University of Michigan.
13. Falke, M., 2002. Community interests: an insolvency objective in transition economies?Frankfurt: Frankfurt Institute fuer Transformationsstudien.
14. Field, A., 2009. Discovering statistics using SPSS. London: SAGE Publications.
15. Forbes, G.B., et al., 2004. Association of the thin body ideal, ambivalent sexism, and self-esteem with body acceptance and the preferred body size of college women in Poland and the United States. Sex roles, 50 (5–6), 331–345.
16. Frieze, I.H., et al., 2003. Gender-role attitudes in university students in the United States, Slovenia, and Croatia. Psychology of women quarterly, 27, 256–261.
17. Gibbons, L.J., Stiles, D.A. and Shokodriani, G.M., 1991. Adolescents' attitudes toward family and gender roles: an international comparison. Sex roles, 25, 625–643.
18. Glick, P. and Fiske, S.T., 1996. The ambivalent sexism inventory: differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of personality and social psychology, 70 (3), 491–512.
19. Glick, P. and Fiske, S.T., 2001. An ambivalent alliance: hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. American psychologist, 56 (2), 109–118.
20. Glick, P., et al., 2000. Beyond prejudice as simple antipathy: hostile and benevolent sexism across cultures. Journal of personality and social psychology, 79 (5), 765–775.
21. Glick, P., et al., 2004. Bad but bold: ambivalent attitudes toward men predict gender inequality in 16 nations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 86 (5), 713–728.
22. Greenwald, A.G. and Banaji, M.R., 1995. Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological review, 102, 4–27. 10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4.
23. Grodsky, B., 2011. When pro-democracy organizations take power: what Poland and South Africa should have told us about Georgia [online]. Available from http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/when-pro-democracy-organizations-take-power-what-poland-and-south-africa-should-have-told-us.
24. Hassim, S., 2002. ‘A conspiracy of women’: the women's movement in South Africa's transition to democracy. Social research, 69, 693–732.
25. Hassim, S., 2004. A virtuous circle? Gender equality and representation in South Africa. In: J.Daniel, R.Southall and J.Lutchman, eds. State of the nation 2004–2005. Cape Town: HSRC Press, 336–359.
26. Hassim, S., 2005. Nationalism displaced: citizenship discourses in transition. In: A.Gouws, ed. (Un)thinking citizenship: feminist debates in contemporary South Africa. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 55–69.
27. Howitt, D. and Cramer, D., 2011. Introduction to research methods in psychology. Harlow: Pearson Education.
28. Inglehart, R. and Norris, P., 2003. Introduction: explaining the rising tide of gender equality. In: R.Inglehart and P.Norris, eds. Rising tide: gender equality and cultural change around the world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–28.
29. Jackman, M.R., 1994. The velvet glove: paternalism and conflict in gender, class and race relations. Berkeley: University of California Press.
30. Jagwanth, S. and Murray, C., 2002. Ten years of transformation: how has gender equality in South Africa fared?Canadian journal of women and the law, 14, 255–299.
31. Kalichman, S.C., et al., 2007. Sexual assault, sexual risks and gender attitudes in a community sample of South African men. AIDS care, 19, 20–27.
32. Ksiniewicz, M., 2004. Specyfika polskiego feminizmu [Specificity of Polish feminism]. Kultura i Historia, 6, 90–100.
33. LaFont, S., 2001. One step forward, two steps back: women in the post-communist states. Communist and post-communist studies, 34 (2), 203–220.
34. Lane, K.A., et al., 2007. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: IV. In: B.Wittenbrink and N.Schwartz, eds. Implicit measures of attitudes. London: The Guilford Press, 59–102.
35. Levant, R.F., et al., 2003. Masculinity ideology among Russian and U.S. young men and women and its relationship to unhealthy lifestyle habits among young Russian men. Psychology of men & masculinity, 4 (1), 26–36.
36. Masser, B. and Abrams, D., 1999. Contemporary sexism: the relationships among hostility, benevolence, and neosexism. Psychology of women quarterly, 23, 503–517.
37. McDaniel, A.E., 2008. Measuring gender egalitarianism: the attitudinal differences between men and women. International journal of sociology, 38 (1), 58–80.
38. Nelson, T.D., 2002. The psychology of prejudice. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
39. Olson, J., et al., 2007. Beliefs in equality for women and men as related to economic factors in central and eastern Europe and the United States. Sex roles, 56 (5–6), 297–308.
40. Phinney, J.S. and Flores, J., 2002. ‘Unpackaging’ acculturation: aspects of acculturation as predictors of traditional sex role attitudes. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 33, 320–331.
41. Pollert, A., 2003. Women, work and equal opportunities in post-communist transition. Work, employment and society, 17 (2), 331–357.
42. Prewitt-Freilino, J.L., Caswell, T.A. and Laakso, E.K., 2012. The gendering of language: a comparison of gender equality in countries with gendered, natural gender, and genderless languages. Sex roles, 66, 1–14.
43. Richardson, P., Goodwin, A. and Vine, E., 2011. Research methods and design in psychology. Exeter: Learning Matters.
44. Robila, M. and Krishnakumar, A., 2004. The role of children in Eastern European families. Children & society volume, 18, 30–41.
45. Rosner, K., 1997. Czy istnieje w polsce ruch feministyczny? [Does the feminist movement exist in poland?]. Pelnym glosem, 5, 13–27.
46. Rudman, L.A. and Kilianski, S.E., 2000. Implicit and explicit attitudes towards female authority. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 26, 1315–1328. 10.1177/0146167200263001.
47. Scott, J., 2006. Family and gender roles: how attitudes are changing, GeNet working paper no. 21.
48. Seguino, S., 2007. Plusça change? Evidence on global trends in gender norms and stereotypes. Feminist economics, 13 (2), 1–28.
49. Shafiro, M.V., Himelein, M.J. and Best, D.L., 2003. Ukrainian and U.S. American females: differences in individualism/collectivism and gender attitudes. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 34 (3), 297–303.
50. Sibley, C.G., Overall, N.C. and Duckitt, J., 2007a. When women become more hostilely sexist toward their gender: the system-justifying effect of benevolent sexism. Sex roles, 57 (9), 743–754.
51. Sibley, C.G. and Perry, R., 2010. An opposing process model of benevolent sexism. Sex roles, 62, 438–452.
52. Sibley, C.G., Wilson, M.S. and Duckitt, J., 2007b. Antecedences of men's hostile and benevolent sexism: the dual roles of social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 33 (2), 160–172.
53. Sibley, C.G., et al., 2009. Your sexism predicts my sexism: perceptions of men's (but not women's) sexism affects one's own sexism over time. Sex roles, 60 (9), 682–693.
54. Smith, P.B. and Bond, M.H., 1999. Culture: the neglected concept. In: P.B.Smith and M.H.Bond, eds. Social psychology across cultures: analysis and perspectives. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon, 38–69.
55. Swim, J.K. and Campbell, B., 2003. Sexism: attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. In: R.Brown and S.Gaerthner, eds. Blackwell handbook of social psychology – intergroup processes. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 218–237.
56. Swim, J.K., et al., 2005. Judgments of sexism: a comparison of the subtlety of sexism measures and sources of variability in judgments of sexism. Psychology of women quarterly, 29, 406–411.
57. Tougas, F., et al., 1995. Neosexism: plus ça change, plus c'est pareil. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 21, 842–849.
58. Tucker, L.R., 1951. A method for synthesis of factor analysis studies. Washington, DC: Department of the Army.
59. Twenge, J.M., 2001. Changes in women's assertiveness in response to status and roles: a cross-temporal meta-analysis 1931–1933. Journal of personality and social psychology, 81 (1), 133–145.
60. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2009. Human development report. Overcoming barriers: human mobility and development. [Consultado 23 Febrero 2011].
61. Viki, G.T. and Abrams, D., 2003. Infra-humanization: ambivalent sexism and the attribution of primary and secondary emotions to women. Journal of experimental social psychology, 39 (5), 492–499.
62. Viki, G.T. and Abrams, D., 2004. Hostile and benevolent sexism: complementary system justifying ideologies. Social psychological review, 6 (2), 76–88.
63. Wall, S.N., et al., 1999. Gender role and religion as predictors of attitude toward abortion in Croatia, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, and the United States. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 30, 443–465.
64. Walter, N., 2010. Living dolls, the return of sexism. London: Virago Press.
65. Williams, J.E. and Best, D.L., 1982. Measuring sex stereotypes: a thirty-nation study. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
66. Williams, J.E. and Best, D.L., 1990. Measuring sex stereotypes: a multination study. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
67. Williams, J.E., Satterwhite, R.C. and Best, D.L., 1999. Pancultural gender stereotypes revisited: the five factor model. Sex roles: A journal of research, 40 (7–8), 513–525.
68. Yakushko, O., 2005. Ambivalent sexism and relationship patterns among women and men in Ukraine. Sex roles, 52 (9–10), 586–596.