메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 66, Issue 3-4, 2012, Pages 268-281

The Gendering of Language: A Comparison of Gender Equality in Countries with Gendered, Natural Gender, and Genderless Languages

Author keywords

Gender equality; Gendering Language; Grammatical gender

Indexed keywords


EID: 84856540473     PISSN: 03600025     EISSN: 15732762     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11199-011-0083-5     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (131)

References (42)
  • 1
    • 0040024203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Automatic stereotyping
    • doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00346.x
    • Banaji, M., & Hardin, C. (1996). Automatic stereotyping. Psychological Science, 7, 136-141. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1467-9280. 1996. tb00346. x.
    • (1996) Psychological Science , vol.7 , pp. 136-141
    • Banaji, M.1    Hardin, C.2
  • 2
    • 84983959066 scopus 로고
    • Does sex-biased job advertising "aid and abet" sex discrimination?
    • doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1973.tb01290.x
    • Bem, S. L., & Bem, D. J. (1973). Does sex-biased job advertising "aid and abet" sex discrimination? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 3, 6-18. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1559-1816. 1973. tb01290. x.
    • (1973) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.3 , pp. 6-18
    • Bem, S.L.1    Bem, D.J.2
  • 3
    • 72249091614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How does our language shape the way we think?
    • M. Brockman (Ed.), New York: Vintage
    • Boroditsky, L. (2009). How does our language shape the way we think? In M. Brockman (Ed.), What's next? Dispatches on the future of science (pp. 116-129). New York: Vintage.
    • (2009) What's Next? Dispatches on the Future of Science , pp. 116-129
    • Boroditsky, L.1
  • 5
    • 0043190343 scopus 로고
    • Sex-role related effects of sex bias in language
    • doi:10.1007/BF00290069
    • Briere, J., & Lanktree, C. (1983). Sex-role related effects of sex bias in language. Sex Roles, 9, 625-632. doi: 10. 1007/BF00290069.
    • (1983) Sex Roles , vol.9 , pp. 625-632
    • Briere, J.1    Lanktree, C.2
  • 6
    • 24644496636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The communication of gender in Turkish
    • M. Hellinger, H. Bußmann (Eds.), Philadelphia: John Benjamins Company
    • Braun, F. (2001). The communication of gender in Turkish. In M. Hellinger & H. Bußmann (Eds.), Gender across languages (Vol. 1, pp. 283-310). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Company.
    • (2001) Gender across Languages , vol.1 , pp. 283-310
    • Braun, F.1
  • 7
    • 45449086624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The representation of gender in Norwegian
    • M. Hellinger, H. Bußmann (Eds.), Philadelphia: John Benjamins Company
    • Bull, T., & Swan, T. (2002). The representation of gender in Norwegian. In M. Hellinger & H. Bußmann (Eds.), Gender across languages (Vol. 2, pp. 219-249). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Company.
    • (2002) Gender across Languages , vol.2 , pp. 219-249
    • Bull, T.1    Swan, T.2
  • 9
    • 84873002687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central Intelligence Agency Retrieved from
    • Central Intelligence Agency. (2010). The world factbook: Languages. Retrieved from https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2098. html.
    • (2010) The world factbook: Languages
  • 10
    • 79955601029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential sensitivity to the gender of a person by English and Chinese speakers
    • doi:10.1007/s10936-010-9164-9
    • Chen, J.-Y., & Su, J.-J. (2011). Differential sensitivity to the gender of a person by English and Chinese speakers. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 40, 195-203. doi: 10. 1007/s10936-010-9164-9.
    • (2011) Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , vol.40 , pp. 195-203
    • Chen, J.-Y.1    Su, J.-J.2
  • 11
    • 70449434542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new look at gender inequality in Chinese: A study of Chinese speakers' perception of gender-based characters
    • doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9639-z
    • Cherng, R.-J., Chang, C.-L., & Chen, J.-Y. (2009). A new look at gender inequality in Chinese: A study of Chinese speakers' perception of gender-based characters. Sex Roles, 61, 427-433. doi: 10. 1007/s11199-009-9639-z.
    • (2009) Sex Roles , vol.61 , pp. 427-433
    • Cherng, R.-J.1    Chang, C.-L.2    Chen, J.-Y.3
  • 12
    • 0013369040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grammatical gender systems: A linguist's assessment
    • doi:10.1023/A:1023212225540
    • Comrie, B. (1999). Grammatical gender systems: A linguist's assessment. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 28, 457-466. doi: 10. 1023/A: 1023212225540.
    • (1999) Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , vol.28 , pp. 457-466
    • Comrie, B.1
  • 14
    • 77955998385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The communication of gender in Finnish
    • M. Hellinger, H. Bußmann (Eds.), Philadelphia: John Benjamins Company
    • Engelberg, M. (2002). The communication of gender in Finnish. In M. Hellinger & H. Bußmann (Eds.), Gender across languages (Vol. 2, pp. 109-132). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Company.
    • (2002) Gender across Languages , vol.2 , pp. 109-132
    • Engelberg, M.1
  • 15
    • 51749095708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can societal language amendments change gender representation? The case of Norway
    • doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00650.x
    • Gabriel, U., & Gygax, P. (2008). Can societal language amendments change gender representation? The case of Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 451-457. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1467-9450. 2008. 00650. x.
    • (2008) Scandinavian Journal of Psychology , vol.49 , pp. 451-457
    • Gabriel, U.1    Gygax, P.2
  • 16
    • 0000266712 scopus 로고
    • Generic pronouns and sexist language: The oxymoronic character of masculine generics
    • doi:10.1007/BF00289252
    • Gastil, J. (1990). Generic pronouns and sexist language: The oxymoronic character of masculine generics. Sex Roles, 23, 629-643. doi: 10. 1007/BF00289252.
    • (1990) Sex Roles , vol.23 , pp. 629-643
    • Gastil, J.1
  • 17
    • 0039509372 scopus 로고
    • Jury instructions worded in the masculine generic: Can a woman claim self-defense when "he" is threatened?
    • J. C. Chrisler and D. Howard (Eds.), New York: Springer
    • Hamilton, M. C., Hunter, B., & Stuart-Smith, S. (1992). Jury instructions worded in the masculine generic: Can a woman claim self-defense when "he" is threatened? In J. C. Chrisler & D. Howard (Eds.), New directions in feminist psychology: Practice, theory, and research (pp. 340-347). New York: Springer.
    • (1992) New Directions in Feminist Psychology: Practice, Theory, and Research , pp. 340-347
    • Hamilton, M.C.1    Hunter, B.2    Stuart-Smith, S.3
  • 18
    • 36749011767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum. Retrieved from
    • Hausmann, R., Tyson, L. D., & Zahidi, S. (2009). The global gender gap 2009. Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum. Retrieved from http://www. weforum. org/pdf/gendergap/report2009. pdf.
    • (2009) The global gender gap 2009
    • Hausmann, R.1    Tyson, L.D.2    Zahidi, S.3
  • 19
    • 14844325836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The linguistic representation of women and men
    • M. Hellinger, H. Bußmann (Eds.), Philadelphia: John Benjamins Company
    • Hellinger, M., & Bußmann, H. (2001). The linguistic representation of women and men. In M. Hellinger & H. Bußmann (Eds.), Gender across languages (Vol. 1, pp. 1-25). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Company.
    • (2001) Gender across Languages , vol.1 , pp. 1-25
    • Hellinger, M.1    Bußmann, H.2
  • 21
    • 78649898747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of social cognition in the religious fundamentalism-prejudice relationship
    • doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01542.x
    • Hill, E. D., Terrell, H. K., Cohen, A. B., & Nagoshi, C. T. (2010). The role of social cognition in the religious fundamentalism-prejudice relationship. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 49, 724-739. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1468-5906. 2010. 01542. x.
    • (2010) Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , vol.49 , pp. 724-739
    • Hill, E.D.1    Terrell, H.K.2    Cohen, A.B.3    Nagoshi, C.T.4
  • 22
    • 58149369112 scopus 로고
    • Children's understanding of sexist language
    • doi:10.1037/0012-1649.20.4.697
    • Hyde, J. S. (1984). Children's understanding of sexist language. Developmental Psychology, 20, 697-706. doi: 10. 1037/0012-1649. 20. 4. 697.
    • (1984) Developmental Psychology , vol.20 , pp. 697-706
    • Hyde, J.S.1
  • 24
    • 0038681825 scopus 로고
    • On linguistic aspects of translation
    • R. A. Brower (Ed.), New York: Oxford University Press
    • Jakobson, R. (1966). On linguistic aspects of translation. In R. A. Brower (Ed.), On translation (pp. 232-239). New York: Oxford University Press.
    • (1966) On Translation , pp. 232-239
    • Jakobson, R.1
  • 26
    • 0027656061 scopus 로고
    • The semantics of grammatical gender: A cross-cultural study
    • doi:10.1007/BF01068252
    • Konishi, T. (1993). The semantics of grammatical gender: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 22, 519-534. doi: 10. 1007/BF01068252.
    • (1993) Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , vol.22 , pp. 519-534
    • Konishi, T.1
  • 27
    • 79955231586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Language and gender in Polish
    • M. Hellinger, H. Bußmann (Eds.), Philadelphia: John Benjamins Company
    • Koniuszaniec, G., & Blaszkowska, H. (2003). Language and gender in Polish. In M. Hellinger & H. Bußmann (Eds.), Gender across languages (Vol. 3, pp. 259-285). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Company.
    • (2003) Gender across Languages , vol.3 , pp. 259-285
    • Koniuszaniec, G.1    Blaszkowska, H.2
  • 28
    • 74049088493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (16th ed). Dallas, TX.: SIL International. Retrieved from
    • Lewis, M. P. (2009). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16th ed). Dallas, TX.: SIL International. Retrieved from: http://www. ethnologue. com/family_index. asp.
    • (2009) Ethnologue: Languages of the World
    • Lewis, M.P.1
  • 29
    • 53249090955 scopus 로고
    • Beyond the "he/man" approach: The case for nonsexist language
    • Retrieved from
    • Martyna, W. (1980). Beyond the "he/man" approach: The case for nonsexist language. Signs, 5, 482-493. Retrieved from http://www. jstor. org/stable/3173588.
    • (1980) Signs , vol.5 , pp. 482-493
    • Martyna, W.1
  • 30
    • 0030305789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women as men and people: Effects of gender-marked language
    • doi:10.1177/01461672962210003
    • McConnell, A. R., & Fazio, R. H. (1996). Women as men and people: Effects of gender-marked language. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 1004-1013. doi: 10. 1177/01461672962210003.
    • (1996) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.22 , pp. 1004-1013
    • McConnell, A.R.1    Fazio, R.H.2
  • 31
    • 0001798272 scopus 로고
    • Sex bias in language use: "Neutral" pronouns that aren't
    • doi: 10. 1037/0003-066X.33.11.1032
    • Moulton, J. G., Robinson, M., & Elias, C. (1978). Sex bias in language use: "Neutral" pronouns that aren't. American Psychologist, 33, 1032-1036. doi: 10. 1037/0003-066X. 33. 11. 1032.
    • (1978) American Psychologist , vol.33 , pp. 1032-1036
    • Moulton, J.G.1    Robinson, M.2    Elias, C.3
  • 32
    • 14844322396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender in Spanish: Tradition and innovation
    • M. Hellinger, H. Bußmann (Eds.), Philadelphia: John Benjamins Company
    • Nissen, U. K. (2002). Gender in Spanish: Tradition and innovation. In M. Hellinger & H. Bußmann (Eds.), Gender across languages (Vol. 2, pp. 251-277). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Company.
    • (2002) Gender across Languages , vol.2 , pp. 251-277
    • Nissen, U.K.1
  • 33
    • 77956758729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The unhappy marriage of religion and politics: Problems and pitfalls for gender equality
    • doi:10.1080/01436597.2010.502700
    • Razavi, S., & Jenichen, A. (2010). The unhappy marriage of religion and politics: Problems and pitfalls for gender equality. Third World Quarterly, 31, 833-850. doi: 10. 1080/01436597. 2010. 502700.
    • (2010) Third World Quarterly , vol.31 , pp. 833-850
    • Razavi, S.1    Jenichen, A.2
  • 34
    • 85055298072 scopus 로고
    • Wählen wissenschaftler ihre probleme anders aus als wissenschaftler innen? Das genus-sexus-problem als paradigmatischer fall der linguistischen relativitätsthese
    • Scheele, B., & Gauler, E. (1993). Wählen wissenschaftler ihre probleme anders aus als wissenschaftler innen? Das genus-sexus-problem als paradigmatischer fall der linguistischen relativitätsthese [Do male and female scientists differ in their selection of research problems? The problem of gender-sex bias as a paradigmatic example of linguistic relativity]. Sprache & Kognition, 12, 59-72.
    • (1993) Sprache & Kognition , vol.12 , pp. 59-72
    • Scheele, B.1    Gauler, E.2
  • 36
    • 38149146991 scopus 로고
    • Grammatical and conceptual forces in the attribution of gender by English and Spanish speakers
    • Sera, M., Berge, C., & Del Castillo, J. (1994). Grammatical and conceptual forces in the attribution of gender by English and Spanish speakers. Cognitive Development, 9, 261-292.
    • (1994) Cognitive Development , vol.9 , pp. 261-292
    • Sera, M.1    Berge, C.2    del Castillo, J.3
  • 37
    • 33846483591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antecedents of men's hostile and benevolent sexism: The dual roles of Social Dominance Orientation and Right-Wing Authoritarianism
    • doi:10.1177/0146167206294745
    • Sibley, C. G., Wilson, M. S., & Duckitt, J. (2007). Antecedents of men's hostile and benevolent sexism: The dual roles of Social Dominance Orientation and Right-Wing Authoritarianism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 160-172. doi: 10. 1177/0146167206294745.
    • (2007) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.33 , pp. 160-172
    • Sibley, C.G.1    Wilson, M.S.2    Duckitt, J.3
  • 38
    • 84920650725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Representation of the sexes in language
    • K. Fiedler (Ed.), New York: Psychology
    • Stahlberg, D., Braun, F., Irmen, L., & Sczesny, S. (2007). Representation of the sexes in language. In K. Fiedler (Ed.), Social communication (pp. 163-187). New York: Psychology.
    • (2007) Social Communication , pp. 163-187
    • Stahlberg, D.1    Braun, F.2    Irmen, L.3    Sczesny, S.4
  • 39
    • 84856539399 scopus 로고
    • (2nd ed.) Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • Oxford English dictionary (2nd ed.). (1989). Oxford: Clarendon Press (Vol. 16, pp. 666).
    • (1989) Oxford English dictionary , vol.16 , pp. 666
  • 40
    • 0002519049 scopus 로고
    • The impact of generic word choices: An empirical investigation of age and sex-related differences
    • doi:10.1007/BF00288155
    • Switzer, J. Y. (1990). The impact of generic word choices: An empirical investigation of age and sex-related differences. Sex Roles, 22, 69-82. doi: 10. 1007/BF00288155.
    • (1990) Sex Roles , vol.22 , pp. 69-82
    • Switzer, J.Y.1
  • 41
    • 28744451482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grammatical gender effects on cognition: Implications for language learning and language use
    • doi:10.1037/0096-3445.134.4.501
    • Vigliocco, G., Vinson, D. P., Paganelli, F., & Dworzynski, K. (2005). Grammatical gender effects on cognition: Implications for language learning and language use. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 104, 501-520. doi: 10. 1037/0096-3445. 134. 4. 501.
    • (2005) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.104 , pp. 501-520
    • Vigliocco, G.1    Vinson, D.P.2    Paganelli, F.3    Dworzynski, K.4
  • 42
    • 70350613214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ¿Qué? Quoi? Do languages with grammatical gender promote sexist attitudes?
    • doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9696-3
    • Wasserman, B. D., & Weseley, A. J. (2009). ¿Qué? Quoi? Do languages with grammatical gender promote sexist attitudes? Sex Roles, 61, 634-643. doi: 10. 1007/s11199-009-9696-3.
    • (2009) Sex Roles , vol.61 , pp. 634-643
    • Wasserman, B.D.1    Weseley, A.J.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.