Update on Diabetes Classification

Medical Clinics of North America

Volumn 99, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 1-16

  Thomas, Celeste C ^a   Philipson, Louis H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Classification of diabetes mellitus; Gestational diabetes mellitus; Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults; Maturity onset diabetes of the young; Monogenic diabetes; Neonatal diabetes; Secondary diabetes; Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR; DIAZOXIDE; GLUCOCORTICOID; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN INHIBITOR; NICOTINIC ACID; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; ABCC8 PROTEIN, HUMAN; FORKHEAD TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; FOXP3 PROTEIN, HUMAN; INWARDLY RECTIFYING POTASSIUM CHANNEL; INWARDLY RECTIFYING POTASSIUM CHANNEL SUBUNIT KIR6.2; SULFONYLUREA RECEPTOR;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BARDET BIEDL SYNDROME; CHRONIC PANCREATITIS; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DOWN SYNDROME; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; FRIEDREICH ATAXIA; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC DISORDER; HEMOCHROMATOSIS; HERITABILITY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUNTINGTON CHOREA; ICD-9; KLINEFELTER SYNDROME; MONOGENIC DISORDER; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PANCREAS DISEASE; PANCREAS TUMOR; PHENOTYPE; PORPHYRIA; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRADER WILLI SYNDROME; PREGNANCY DIABETES MELLITUS; REVIEW; TURNER SYNDROME; CLASSIFICATION; DIAGNOSTIC ERROR; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; ONSET AGE; PREVENTION AND CONTROL;

AGE OF ONSET; CLASSIFICATION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIAGNOSTIC ERRORS; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; FORKHEAD TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; POTASSIUM CHANNELS, INWARDLY RECTIFYING; SULFONYLUREA RECEPTORS;

EID: 84913609437     PISSN: 00257125     EISSN: 15579859     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2014.08.015     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. World Health Organization: World Health Organization, International Diabetes Federation, editors. Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycemia. Report of a WHO/IDF Consultation. Geneva (Switzerland): WHO Press; 2006.
2. American Diabetes Association Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2014, 37(Suppl 1):S81-S90.
3. World Health Organization. Use of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: abbreviated report of a WHO consultation. WHO Press; 2011.
4. American Diabetes Association Standards of medical care in diabetes-2013. Diabetes Care 2012, 36(Suppl 1):S11-S66. 10.2337/dc13-S011.
5. Atkinson M.A., Eisenbarth G.S., Michels A.W. Type 1 diabetes. Lancet 2013, 383:69-82.
6. Naik R.G., Brooks-Worrell B.M., Palmer J.P. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. JClin Endocrinol Metab 2009, 94(12):4635-4644. 10.1210/jc.2009-1120.
7. Arvan P., Pietropaolo M., Ostrov D., et al. Islet autoantigens: structure, function, localization, and regulation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012, 2(8). pii:a007658.
8. Bottazzo G.F., Florin-Christensen A., Doniach D. Islet-cell antibodies in diabetes mellitus with autoimmune polyendocrine deficiencies. Lancet 1974, 2(7892):1279-1283.
9. Rose N.R., Bona C. Defining criteria for autoimmune diseases (Witebsky's postulates revisited). Immunol Today 1993, 14(9):426-430. 10.1016/0167-5699(93)90244-F.
10. Atkinson M.A., Bluestone J.A., Eisenbarth G.S., et al. How does type 1 diabetes develop? The notion of homicide or β-cell suicide revisited. Diabetes 2012, 60(5):1370-1379.
11. Maganti A, Evans-Molina C, Mirmira RG. From immunobiology to β-cell biology: the changing perspective on type 1 diabetes. Islets 2014;6(1):e28778-1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/isl.28778.
12. Noble J.A., Johnson J., Lane J.A., et al. HLA Class II genotyping of african american type 1 diabetic patients reveals associations unique to african haplotypes. Diabetes 2013, 62(9):3292-3299.
13. Valdes A.M., Erlich H.A., Carlson J., et al. Use of class I and class II HLA loci for predicting age at onset of type 1 diabetes in multiple populations. Diabetologia 2012, 55(9):2394-2401. 10.1007/s00125-012-2608-z.
14. Redondo M.J., Fain P.R., Krischer J.P., et al. Expression of beta-cell autoimmunity does not differ between potential dizygotic twins and siblings of patients with type 1 diabetes. JAutoimmun 2004, 23(3):275-279. 10.1016/j.jaut.2004.07.001.
15. Melanitou E., Fain P., Eisenbarth G.S. Genetics of type 1A (immune mediated) diabetes. JAutoimmun 2003, 10.1016/S0896-8411(03)00097-0.
16. Kyvik K.O. Concordance rates of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: a population based study of young Danish twins. BMJ 1995, 311:913-917.
17. UK prospective diabetes study 16: overview of 6 years' therapy of type II diabetes: a progressive disease. U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Diabetes 1995, 44(11):1249-1258.
18. Karjalainen J., Salmela P., Ilonen J. Acomparison of childhood and adult type I diabetes mellitus. NEngl J Med 1989, 320(14):881-886.
19. Fourlanos S., Dotta F., Greenbaum C.J., et al. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) should be less latent. Diabetologia 2005, 10.1007/s00125-005-1960-7.
20. Gottsäter A., Landin-Olsson M., Fernlund P., et al. β-cell function in relation to islet cell antibodies during the first 3 Yr after clinical diagnosis of diabetes in type ii diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1993, 16(6):902-910. 10.2337/diacare.16.6.902.
21. Turner R., Stratton I., Horton V., et al. UKPDS 25: autoantibodies to islet-cell cytoplasm and glutamic acid decarboxylase for prediction of insulin requirement in type 2 diabetes. Lancet 1997, 350(9087):1288-1293. 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)03062-6.
22. Tuomi T., Carlsson A., Li H., et al. Clinical and genetic characteristics of type 2 diabetes with and without GAD antibodies. Diabetes 1999, 48(1):150-157. 10.2337/diabetes.48.1.150.
23. Gale E. Is type 2 diabetes a category error?. Lancet 2013, 381(9881):1956-1957.
24. Mohan V., Amutha A., Ranjani H., et al. Associations of β-cell function and insulin resistance with youth-onset type 2 diabetes and prediabetes among Asian Indians. Diabetes Technol Ther 2013, 15(4):315-322. 10.1089/dia.2012.0259.
25. Mitsui R., Fukushima M., Nishi Y., et al. Factors responsible for deteriorating glucose tolerance in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in Japanese men. Metabolism 2006, 55(1):53-58. 10.1016/j.metabol.2005.07.006.
26. Butler A.E., Janson J., Bonner-Weir S., et al. β-cell deficit and increased β-Cell apoptosis in humans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2003, 52(1):102-110. 10.2337/diabetes.52.1.102.
27. Bell G.I., Polonsky K.S. Diabetes mellitus and genetically programmed defects in β-cell function. Nature 2001, 414(6865):788-791. 10.1038/414788a.
28. Del Prato S. Role of glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity in the pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes mellitus and emerging treatment strategies. Diabet Med 2009, 26(12):1185-1192.
29. Epstein F.H., Höppener J., Ahrén B. Islet amyloid and type 2 diabetes mellitus. NEngl J Med 2000, 10.1056/NEJM200008103430607.
30. Meigs J.B., Muller D.C., Nathan D.M., et al. The natural history of progression from normal glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Diabetes 2003, 52(6):1475-1484.
31. Winter W.E., Maclaren N.K., Riley W.J. Maturity-onset diabetes of youth in black Americans. NEngl J Med 1987, 316(6):285-291.
32. Mauvais-Jarvis F., Sobngwi E., Porcher R., et al. Ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes in patients of Sub-Saharan African origin clinical pathophysiology and natural history of β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Diabetes 2004, 53(3):645-653. 10.2337/diabetes.53.3.645.
33. Umpierrez G.E., Smiley D., Kitabchi A.E. Narrative review: ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 2006, 144(5):350-357. 10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00011.
34. Tanaka K., Moriya T., Kanamori A., et al. Analysis and a long-term follow up of ketosis-onset Japanese NIDDM patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1999, 44(2):137-146. 10.1016/S0168-8227(99)00023-6.
35. Tan K.C., Mackay I.R., Zimmet P.Z., et al. Metabolic and immunologic features of Chinese patients with atypical diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2000, 10.2337/diacare.23.3.335.
36. Lowe L.P., Metzger B.E., Dyer A.R., et al. Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study Associations of maternal A1C and glucose with pregnancy outcomes. Diabetes 2012, 35(3):574-580.
37. International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel, Metzger B.E., Gabbe S.G. International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care 2010, 33(3):676-682.
38. Gynecologists ACOOA, Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 137. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Obstet Gynecol 2013, 122(2 Pt 1):406-416.
39. Pihoker C., Gilliam L.K., Ellard S. Prevalence, characteristics and clinical diagnosis of maturity onset diabetes of the young due to mutations in HNF1A, HNF4A, and glucokinase: results from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth. JClin Endocrinol Metab 2013, 10.1210/jc.2013-1279.
40. Greeley S., Naylor R.N., Philipson L.H., et al. Neonatal diabetes: an expanding list of genes allows for improved diagnosis and treatment. Curr Diab Rep 2011, 10.1007/s11892-011-0234-7.
41. Shankar R.K., Pihoker C., Dolan L.M., et al. Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus: prevalence and genetic diagnosis in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Pediatr Diabetes 2012, 14:174-180. 10.1111/pedi.12003.
42. Fajans S.S., Bell G.I., Polonsky K.S. Molecular mechanisms and clinical pathophysiology of maturity-onset diabetes of the young. NEngl J Med 2001, 10.1056/nejmra002168.
43. Naylor R.N., Greeley S., Bell G.I. Genetics and pathophysiology of neonatal diabetes mellitus. JDiabetes Investig 2011, 10.1111/j.2040-1124.2011.00106.x.
44. Shields B.M., Hicks S., Shepherd M.H., et al. Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY): how many cases are we missing?. Diabetologia 2010, 53(12):2504-2508. 10.1007/s00125-010-1799-4.
45. Lango Allen H., Johansson S., Ellard S., et al. Polygenic risk variants for type 2 diabetes susceptibility modify age at diagnosis in monogenic HNF1A diabetes. Diabetes 2009, 59(1):266-271. 10.2337/db09-0555.
46. Shepherd M., Shields B., Ellard S., et al. Agenetic diagnosis of HNF1A diabetes alters treatment and improves glycaemic control in the majority of insulintreated patients. Diabet Med 2009, 26(4):437-441. 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02690.x.
47. Steele A.M., Shields B.M., Wensley K.J., et al. Prevalence of vascular complications among patients with glucokinase mutations and prolonged, mild hyperglycemia. JAMA 2014, 10.1001/jama.2013.283980.
48. Naylor R.N., Philipson L.H. Who should have genetic testing for maturity-onset diabetes of the young?. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011, 75:422-426.
49. Maassen J.A., Hart L.M., van Essen E., et al. Mitochondrial Diabetes Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Presentation. Diabetes 2004, 53(suppl 1):S103-S109. 10.2337/diabetes.53.2007.S103.
50. Maassen J.A., 't Hart L.M., Janssen G.M., et al. Mitochondrial diabetes and its lessons for common Type 2 diabetes. Biochem Soc Trans 2006, 34(5):819. 10.1042/BST0340819.
51. Battezzati A., Mari A., Zazzeron L., et al. Identification of insulin secretory defects and insulin resistance during oral glucose tolerance test in a cohort of cystic fibrosis patients. Eur J Endocrinol 2011, 165(1):69-76.
52. Ode K.L., Moran A. New insights into cystic fibrosis-related diabetes in children. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2013, 1(1):52-58.
53. Gupte A.R., Forsmark C.E. Chronic pancreatitis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2014, 30(5):500-505. 10.1097/MOG.0000000000000094.
54. Papita R., Nazir A., Anbalagan V.P., et al. Secular trends of fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes and diabetes secondary to alcoholic chronic pancreatitis at a Tertiary Care Diabetes Centre in South India. JOP 2012, 13(2):205-209. 10.6092/1590-8577/608.
55. Khatib O.M. Guidelines for the prevention, management and care of diabetes mellitus 2006, WHO Press, World Health Organization.
56. Hatunic M., Finucane F.M., Brennan A.M., et al. Effect of iron overload on glucose metabolism in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis. Metabolism 2010, 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.08.006.
57. McClain D.A., Abraham D., Rogers J., et al. High prevalence of abnormal glucose homeostasis secondary to decreased insulin secretion in individuals with hereditary haemochromatosis. Diabetologia 2006, 10.1007/s00125-006-0200-0.
58. Gullo L., Pezzilli R. Diabetes and the risk of pancreatic cancer. NEngl J Med 1994, 331(2):81-84.
59. Pannala R., Basu A., Petersen G.M., et al. New-onset diabetes: a potential clue to the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Lancet Oncol 2009, 10(1):88-95. 10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70337-1.
60. Permert J., Ihse I., Jorfeldt L., et al. Pancreatic cancer is associated with impaired glucose metabolism. Eur J Surg 1993, 159(2):101-107.
61. Muniraj T., Chari S.T. Diabetes and pancreatic cancer. Minerva Gastroenterologica e Dietologica 2014, 1-22.
62. Bramis K., Gordon-Weeks A.N., Friend P.J., et al. Systematic review of total pancreatectomy and islet autotransplantation for chronic pancreatitis. Br J Surg 2012, 99(6):761-766. 10.1002/bjs.8713.
63. Ferris H.A., Kahn C.R. New mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance: make no bones about it. JClin Invest 2012, 122(11):3854-3857.
64. Deng C. Effects of antipsychotic medications on appetite, weight, and insulin resistance. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2013, 10.1016/j.ecl.2013.05.006.
65. Baker R.A., Pikalov A., Tran Q.V., et al. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and diabetes mellitus in the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event database: a systematic Bayesian signal detection analysis. Psychopharmacol Bull 2009, 42(1):11-31.
66. Yates C.J., Fourlanos S., Colman P.G., et al. Screening for new-onset diabetes after kidney transplantation: limitations of fasting glucose and advantages of afternoon glucose and glycated hemoglobin. Transplantation 2013, 96(8):726-731.
67. Khong M.J., Chong C.P. Prevention and management of new-onset diabetes mellitus in kidney transplantation. Neth J Med 2014, 72(3):127-134.
68. Teutonico A., Schena P.F., Di Paolo S. Glucose metabolism in renal transplant recipients: effect of calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal and conversion to sirolimus. JAm Soc Nephrol 2005, 16(10):3128-3135. 10.1681/ASN.2005050487.
69. Koster J.C., Remedi M.S., Qiu H., et al. HIV protease inhibitors acutely impair glucose-stimulated insulin release. Diabetes 2003, 52(7):1695-1700.
70. De Wit S., Sabin C.A., Weber R., et al. Incidence and risk factors for new-onset diabetes in HIV-infected patients the data collection on adverse events of anti-HIV drugs (D:A:D) Study. Diabetes Care 2008, 31(6):1224-1229. 10.2337/dc07-2013.
71. Nix L.M., Tien P.C. Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in HIV. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2014, 10.1007/s11904-014-0219-7.
72. Corrao G., Ibrahim B., Nicotra F., et al. Statins and the risk of diabetes: evidence from a large population-based cohort study. Diabetes 2014, 10.2337/dc13-2215.
73. Kalra S., Kalra B., Agrawal N. Understanding diabetes in patients with HIV/AIDS. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2011, 3(1):2.
74. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS), National Center for Health Statistics. ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting - 2014. US Department of Health and Human Services 2014.
75. World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. WHO Press; 2004.
76. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS), National Center for Health Statistics. ICD-9-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting - 2011. US Department of Health and Human Services 2011.