메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 94, Issue , 2015, Pages 65-73

Scalable production of highly concentrated chitosan/TPP nanoparticles in different pHs and evaluation of the in vitro transfection efficiency

Author keywords

Chitosan nanoparticles; Gene delivery; Ionotropic gelation; Nanotechnology; Scalable process; Stability

Indexed keywords

BATCH DATA PROCESSING; CHEMICAL STABILITY; CHITOSAN; CONVERGENCE OF NUMERICAL METHODS; DNA; GENE TRANSFER; IONOTROPIC GELATION; MEDICAL APPLICATIONS; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PH; POLYDISPERSITY;

EID: 84913572999     PISSN: 1369703X     EISSN: 1873295X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.11.008     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (38)

References (53)
  • 1
  • 2
    • 33747846583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chitin and chitosan: properties and applications
    • Rinaudo M. Chitin and chitosan: properties and applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2006, 31:603-632.
    • (2006) Prog. Polym. Sci. , vol.31 , pp. 603-632
    • Rinaudo, M.1
  • 3
    • 0009365216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of chitin and chitosan applications
    • Kumar M. A review of chitin and chitosan applications. React. Funct. Polym. 2000, 46:1-27.
    • (2000) React. Funct. Polym. , vol.46 , pp. 1-27
    • Kumar, M.1
  • 4
    • 84867161206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting cancer gene therapy with magnetic nanoparticles
    • Li C., Li L., Keates A.C. Targeting cancer gene therapy with magnetic nanoparticles. Oncotarget 2012, 3:365-370.
    • (2012) Oncotarget , vol.3 , pp. 365-370
    • Li, C.1    Li, L.2    Keates, A.C.3
  • 5
    • 34848852749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular design of functional polymers for gene therapy
    • Jeong J.H., Kim S.W., Park T.G. Molecular design of functional polymers for gene therapy. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2007, 32:1239-1274. 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.019.
    • (2007) Prog. Polym. Sci. , vol.32 , pp. 1239-1274
    • Jeong, J.H.1    Kim, S.W.2    Park, T.G.3
  • 6
    • 84878288360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chitosan for gene delivery and orthopedic tissue engineering applications
    • Raftery R., O'Brien F.J., Cryan S.-A. Chitosan for gene delivery and orthopedic tissue engineering applications. Molecules 2013, 18:5611-5647.
    • (2013) Molecules , vol.18 , pp. 5611-5647
    • Raftery, R.1    O'Brien, F.J.2    Cryan, S.-A.3
  • 7
    • 77951916908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Balancing protection and release of DNA: tools to address a bottleneck of non-viral gene delivery
    • Grigsby C.L., Leong K.W. Balancing protection and release of DNA: tools to address a bottleneck of non-viral gene delivery. J. R. Soc. Interface 2010, 7:S67-S82. 10.1098/rsif.2009.0260.
    • (2010) J. R. Soc. Interface , vol.7 , pp. S67-S82
    • Grigsby, C.L.1    Leong, K.W.2
  • 8
    • 23944439174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transfection efficiency of chitosan vectors: effect of polymer molecular weight and degree of deacetylation
    • Huang M., Fong C.W., Khor E., Lim L.Y. Transfection efficiency of chitosan vectors: effect of polymer molecular weight and degree of deacetylation. J. Controlled Release 2005, 106:391-406. 10.1016/j.cornel.2005.05.004.
    • (2005) J. Controlled Release , vol.106 , pp. 391-406
    • Huang, M.1    Fong, C.W.2    Khor, E.3    Lim, L.Y.4
  • 9
    • 75149183537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chitosan-based delivery systems for protein therapeutics and antigens
    • Amidi M., Mastrobattista E., Jiskoot W., Hennink W.E. Chitosan-based delivery systems for protein therapeutics and antigens. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2010, 62:59-82. 10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.009.
    • (2010) Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. , vol.62 , pp. 59-82
    • Amidi, M.1    Mastrobattista, E.2    Jiskoot, W.3    Hennink, W.E.4
  • 10
    • 0033151411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Porous chitosan scaffolds for tissue engineering
    • Madihally S.V., Matthew H.W. Porous chitosan scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 1999, 20:1133-1142.
    • (1999) Biomaterials , vol.20 , pp. 1133-1142
    • Madihally, S.V.1    Matthew, H.W.2
  • 12
    • 0009365216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of chitin and chitosan applications
    • Ravi Kumar M.N. A review of chitin and chitosan applications. React. Funct. Polym. 2000, 46:1-27.
    • (2000) React. Funct. Polym. , vol.46 , pp. 1-27
    • Ravi Kumar, M.N.1
  • 13
    • 0028071051 scopus 로고
    • Effect of chitosan on the permeability of monolayers of intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2)
    • Artursson P., Lindmark T., Davis S.S., Illum L. Effect of chitosan on the permeability of monolayers of intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2). Pharm. Res. 1994, 11:1358-1361.
    • (1994) Pharm. Res. , vol.11 , pp. 1358-1361
    • Artursson, P.1    Lindmark, T.2    Davis, S.S.3    Illum, L.4
  • 14
    • 0033300109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a freeze-dried formulation of insulin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles intended for nasal administration
    • Fernandez-Urrusuno R., Romani D., Calvo P., Vila-Jato J., Alonso M. Development of a freeze-dried formulation of insulin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles intended for nasal administration. STP Pharm. Sci. 1999, 9:429-436.
    • (1999) STP Pharm. Sci. , vol.9 , pp. 429-436
    • Fernandez-Urrusuno, R.1    Romani, D.2    Calvo, P.3    Vila-Jato, J.4    Alonso, M.5
  • 15
    • 0037340617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mesenchymal stem cells, MG63 and HEK293 transfection using chitosan-DNA nanoparticles
    • Corsi K., Chellat F., Yahia L.H., Fernandes J.C. Mesenchymal stem cells, MG63 and HEK293 transfection using chitosan-DNA nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2003, 24:1255-1264.
    • (2003) Biomaterials , vol.24 , pp. 1255-1264
    • Corsi, K.1    Chellat, F.2    Yahia, L.H.3    Fernandes, J.C.4
  • 16
    • 33745077164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High efficiency gene transfer using chitosan/DNA nanoparticles with specific combinations of molecular weight and degree of deacetylation
    • Lavertu M., Méthot S., Tran-Khanh N., Buschmann M.D. High efficiency gene transfer using chitosan/DNA nanoparticles with specific combinations of molecular weight and degree of deacetylation. Biomaterials 2006, 27:4815-4824.
    • (2006) Biomaterials , vol.27 , pp. 4815-4824
    • Lavertu, M.1    Méthot, S.2    Tran-Khanh, N.3    Buschmann, M.D.4
  • 17
    • 0032958073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral gene delivery with chitosan-DNA nanoparticles generates immunologic protection in a murine model of peanut allergy
    • Roy K., Mao H.-Q., Huang S.-K., Leong K.W. Oral gene delivery with chitosan-DNA nanoparticles generates immunologic protection in a murine model of peanut allergy. Nat. Med. 1999, 5:387-391.
    • (1999) Nat. Med. , vol.5 , pp. 387-391
    • Roy, K.1    Mao, H.-Q.2    Huang, S.-K.3    Leong, K.W.4
  • 18
    • 42149116854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioadhesive hyaluronan-chitosan nanoparticles can transport genes across the ocular mucosa and transfect ocular tissue
    • De la Fuente M., Seijo B., Alonso M. Bioadhesive hyaluronan-chitosan nanoparticles can transport genes across the ocular mucosa and transfect ocular tissue. Gene Ther. 2008, 15:668-676.
    • (2008) Gene Ther. , vol.15 , pp. 668-676
    • De la Fuente, M.1    Seijo, B.2    Alonso, M.3
  • 19
    • 38949151545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design of novel polysaccharidic nanostructures for gene delivery
    • De la Fuente M., Seijo B., Alonso M. Design of novel polysaccharidic nanostructures for gene delivery. Nanotechnology 2008, 19:075105.
    • (2008) Nanotechnology , vol.19 , pp. 075105
    • De la Fuente, M.1    Seijo, B.2    Alonso, M.3
  • 20
    • 33645037815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ionotropic cross-linked chitosan microspheres for controlled release of ampicillin
    • Anal A.K., Stevens W.F., Remuñán-López C. Ionotropic cross-linked chitosan microspheres for controlled release of ampicillin. Int. J. Pharm. 2006, 312:166-173.
    • (2006) Int. J. Pharm. , vol.312 , pp. 166-173
    • Anal, A.K.1    Stevens, W.F.2    Remuñán-López, C.3
  • 21
    • 70350208807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ionically crosslinked chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles for oligonucleotide and plasmid DNA delivery
    • Csaba N., Köping-Höggård M., Alonso M.J. Ionically crosslinked chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles for oligonucleotide and plasmid DNA delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 2009, 382:205-214.
    • (2009) Int. J. Pharm. , vol.382 , pp. 205-214
    • Csaba, N.1    Köping-Höggård, M.2    Alonso, M.J.3
  • 22
    • 82355181045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formation mechanism of monodisperse, low molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles by ionic gelation technique
    • Fan W., Yan W., Xu Z., Ni H. Formation mechanism of monodisperse, low molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles by ionic gelation technique. Colloids Surf., B: Biointerfaces 2012, 90:21-27.
    • (2012) Colloids Surf., B: Biointerfaces , vol.90 , pp. 21-27
    • Fan, W.1    Yan, W.2    Xu, Z.3    Ni, H.4
  • 23
    • 67650065139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chitosan/TPP and chitosan/TPP-hyaluronic acid nanoparticles: systematic optimisation of the preparative process and preliminary biological evaluation
    • Nasti A., Zaki N.M., de Leonardis P., Ungphaiboon S., Sansongsak P., Rimoli M.G., Tirelli N. Chitosan/TPP and chitosan/TPP-hyaluronic acid nanoparticles: systematic optimisation of the preparative process and preliminary biological evaluation. Pharm. Res. 2009, 26:1918-1930.
    • (2009) Pharm. Res. , vol.26 , pp. 1918-1930
    • Nasti, A.1    Zaki, N.M.2    de Leonardis, P.3    Ungphaiboon, S.4    Sansongsak, P.5    Rimoli, M.G.6    Tirelli, N.7
  • 24
    • 71349084631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preparation of PCM microcapsules by complex coacervation of silk fibroin and chitosan
    • Deveci S.S., Basal G. Preparation of PCM microcapsules by complex coacervation of silk fibroin and chitosan. Colloid Polym. Sci. 2009, 287:1455-1467.
    • (2009) Colloid Polym. Sci. , vol.287 , pp. 1455-1467
    • Deveci, S.S.1    Basal, G.2
  • 26
    • 0034771436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PH dependent hydrolysis and drug release behavior of chitosan/poly(ethylene glycol) polymer network microspheres
    • Gupta K., Kumar M.N.R. pH dependent hydrolysis and drug release behavior of chitosan/poly(ethylene glycol) polymer network microspheres. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med. 2001, 12:753-759.
    • (2001) J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med. , vol.12 , pp. 753-759
    • Gupta, K.1    Kumar, M.N.R.2
  • 28
    • 0037190020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preparation, characterization and biodistribution of ultrafine chitosan nanoparticles
    • Banerjee T., Mitra S., Kumar Singh A., Kumar Sharma R., Maitra A. Preparation, characterization and biodistribution of ultrafine chitosan nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm. 2002, 243:93-105.
    • (2002) Int. J. Pharm. , vol.243 , pp. 93-105
    • Banerjee, T.1    Mitra, S.2    Kumar Singh, A.3    Kumar Sharma, R.4    Maitra, A.5
  • 29
    • 0035816156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tumour targeted delivery of encapsulated dextran-doxorubicin conjugate using chitosan nanoparticles as carrier
    • Mitra S., Gaur U., Ghosh P., Maitra A. Tumour targeted delivery of encapsulated dextran-doxorubicin conjugate using chitosan nanoparticles as carrier. J. Controlled Release 2001, 74:317-323.
    • (2001) J. Controlled Release , vol.74 , pp. 317-323
    • Mitra, S.1    Gaur, U.2    Ghosh, P.3    Maitra, A.4
  • 32
    • 34147124963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manufacturing monodisperse chitosan microparticles containing ampicillin using a microchannel chip
    • Yang C.-H., Huang K.-S., Chang J.-Y. Manufacturing monodisperse chitosan microparticles containing ampicillin using a microchannel chip. Biomed. Microdevices 2007, 9:253-259.
    • (2007) Biomed. Microdevices , vol.9 , pp. 253-259
    • Yang, C.-H.1    Huang, K.-S.2    Chang, J.-Y.3
  • 33
    • 77956010984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kinetics of coacervation transition versus nanoparticle formation in chitosan-sodium tripolyphosphate solutions
    • Kaloti M., Bohidar H. Kinetics of coacervation transition versus nanoparticle formation in chitosan-sodium tripolyphosphate solutions. Colloids Surf., B: Biointerfaces 2010, 81:165-173.
    • (2010) Colloids Surf., B: Biointerfaces , vol.81 , pp. 165-173
    • Kaloti, M.1    Bohidar, H.2
  • 34
    • 84882269804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chitosan nanoparticles as therapeutic protein nanocarriers: the effect of ph on particle formation and encapsulation efficiency
    • Mattu C., Li R., Ciardelli G. Chitosan nanoparticles as therapeutic protein nanocarriers: the effect of ph on particle formation and encapsulation efficiency. Polym. Compos. 2013, 34:1538-1545.
    • (2013) Polym. Compos. , vol.34 , pp. 1538-1545
    • Mattu, C.1    Li, R.2    Ciardelli, G.3
  • 35
    • 84864686641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation of the physicochemical and structural properties of pDNA/cationic liposome complexes with their in vitro transfection
    • Balbino T.A., Gasperini A.A., Oliveira C.L., Azzoni A.R., Cavalcanti L.P., de La Torre L.G. Correlation of the physicochemical and structural properties of pDNA/cationic liposome complexes with their in vitro transfection. Langmuir 2012, 28:11535-11545.
    • (2012) Langmuir , vol.28 , pp. 11535-11545
    • Balbino, T.A.1    Gasperini, A.A.2    Oliveira, C.L.3    Azzoni, A.R.4    Cavalcanti, L.P.5    de La Torre, L.G.6
  • 37
    • 0031550212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel hydrophilic chitosan-polyethylene oxide nanoparticles as protein carriers
    • Calvo P., Remunan-Lopez C., Vila-Jato J., Alonso M. Novel hydrophilic chitosan-polyethylene oxide nanoparticles as protein carriers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1997, 63:125-132.
    • (1997) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , vol.63 , pp. 125-132
    • Calvo, P.1    Remunan-Lopez, C.2    Vila-Jato, J.3    Alonso, M.4
  • 38
    • 0003985221 scopus 로고
    • Academic Press Limited, London U.S. edition - San Diego
    • Doran P.M. Bioprocess Engineering Principles 1995, Academic Press Limited, London U.S. edition - San Diego.
    • (1995) Bioprocess Engineering Principles
    • Doran, P.M.1
  • 39
    • 0037462997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to cells and tissue
    • Panyam J., Labhasetwar V. Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to cells and tissue. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2003, 55:329-347.
    • (2003) Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. , vol.55 , pp. 329-347
    • Panyam, J.1    Labhasetwar, V.2
  • 40
    • 1642575957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Size-dependent internalization of particles via the pathways of clathrin-and caveolae-mediated endocytosis
    • Rejman J., Oberle V., Zuhorn I., Hoekstra D. Size-dependent internalization of particles via the pathways of clathrin-and caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Biochem. J. 2004, 377:159-169.
    • (2004) Biochem. J. , vol.377 , pp. 159-169
    • Rejman, J.1    Oberle, V.2    Zuhorn, I.3    Hoekstra, D.4
  • 42
    • 9644281090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physicochemical properties and blood compatibility of acylated chitosan nanoparticles
    • Lee D.-W., Powers K., Baney R. Physicochemical properties and blood compatibility of acylated chitosan nanoparticles. Carbohydr. Polym. 2004, 58:371-377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.06.033.
    • (2004) Carbohydr. Polym. , vol.58 , pp. 371-377
    • Lee, D.-W.1    Powers, K.2    Baney, R.3
  • 43
    • 0346724871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure and interactions in chitosan hydrogels formed by complexation or aggregation for biomedical applications
    • Berger J., Reist M., Mayer J., Felt O., Gurny R. Structure and interactions in chitosan hydrogels formed by complexation or aggregation for biomedical applications. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2004, 57:35-52.
    • (2004) Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. , vol.57 , pp. 35-52
    • Berger, J.1    Reist, M.2    Mayer, J.3    Felt, O.4    Gurny, R.5
  • 44
    • 0027806012 scopus 로고
    • Solution properties of chitosans: conformation and chain stiffness of chitosans with different degrees of N-acetylation
    • Anthonsen M.W., Vårum K.M., Smidsrød O. Solution properties of chitosans: conformation and chain stiffness of chitosans with different degrees of N-acetylation. Carbohydr. Polym. 1993, 22:193-201.
    • (1993) Carbohydr. Polym. , vol.22 , pp. 193-201
    • Anthonsen, M.W.1    Vårum, K.M.2    Smidsrød, O.3
  • 45
    • 0034578096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preparation and solubility in acid and water of partially deacetylated chitins
    • Cho Y.-W., Jang J., Park C.R., Ko S.-W. Preparation and solubility in acid and water of partially deacetylated chitins. Biomacromolecules 2000, 1:609-614.
    • (2000) Biomacromolecules , vol.1 , pp. 609-614
    • Cho, Y.-W.1    Jang, J.2    Park, C.R.3    Ko, S.-W.4
  • 46
    • 79955478547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chitosan-a versatile semi-synthetic polymer in biomedical applications
    • Dash M., Chiellini F., Ottenbrite R., Chiellini E. Chitosan-a versatile semi-synthetic polymer in biomedical applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2011, 36:981-1014.
    • (2011) Prog. Polym. Sci. , vol.36 , pp. 981-1014
    • Dash, M.1    Chiellini, F.2    Ottenbrite, R.3    Chiellini, E.4
  • 47
    • 0032642049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kinetic study of chitosan-tripolyphosphate complex reaction and acid-resistive properties of the chitosan-tripolyphosphate gel beads prepared by in-liquid curing method
    • Mi F.L., Shyu S.S., Lee S.T., Wong T.B. Kinetic study of chitosan-tripolyphosphate complex reaction and acid-resistive properties of the chitosan-tripolyphosphate gel beads prepared by in-liquid curing method. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 1999, 37:1551-1564.
    • (1999) J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. , vol.37 , pp. 1551-1564
    • Mi, F.L.1    Shyu, S.S.2    Lee, S.T.3    Wong, T.B.4
  • 48
    • 84864421204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Production and characterization of novel chitosan nanoparticles for controlled release of rHu-Erythropoietin
    • Bulmer C., Margaritis A., Xenocostas A. Production and characterization of novel chitosan nanoparticles for controlled release of rHu-Erythropoietin. Biochem. Eng. J. 2012, 68:61-69.
    • (2012) Biochem. Eng. J. , vol.68 , pp. 61-69
    • Bulmer, C.1    Margaritis, A.2    Xenocostas, A.3
  • 49
    • 23444441931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of surface charge, particle size and morphological properties of chitosan-TPP nanoparticles intended for gene delivery
    • Gan Q., Wang T., Cochrane C., McCarron P. Modulation of surface charge, particle size and morphological properties of chitosan-TPP nanoparticles intended for gene delivery. Colloids Surf., B: Biointerfaces 2005, 44:65-73.
    • (2005) Colloids Surf., B: Biointerfaces , vol.44 , pp. 65-73
    • Gan, Q.1    Wang, T.2    Cochrane, C.3    McCarron, P.4
  • 50
    • 34548818764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cationic lipids and polymers mediated vectors for delivery of siRNA
    • Zhang S., Zhao B., Jiang H., Wang B., Ma B. Cationic lipids and polymers mediated vectors for delivery of siRNA. J. Controlled Release 2007, 123:1-10.
    • (2007) J. Controlled Release , vol.123 , pp. 1-10
    • Zhang, S.1    Zhao, B.2    Jiang, H.3    Wang, B.4    Ma, B.5
  • 51
    • 70349281456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chitosan-hyaluronic acid nanoparticles loaded with heparin for the treatment of asthma
    • Oyarzun-Ampuero F., Brea J., Loza M., Torres D., Alonso M. Chitosan-hyaluronic acid nanoparticles loaded with heparin for the treatment of asthma. Int. J. Pharm. 2009, 381:122-129.
    • (2009) Int. J. Pharm. , vol.381 , pp. 122-129
    • Oyarzun-Ampuero, F.1    Brea, J.2    Loza, M.3    Torres, D.4    Alonso, M.5
  • 52
    • 79251591020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formulation of chitosan-TPP-pDNA nanocapsules for gene therapy applications
    • Gaspar V., Sousa F., Queiroz J., Correia I. Formulation of chitosan-TPP-pDNA nanocapsules for gene therapy applications. Nanotechnology 2011, 22:015101.
    • (2011) Nanotechnology , vol.22 , pp. 015101
    • Gaspar, V.1    Sousa, F.2    Queiroz, J.3    Correia, I.4
  • 53
    • 84859100702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preparation, characterization, and efficient transfection of cationic liposomes and nanomagnetic cationic liposomes
    • Samadikhah H.R., Majidi A., Nikkhah M., Hosseinkhani S. Preparation, characterization, and efficient transfection of cationic liposomes and nanomagnetic cationic liposomes. Int. J. Nanomed. 2011, 6:2275.
    • (2011) Int. J. Nanomed. , vol.6 , pp. 2275
    • Samadikhah, H.R.1    Majidi, A.2    Nikkhah, M.3    Hosseinkhani, S.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.