The evolution of animal domestication

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

Volumn 45, Issue , 2014, Pages 115-136

  Larson, Greger ^a   Fuller, Dorian Q ^b  

^a DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

agriculture; archaeology; genetics; introgression; livestock; selection

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARCHAEOLOGY; BIOSPHERE; CHRONOLOGY; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; GENOME; HUMAN EVOLUTION; INTROGRESSION; PHENOTYPE; THEORETICAL STUDY;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84913532295     PISSN: 1543592X     EISSN: 15452069     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135813     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Albert FW, Carlborg Ö , Plyusnina I, Besnier F, Hedwig D, et al. 2009. Genetic architecture of tameness in a rat model of animal domestication. Genetics 182:541-54
2. Anderson TM, vonHoldt BM, Candille SI, Musiani M, Greco C, et al. 2009. Molecular and evolutionary history of melanism in North American gray wolves. Science 323:1339-43
3. Andrews RD, Pitman RL, Ballance LT. 2008. Satellite tracking reveals distinct movement patterns for type B and type C killer whales in the southern Ross Sea, Antarctica. Polar Biol. 31:1461-68
4. Anthony DW. 2009. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
5. Asplund L, Hagenblad J, LeinoMW. 2010. Re-evaluating the history of the wheat domestication gene NAMB1 using historical plant material. J. Archaeol. Sci. 37:2303-7
6. Balon EK. 1995. Origin and domestication of the wild carp, Cyprinus carpio: from Roman gourmets to the swimming flowers. Aquaculture 129:3-48
7. Björnerfeldt S, Webster MT, Vilà C. 2006. Relaxation of selective constraint on dog mitochondrial DNA following domestication. Genome Res. 16, 990-94
8. Bjørnstad G, Flagstad Ø, Hufthammer AK, Røed KH. 2012. Ancient DNA reveals a major genetic change during the transition from hunting economy to reindeer husbandry in northern Scandinavia. J. Archaeol. Sci. 39:102-8
9. Bloch G, Francoy TM, Wachtel I, Panitz-Cohen N, Fuchs S, Mazar A. 2010. Industrial apiculture in the Jordan valley during Biblical times with Anatolian honeybees. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107:11240-44
10. Boessneck J, von den Driesch A, Stenberger L. 1979. Eketorp: Befestigung und Siedlung auf Ö land/Schweden; Die Fauna. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell
11. Boivin N, Fuller DQ. 2009. Shell middens, ships and seeds: exploring coastal subsistence, maritime trade and the dispersal of domesticates in and around the ancient Arabian Peninsula. J. World Prehist. 22:113-80
12. Brothwell D. 1983. Why on Earth the guinea-pig? The problem of restricted mammal exploitation in the new world. Site Environ. Econ. 73:115-19
13. Bush GL. 1994. Sympatric speciation in animals: new wine in old bottles. Trends Ecol. Evol. 9:285-88
14. Cameron J. 2010. The archaeological textiles from Ban Don Ta Phet in broader perspective. In 50 Years of Archaeology in Southeast Asia: Essays in Honour of Ian Glover, ed. B Bellina, EA Bacus, TO Pryce, JWisseman Christie, pp. 141-52. Bangkok/London: River Books
15. Carneiro M, Afonso S, Geraldes A, Garreau H, BoletG, et al. 2011. The genetic structure of domestic rabbits. Mol. Biol. Evol. 28:1801-16
16. Chow BS. 1983. The animal remains discovered at Baiyingsite, Tongyin, Henan Province. Pap. Chin. Archaeol. 4:48-50
17. Cornille A, Gladieux P, Smulders MJ, Roldan-Ruiz I, Laurens F, et al. 2012. New insight into the history of domesticated apple: secondary contribution of the European wild apple to the genome of cultivated varieties. PLOS Genet. 8:e1002703
18. Cruz F, Vilà C, Webster MT. 2008. The legacy of domestication: accumulation of deleterious mutations in the dog genome. Mol. Biol. Evol. 25:2331-36
19. Cucchi T, Hulme-Beaman A, Yuan J, Dobney K. 2011. Early Neolithic pig domestication at Jiahu, Henan Province, China: clues from molar shape analyses using geometricmorphometric approaches. J. Archaeol. Sci. 38:11-22
20. Dalén L, Fuglei E, Hersteinsson P,Kapel CMO, Roth JD, et al. 2005. Population history and genetic structure of a circumpolar species: the arctic fox. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 84:79-89
21. Darwin C. 1868. The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication. London: John Murray
22. Deng H, Yuan J, Song G-D, Wang C-S, Masaki E. 2013. The re-examination of the domestic chicken in ancient China (in Chinese, with English summary). Archaeology (hosted by CASS) 6:83-96
23. di Lernia S. 2001. Dismantling dung: delayed use of food resources among early Holocene foragers of the Libyan Sahara. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 20:408-41
24. Diamond J. 2002. Evolution, consequences and future of plant and animal domestication. Nature 418:700-7
25. Driscoll CA,Macdonald DW, O'Brien SJ. 2009. From wild animals to domestic pets, an evolutionary view of domestication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106:9971-78
26. Duarte CM, Marbá N, Holmer M. 2007. Rapid domestication of marine species. Science 316:382-83
27. Eriksson J, Larson G, Gunnarsson U, Bed'hom B, Tixier-BoichardM, et al. 2008. Identification of the Yellow Skin gene reveals a hybrid origin of the domestic chicken. PLOS Genet. 4:e1000010
28. Ervynck A, Dobney K, Hongo H, Meadow R. 2002. Born free? New evidence for the status of pigs from Ç ayönü Tepesi, Eastern Anatolia. Paleórient 27:47-73
29. Evershed RP, Payne S, Sherratt AG, Copley MS, Coolidge J, et al. 2008. Earliest date for milk use in the Near East and southeastern Europe linked to cattle herding. Nature 455:528-31
30. Fang M, Larson G, RibeiroHS, Li N, Andersson L. 2009. Contrasting mode of evolution at a coat color locus in wild and domestic pigs. PLOS Genet. 5:e1000341
31. Feder JL, Flaxman SM, Egan S, Comeault AA, Nosil P. 2013. Geographic mode of speciation and genomic divergence. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 44:73-97
32. Flad RK, Yuan J, Li S. 2007. Zooarcheological evidence for animal domestication in northwest China. In Late Quaternary Climate Change and Human Adaptation in Arid China, ed. DB Madsen, X Gao, FH Chen, pp. 167-204. Amsterdam: Elsevier
33. Foote AD, Newton J, Piertney SB,Willerslev E, Gilbert MTP. 2009. Ecological, morphological and genetic divergence of sympatric North Atlantic killer whale populations. Mol. Ecol. 18:5207-17
34. Frantz LA, Schraiber JG, Madsen O, Megens H-J, Bosse M, et al. 2013. Genome sequencing reveals fine scale diversification and reticulation history during speciation in Sus. Genome Biol. 14:R107
35. Fritzsche P, Neumann K, Nasdal K, Gattermann R. 2006. Differences in reproductive success between laboratory and wild-derived golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) as a consequence of inbreeding. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 60:220-26
36. FullerDQ. 2006. Agricultural origins and frontiers in South Asia: aworking synthesis. J. World Prehist. 20:1-86
37. Fuller DQ. 2010. An emerging paradigm shift in the origins of agriculture. Gen. Anthropol. 17:1-12
38. Fuller DQ, Allaby RG, Stevens C. 2010a. Domestication as innovation: the entanglement of techniques, technology and chance in the domestication of cereal crops. World Archaeol. 42:13-28
39. FullerDQ, Sato YI, Castillo C, Qin L,Weisskopf AR, et al. 2010b. Consilience of genetics and archaeobotany in the entangled history of rice. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 2:115-31
40. Fuller DQ, Willcox G, Allaby RG. 2011. Cultivation and domestication had multiple origins: arguments against the core area hypothesis for the origins of agriculture in the Near East. World Archaeol. 43:628-52
41. Galton F. 1907. Inquiries Into Human Faculty. London: J.M. Dent & Sons
42. Garcea EA. 2004. An alternative way towards food production: the perspective from the Libyan Sahara. J. World Prehist. 18:107-54
43. Gautier A. 2001. The Early to Late Neolithic archaeofaunas from Nabta and BirKiseiba. In Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara: Volume 1: The Archeology of the Nabta Playa, ed. FWendorf, R Schild, pp. 609-35. New York: Kluwer/Plenum
44. Gentry A, Clutton-Brock J,Groves CP. 2004.Thenaming ofwild animal species and their domestic derivatives. J. Archaeol. Sci. 31:645-51
45. Gerbault P, Allaby RG, Boivin N, Rudzinski A, Grimaldi IM, et al. 2014. Storytelling and story testing in domestication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111:6159-64
46. Girdland Flink L, Allen R, Barnett R, Malmström H, Peters J, et al. 2014. Establishing the validity of domestication genes using DNA from ancient chickens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111:6184-89
47. Good I. 2011. Strands of connectivity: assessing the evidence for long distance exchange of silk in later Prehistoric Eurasia. In Interweaving Worlds: Systematic Interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st Millennia BC, ed. TC Wilkinson, S Sherratt, J Bennet, pp. 218-30. Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books
48. Greenfield HJ. 2010. The secondary products revolution: the past, the present and the future. World Archaeol. 42:29-54
49. Grøn O. 2011. Reindeer antler trimming in modern large-scale reindeer pastoralism and parallels in an early type of hunter-gatherer reindeer herding system: Evenk ethnoarchaeology in Siberia. Quat. Int. 238:76-82
50. Hanotte O, Bradley DG, Ochieng JW, Verjee Y, Hill EW, Rege JEO. 2002. African pastoralism: genetic imprints of origins and migrations. Science 296:336-39
51. Harlan JR. 1975. Crops and Man. Madison,WI: Am. Soc. Agron.-Crop Sci. Soc.
52. Harpur BA, Minaei S, Kent CF, Zayed A. 2012. Management increases genetic diversity of honey bees via admixture. Mol. Ecol. 21:4414-21
53. Helskog K. 2011. Reindeer corrals 4700-4200 BC: myth or reality? Quat. Int. 238:25-34
54. Hu Y, Hu S, Wang W, Wu X, Marshall FB, et al. 2014. Earliest evidence for commensal processes of cat domestication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111:116-20
55. Jordana J, Pares PM, Sanchez A. 1995. Analysis of genetic-relationships in horse breeds. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 15:320-28
56. Karlsson EK, Baranowska I, Wade CM, Hillbertz NHCS, Zody MC, et al. 2007. Efficient mapping of Mendelian traits in dogs through genome-wide association. Nat. Genet. 39:1321-28
57. KenwardHK. 1997. Synanthropic decomposer insects and the size, remoteness and longevity of archaeological occupation sites: applying concepts from biogeography to past 'islands' of human occupation. Quat. Proc. 5:135-52
58. Kraus RH, Kerstens HH, van Hooft P, Megens H-J, Elmberg J, et al. 2012. Widespread horizontal genomic exchange does not erode species barriers among sympatric ducks. BMC Evol. Biol. 12:45
59. Larson G, Burger J. 2013. A population genetic theory of animal domestication. Trends Genet. 29:197-205
60. Larson G, Dobney K, Albarella U, Fang MY, Matisoo-Smith E, et al. 2005. Worldwide phylogeography of wild boar reveals multiple centers of pig domestication. Science 307:1618-21
61. Larson G, Karlsson EK, Perri A, Webster MT, Hoe SYW, et al. 2012. Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archeology, and biogeography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109:8878-83
62. Larson G, Piperno DR, Allaby RG, Purugganan MD, Andersson L, et al. 2014. Current perspectives and the future of domestication studies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111:6139-46
63. LeDuc RG, Robertson KM, Pitman RL. 2008. Mitochondrial sequence divergence among Antarctic killer whale ecotypes is consistent with multiple species. Biol. Lett. 4:426-29
64. Leonard JA, Vilà C, Fox-Dobbs K, Koch PL,Wayne RK, Van Valkenburgh B. 2007. Megafaunal extinctions and the disappearance of a specialized wolf ecomorph. Curr. Biol. 17:1146-50
65. Lindblad-Toh K, Wade CM, Mikkelsen TS, Karlsson EK, Jaffe DB, et al. 2005. Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog. Nature 438:803-19
66. Ludwig A, Pruvost M, Reissmann M, Benecke N, Brockmann GA, et al. 2009. Coat color variation at the beginning of horse domestication. Science 324:485
67. Luff R. 2000. Ducks. In Cambridge World History of Food, ed. KF Kiple, KC Ornelas, pp. 517-24. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
68. Luikart G, Gielly L, Excoffier L, Vigne JD, Bouvet J, Taberlet P. 2001. Multiple maternal origins and weak phylogeographic structure in domestic goats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:5927-32
69. MacNeish RS. 1992. The Origins of Agriculture and Settled Life. Norman, OK: Univ. Okla. Press
70. Marom N, Bar-Oz G. 2013. The prey pathway: a regional history of cattle (Bos taurus) and pig (Sus scrofa) domestication in the Northern Jordan Valley, Israel. PLOS ONE 8:e55958
71. Marshall F, Weissbrod L. 2011. Domestication processes and morphological change: through the lens of the donkey and African pastoralism. Curr. Anthropol. 52:S397-413
72. Marshall FB, Dobney K, Denham T, Capriles JM. 2014. Evaluating the roles of directed breeding and gene flow in animal domestication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111:6153-58
73. Mason IL. 1984. Evolution of Domesticated Animals. London: Longman
74. McCorriston J. 1997. The fiber revolution: textile extensification, alienation, and social stratification in ancient Mesopotamia 1. Curr. Anthropol. 38:517-50
75. Meadow R, Patel AK. 2003. Prehistoric pastoralism in Northwestern South Asia from the Neolithic through the Harappan period. In Indus Ethnobiology. New Perspectives From the Field, ed. S Weber, W Belcher, pp. 65-94. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books
76. Mengoni Go nalons GL. 2008. Camelids in ancient Andean societies: a review of the zooarchaeological evidence. Quat. Int. 185:59-68
77. Morin PA, Archer FI, Foote AD, Vilstrup J, Allen EE, et al. 2010. Complete mitochondrial genome phylogeographic analysis of killer whales (Orcinus orca) indicates multiple species. Genome Res. 20:908-16
78. Motokawa M, Lin L-K, Lu K-H. 2004. Geographic variation in cranial features of the Polynesian rat Rattus exulans (Peale, 1848) (Mammalia: Rodentia: Muridae). Raffles Bull. Zool. 52:653-63
79. Musiani M, Leonard JA, Cluff H, Gates CC, Mariani S, et al. 2007. Differentiation of tundra/taiga and boreal coniferous forest wolves: genetics, coat colour and association with migratory caribou. Mol. Ecol. 16:4149-70
80. Myles S, Boyko AR, Owens CL, Brown PJ, Grassi F, et al. 2011. Genetic structure and domestication history of the grape. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108:3530
81. Nakajima T, Nakajima M, Mizuno T, Sun GP, He SP, Liu HZ. 2012. On the pharyngeal tooth remains of crucian and commoncarp from the NeolithicTianluoshan site, ZhejiangProvince, China, with remarks on the relationship between freshwater fishing and rice cultivation in the Neolithic Age. Int. J. Osteoarchaeol. 22:294-304
82. Nakajima T, Nakajima M, Yamazaki T. 2010. Evidence for fish cultivation during the Yayoi Period in western Japan. Int. J. Osteoarchaeol. 20:127-34
83. Nuijten E, Van Treuren R, Struik PC, Mokuwa A, Okry F, et al. 2009. Evidence for the emergence of new rice types of interspecific hybrid origin inWest African farmers' fields. PLOS ONE 4:e7335
84. Olsen KM, Wendel JF. 2013. A bountiful harvest: genomic insights into crop domestication phenotypes. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 64:47-70
85. Olsen SL. 2006. Early horse domestication on the Eurasian steppe. In Documenting Domestication: New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms, ed. MA Zeder, DG Bradley, E Emshwiller, BD Smith, pp. 245-69. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: Univ. Calif. Press
86. Ottoni C, Girdland Flink L, Evin A, Ge org C, De Cupere B, et al. 2013. Pig domestication and humanmediated dispersal in western Eurasia revealed through ancient DNA and geometric morphometrics. Mol. Biol. Evol. 30:824-32
87. Pedrosa S, UzunM, Arranz J-J, Gutiérrez-Gil B, San Primitivo F, Bay ón Y. 2005. Evidence of three maternal lineages in near eastern sheep supporting multiple domestication events. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 272:2211-17
88. Peters J, von den Driesch A. 1997. The two-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus): new light on its distribution, management and medical treatment in the past. J. Zool. 242:651-79
89. Pierpaoli M, Biro ZS, Herrmann M, Hupe K, Fernandes M, et al. 2003. Genetic distinction of wildcat (Felis silvestris) populations in Europe, and hybridization with domestic cats in Hungary. Mol. Ecol. 12:2585-98
90. Pr üfer K, Racimo F, Patterson N, Jay F, Sankararaman S, et al. 2014. The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. Nature 505, 43-49
91. Røed KH, Flagstad Ø, Nieminen M, Holand Ø, Dwyer MJ, et al. 2008. Genetic analyses reveal independent domestication origins of Eurasian reindeer. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 275:1849-55
92. Rowley-Conwy P, Layton R. 2011. Foraging and farming as niche construction: stable and unstable adaptations. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 366:849-62
93. Rubin C-J, Megens H-J, Barrio AM, Maqbool K, Sayyab S, et al. 2012. Strong signatures of selection in the domestic pig genome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109:19529-36
94. Rubin C-J, Zody M, Eriksson J, Meadows J. 2010. Whole-genome resequencing reveals loci under selection during chicken domestication. Nature 464:587-91
95. Sauer CO. 1952. Agricultural Origins and Dispersals. New York: Am. Geogr. Soc.
96. Serjeantson D. 2009. Birds (Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
97. Serpell J. 1989. Pet-keeping and animal domestication: a reappraisal. In The Walking Larder: Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism, and Predation, ed. J Clutton-Brock, pp. 10-21. London: Unwin Hyman Ltd.
98. Shapiro B, HofreiterM. 2014. A paleogenomic perspective on evolution and gene function: new insights from ancient DNA. Science 343(6169):385. doi: 10.1126/science.1236573
99. Sherratt A. 1983. The secondary exploitation of animals in the Old World. World Archaeol. 15:90-104
100. Skjenneberg S. 1984. Reindeer. See Mason 1984, pp. 128-38
101. Stiner MC, Buitenhuis H, Duru G, Kuhn SL, Mentzer SM, et al. 2014. A forager-herder trade-off, from broad-spectrum hunting to sheep management at Aşikli Hoy uk, Turkey. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111(23):8404-9
102. Stronen AV, Navid EL, QuinnMS, Paquet PC, BryanHM, Darimont CT. 2014. Population genetic structure of gray wolves (Canis lupus) in a marine archipelago suggests island-mainland differentiation consistent with dietary niche. BMC Ecol. 14:11
103. Thompson JN. 2005. The Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
104. Thornton EK, Emery KF, Steadman DW, Speller C, Matheny R, Yang D. 2012. Earliest Mexican turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in the Maya Region: implications for pre-Hispanic animal trade and the timing of turkey domestication. PLOS ONE 7:e42630
105. Trut L, Oskina I, Kharlamova A. 2009. Animal evolution during domestication: the domesticated fox as a model. Bioessays 31:349-60
106. Trut LN. 1999. Early canid domestication: the farm-fox experiment. Am. Sci. 87:160-69
107. Uauy C, Distelfeld A, Fahima T, Blechl A, Dubcovsky J. 2006. A NAC gene regulating senescence improves grain protein, zinc, and iron content in wheat. Science 314:1298-301
108. Uerpmann H, Uerpmann M. 2002. The appearance of the domestic camel in south-east Arabia. J. Oman Stud. 12:235-60
109. vanHeerwaarden J,Doebley J, Briggs WH,Glaubitz JC,Goodman MM, et al. 2011. Genetic signals of origin, spread, and introgression in a large sample of maize landraces. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108:1088
110. Verkaar ELC, Nijman IJ, Beeke M, Hanekamp E, Lenstra JA. 2004. Maternal and paternal lineages in crossbreeding bovine species. HasWisent a hybrid origin? Mol. Biol. Evol. 21:1165-70
111. Via S. 2001. Sympatric speciation in animals: The ugly duckling grows up. Trends Ecol. Evol. 16:381-90
112. Vigne J-D. 2011. The origins of animal domestication and husbandry: a major change in the history of humanity and the biosphere. C.R. Biol. 334:171-81
113. Vigne J-D, Briois F, Zazzo A, Willcox G, Cucchi T, et al. 2012. First wave of cultivators spread to Cyprus at least 10,600 y ago. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109:8445-49
114. Vigne J-D, Carrère I, Briois F, Guilaine J. 2011. The early process of mammal domestication in the Near East. Curr. Anthropol. 52:255-71
115. Vila C, Leonard JA, Gotherstrom A, Marklund S, Sandberg K, et al. 2001. Widespread origins of domestic horse lineages. Science 291:474-77
116. Vila C, Seddon J, Ellegren H. 2005. Genes of domestic mammals augmented by backcrossing with wild ancestors. Trends Genet. 21:214-18
117. Vila C, Wayne RK. 1999. Hybridization between wolves and dogs. Conserv. Biol. 13:195-98
118. Wendorf F, Schild R. 1994. Are the early Holocene cattle in the Eastern Sahara domestic or wild? Evol. Anthropol.: Issues, News, Rev. 3:118-28
119. West B, Zhou B-X. 1988. Did chickens go north?New evidence for domestication. J. Archaeol. Sci. 15:515-33
120. WillcoxG, StordeurD. 2012. Large-scale cereal processing before domestication during the tenthmillennium cal BC in northern Syria. Antiquity 86:99-114
121. Zeder MA. 2006. Archaeological approaches to documenting animal domestication. In Documenting Domestication: New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms, ed. M Zeder, DG Bradley, E Emshwiller, BD Smith, pp. 209-27. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
122. Zeder MA. 2012. The domestication of animals. J. Anthropol. Res. 68:161-90
123. Zeuner FE. 1963. A History of Domesticated Animals. London: Hutchinson of London
124. Zhang H, Paijmans JL, Chang F, Wu X, Chen G, et al. 2013. Morphological and genetic evidence for early Holocene cattle management in northeastern China. Nat. Commun. 4:2755
125. Zohary D, Tchernov E, Horwitz L. 1998. The role of unconscious selection in the domestication of sheep and goats. J. Zool. 245:129-35