An alternative way towards food production: The perspective from the Libyan Sahara

Journal of World Prehistory

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 107-154

  Garcea, Elena A A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CASSINO AND SOUTHERN LAZIO   (Italy)

Author keywords

Animal domestication; Libyan Sahara; Northern Africa; Pastoralism; Uan Tabu

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL HISTORY; FOOD PRODUCTION;

AFRICA; EASTERN HEMISPHERE; LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA; NORTH AFRICA; SAHARA; WORLD;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 20444468516     PISSN: 08927537     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10963-004-2878-6     Document Type: Review

References (188)

1. M. A. M. Abd el-Moneim 1996 Late predynastic - Early dynastic mound of Beni Amir (Eastern Delta) In L. Krzyzaniak K. Kroeper and M. Kobusiewicz (eds.) Interregional Contacts in the Late Prehistory of Northeastern Africa Archaeological Museum Poznan pp. 253-275
2. e Session. Alger, 1952 Arts et Métiers Graphiques Paris pp. 345-346
3. O. Aurenche and S. K. Kozlowski 1999 La naissance du Néolithique au Proche Orient Errance Paris
4. L. Balout 1955 Préhistoire de l'Afrique du Nord. Essai de chronologie Arts et Métiers Graphiques Paris
5. Barich, B. E. (1974). La serie stratigrafica dell'Uadi Ti-n-Torha (Acacus, Libia). Origini 8: 7-184.
6. B. E. Barich 1987 The excavations in the Tadrart Acacus, 1978-1983 British Archaeological Reports Oxford S368 Archaeology and Environment in the Libyan Sahara
7. B. E. Barich 1996 Archaeology of Farafra (Western desert, Egypt). Settlement patterns and implications for food production in the El Bahr - El Obeiyid Region In G. Pwiti and R. Soper (eds.), Aspects of African Archaeology. Papers from the 10th Congress of the PanAfrican Association for Prehistory and Related Studies University of Zimbabwe Harare 401-409
8. B. E. Barich 1998a Early to mid-Holocene occupation at Farafra (Western Desert, Egypt): A social approach In L. Krzyzaniak (ed.) Late prehistoric and protohistoric social groups in northeastern Africa, Workshop 8, XIII International Congress of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences, Forlì, 1996, Vol. 6, Tome I A.B.A.C.O. Forlì 547-552
9. B. E. Barich 1998b People, Water and Grain: The Beginnings of Domestication in the Sahara and the Nile Valley L'Erma di Bretschneider Roma
10. B. E. Barich 2002 Cultural Responses to Climatic Changes in North Africa: Beginning and Spread of Pastoralism in the Sahara In F. A. Hassan (ed.), Droughts, Food and Culture. Ecological Change and Food Security in Africa's Later Prehistory Kluwer Academic/Plenum New York 209-223
11. Barich, B. E., and Hassan, F. A. (1984-1987). The Farafra Oasis Archaeological Project. Origini 13: 117-191.
12. B. E. Barich and F. A. Hassan 2000 A stratified sequence from Wadi el-Obeiyd, Farafra: New data on subsistence and chronology of the Egyptian Western Desert In L. Krzyzaniak K. Kroeper and M. Kobusiewicz (eds.), Recent Research Into the Stone Age of Northeastern Africa Archaeological Museum Poznan 11-20
13. B. E. Barich F. A. Hassan and A. A. Stoppiello 1996 Farafra Oasis between the Sahara and the Nile In L. Krzyzaniak K. Kroeper and M. Kobusiewicz (eds.), Interregional Contacts in the Late Prehistory of Northeastern Africa Archaeological Museum Poznan 71-79
14. Bar-Yosef, O. (2002). Early Egypt and the Agricultural Dispersal. In Gebel, H. G. K., Dahl Hermansen, B., and Hoffmann Jensen, C. (eds.), Magic Practises and Ritual in the Near Eastern Neolithic, Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 8: 49-65.
15. O. Bar-Yosef and R. H. Meadow 1995 The Origins of Agriculture in the Near East In D. T. Price and A. B. Gebauer (eds.), Last Hunters, First Farmers: New Perspectives on the Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture School of American Research Press Santa Fe 39-111
16. Bar-Yosef, O., and Phillips, J. L. (1977). Prehistoric investigations in Gebel Maghara, northern Sinai. Qedem 7, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
17. Binder, D. (1991). Une économie de chasse au Néolithique ancien. La grotte Lombard à Saint-Vallier-de-Thiey (Alpes-Maritimes). Monographie du Centre de Recherches Archéologiques 5, C.N.R.S., Paris.
18. L. R. Binford 1968 Post-Pleistocene Adaptations In S. R. Binford and L. R. Binford (eds.), New Perspectives in Archaeology Aldine Chicago 313-341
19. L. R. Binford 1983 In Pursuit of the Past. Decoding the Archaeological Record Thames and Hudson London
20. D. G. Bradley and R. T. Loftus 2000 Two Eves for Taurus ? Bovine mitochondrial DNA and African cattle domestication In R. M. Blench and K. C. MacDonald (eds.), The Origins and Development of African Livestock: Archaeology, genetics, linguistics and ethnography UCL Press London 244-250
21. Bradley, D. G., Mac Hugh, D. E., Cunningham, P., and Loftus, R. T. (1996). Mitochondrial diversity and the origins of African and European cattle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA 93: 5131-5135.
22. Braidwood, R. J. (1973). The Early Village in Southwestern Asia. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 32: 34-39.
23. E. C. M. van den Brink 1993 Settlement patterns in the Northeastern Nile Delta during the fourth-second millennia In B.C. L. Krzyzaniak M. Kobusiewicz and J. Alexander (eds.), Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until the Second Millennium B.C. Archaeological Museum Poznan 279-304
24. G. Camps 1974 Les civilisations préhistoriques de l'Afrique du Nord et du Sahara Doin Paris
25. Caneva, I. (1983). Pottery using gatherers and hunters at Saggai 1 (Sudan): Preconditions for food-production. Origini 12: 7-278.
26. I. Caneva 1985 The prehistory of central Sudan: Hints for an overview In M. Liverani A. Palmieri and R. Peroni (eds.), Studi di paletnologia in onore di Salvatore M. Puglisi Università di Roma "La Sapienza," Roma 425-432
27. I. Caneva 1987 Pottery Decoration in Prehistoric Sahara and Upper Nile: A new perspective In B. E. Barich (ed.), Archaeology and Environment in the Libyan Sahara. The excavations in the Tadrart Acacus, 1978-1983 British Archaeological Reports S368 Oxford 231-254
28. I. Caneva 1988a El Geili. The History of a Middle Nile Environment. 7000 B.C.-A.D. 1500 British Archaeological Reports S424 Oxford
29. I. Caneva 1988b The History of a Middle Nile Environment: A suggested Cultural Model In I. Caneva (ed.), El Geili. The History of a Middle Nile Environment. 7000 B.C.-A.D. 1500 British Archaeological Reports S424 Oxford 359-377
30. Caneva, I. (1992). Le littoral nord-sinaitique dans la préhistoire. Cahier de Recherches de l'Institut de Papyrologie et d'Egyptologie de Lille 14: 33-38.
31. I. Caneva 1993 Pre-pastoral Middle Nile: Local developments and Saharan contacts In L. Krzyzaniak M. Kobusiewicz and J. Alexander (eds.), Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until the Second Millennium B.C. Archaeological Museum Poznan 405-411
32. I. Caneva 1996 Survey in Northwestern Sinai In L. Krzyzaniak K. Kroeper and M. Kobusiewicz (eds.), Interregional Contacts in the Late Prehistory of Northeastern Africa Archaeological Museum Poznan 303-309
33. Caneva, I. (1999). I pastori del Sudan: Simbiosi e competizione ai margini delle società urbane. La ricerca folklorica 40: 31-36.
34. I. Caneva 2001 De Çayönü à Mersin: Les premiers villageois de l'Anatolie du sud-est In J. Guilaine (ed.) Communautés villageoises du Proche-Orient à l'Atlantique: 8000-2000 avant notre ère Errance Paris 1-34
35. I. Caneva M. Frangipane and A. Palmieri 1989 Recent excavations at Maadi (Egypt) In L. Krzyzaniak and M. Kobusiewicz (eds.), Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara Archaeological Museum Poznan 287-293
36. Caneva, I., and Marks, A. E. (1990). More on the Shaqadud pottery: Evidence for Saharo-Nilotic connections during the 6th-4th millennium B.C. Archéologie du Nil Moyen 4: 11-35.
37. e Congrès Panafricain de Préhistoire et d'Etudes du Quaternaire, Addis Abeba, 1971 Ministry of Culture Addis Abeba 487-494
38. Cassoli, P. F., and Durante, S. (1974). La fauna del Ti-n-Torha (Acacus, Libia). Origini 8: 159-161.
39. L. Castelletti E. Castiglioni M. Cottini and M. Rottoli 1999 Archaeobotanical analysis of charcoal, wood and seeds In S. di Lernia (ed.), The Uan Afuda Cave: Hunter-Gatherer Societies of Central Sahara All'Insegna del Giglio Firenze 131-148
40. G. Caton-Thompson 1952 Kharga Oasis in Prehistory Athlone London
41. Caton-Thompson, G., and Gardner, E. W. (1934). The Desert Fayum, I, II, London.
42. J. Cauvin 1997 Naissance des divinités, Naissance de l'agriculture. La Révolution des symboles au Néolithique CNRS Paris
43. Chenal-Vélardé, I. (1997). Les premières traces de bœeuf domestique en Afrique du Nord: Etat de la recherche centré sur les données archéozoologiques. Archaeozoologia 9: 11-40.
44. V. G. Childe 1956 Piecing Together the Past Routledge and Paul Kegan London
45. C. S. Churcher and A. J. Mills 1999 Dakhleh Oasis Project Monograph 2 Oxbow Oxford Reports from the Survey of Dakhleh Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt, 1977-1987
46. Clark, J. D. (1971). A re-examination of the evidence for agricultural origins in the Nile Valley. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 37: 34-79.
47. J. D. Clark 1980 Human populations and cultural adaptations in the Sahara and Nile during prehistoric times In M. A. J. Williams and H. Faure (eds.), The Sahara and the Nile Balkema Rotterdam 527-582
48. Clark, J. D., Williams, M. A. J., and Smith, A. B. (1973). The geomorphology and archaeology of Adrar Bous, Central Sahara: A preliminary report. Quaternaria 17: 245-296.
49. Close, A. E. (ed.), Wendorf, F., and Schild, R. (Assemblers) (1980). Loaves and fishes. The prehistory of Wadi Kubbaniya. Southern Methodist University, Dallas.
50. A. E. Close 1984 Cattle-Keepers of the Eastern Sahara: The Neolithic of Bir Kiseiba Southern Methodist University Dallas
51. A. E. Close 1995 Few and Far Between: Early ceramics in North Africa In W. K. Barnett and J. W. Hoopes (eds.), The Emergence of Pottery: Technology and Innovation in Ancient Societies Smithsonian Institution Washington 23-37
52. A. E. Close 2001 Site E-75-8: Additional excavation of the seventh millennium site at nabta Playa In F. Wendorf and R. Schild (eds.), Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, Vol. 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa Kluwer Academic/Plenum New York 352-385
53. A. E. Close 2002 Sinai, Sahara, Sahel: The introduction of domestic caprines to Africa In T. Lanssen-Erz et al. (ed.), Tides of the Desert: Contributions to the Archaeology and Environmental History of Africa in Honour of Rudolf Kuper Heinrich-Barth-Institut Köln 459-469
54. A. E. Close and F. Wendorf 1992 The beginnings of food production in the eastern sahara In A. E. Gebauer and T. D. Price (eds.), Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory Prehistory Press Madison 63-72
55. J. Clutton-Brock 1997 Animal domestication in Africa In J. O. Vogel (ed.), Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa: Archaeology, History, Languages, Cultures, and Environments AltaMira, Walnut Creek CA 418-424
56. M. N. Cohen 1977 The Food Crisis in Prehistory. Overpopulation and the Origins of Agriculture Yale University Press New Haven
57. C. Corridi 1998 Faunal remains from Holocene archaeological sites of the Tadrart Acacus and surroundings (Libyan Sahara) In M. Cremaschi and S. di Lernia (eds.), Wadi Teshuinat. Palaeoenvironment and Prehistory in south-western Fezzan (Libyan Sahara) All'Insegna del Giglio Firenze 89-94
58. M. Cremaschi 1998a Geological evidence for late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental changes in South-western Fezzan (central Sahara, Libya) In S. di Lernia and G. Manzi (eds.), Before food production in North Africa. Questions and tools dealing with resource exploitation and population dynamics at 12,000-7000 bp. XIII U.I.S.P.P. Congress A.B.A.C.O. Forlì 53-69
59. M. Cremaschi 1998b Late Quaternary geological evidence for environmental changes in south-western Fezzan (Libyan Sahara) In M. Cremaschi and S. di Lernia (eds.), Wadi Teshuinat. Palaeoenvironment and Prehistory in south-western Fezzan (Libyan Sahara) All'Insegna del Giglio Firenze 13-48
60. M. Cremaschi and S. di Lernia 1996 Climatic changes and human adaptive strategies in the Central Sahara Massifs: The Tadrart Acacus and Messak Settafet perspective (Fezzan, Libya) In G. Pwiti and R. Soper (eds.), Aspects of African Archaeology. Papers from the 10th Congress of the PanAfrican Association for Prehistory and Related Studies University of Zimbabwe Harare 39-51
61. Cremaschi M. and di Lernia S. 1998a The geoarchaeological survey in central Acacus and surroundings (Libyan Sahara). Environment and cultures In M. Cremaschi and S. di Lernia (eds.), Wadi Teshuinat. Palaeoenvironment and Prehistory in south-western Fezzan (Libyan Sahara) All'Insegna del Giglio Firenze 243-296
62. M. Cremaschi and S. di Lernia 1998b Wadi Teshuinat. Palaeoenvironment and Prehistory in south-western Fezzan (Libyan Sahara) All'Insegna del Giglio Firenze
63. Cremaschi, M., and di Lernia, S. (1999a). Holocene climatic changes and cultural dynamics in the Libyan Sahara. African Archaeological Review 16 (4): 211-238.
64. M. Cremaschi and S. di Lernia 1999b The 1993 and 1994 excavations. Geomorphology, stratigraphic context and dates In S. di Lernia (ed.), The Uan Afuda Cave: Hunter-Gatherer Societies of Central Sahara All'Insegna del Giglio Firenze 9-26
65. Cremaschi, M., and di Lernia, S. (2001). Environment and settlements in the Mid-Holocene palaeo-oasis of Wadi Tanezzuft (Libyan Sahara). Antiquity 75: 815-825.
66. M. Cremaschi and L. Trombino 1999 A micromorphological approach to the site formation processes In S. di Lernia (ed.), The Uan Afuda Cave: Hunter-Gatherer Societies of Central Sahara All'Insegna del Giglio Firenze 27-38
67. M. Cremaschi and L. Trombino 2001 The formation processes of the stratigraphic sequence of the site and their palaeoenvironmental implications In E. A. A. Garcea (ed.), Uan Tabu in the Settlement History of the Libyan Sahara All'Insegna del Giglio Firenze 15-23
68. di Lernia S. 1996 Changing adaptive strategies: A long-term process in the Central Saharan Massifs from Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene. The Tadrart Acacus perspective (Libyan Sahara) In G. Aumassip J. D. Clark and F. Mori (eds.), The Colloquia of the XIII International Congress of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences. Vol. 15: The Prehistory of Africa A.B.A.C.O. Forlì 195-208
69. S. di Lernia 1998 Cultural control over wild animals during the early Holocene: The case of Barbary sheep in central Sahara In S. di Lernia and G. Manzi (eds.), Before food production in North Africa. Questions and tools dealing with resource exploitation and population dynamics at 12,000-7000 bp. XIII U.I.S.P.P. Congress A.B.A.C.O. Forlì 113-126
70. di Lernia, S. (1999a). Discussing pastoralism: The case of the Acacus and surroundings (Libyan Sahara). Sahara 11: 7-20.
71. S. di Lernia 1999b The Uan Afuda Cave: Hunter-Gatherer Societies of Central Sahara All'Insegna del Giglio Firenze
72. di Lernia, S. (2001). Dismantling dung: Delayed use of food resources among Early Holocene Foragers of the Libyan Sahara. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 20: 408-441.
73. di Lernia, S., and Garcea, E. A. A. (1997). Some remarks on Saharan terminology. Pre-pastoral archaeology from the Libyan Sahara and the Middle Nile Valley. Libya Antiqua (New series) 3: 11-23.
74. S. di Lernia and G. Manzi 1998 Funerary practices and anthropological features at 8000-5000 BP. Some evidence from central-southern Acacus (Libyan Sahara) In M. Cremaschi and S. di Lernia (eds.), Wadi Teshuinat. Palaeoenvironment and Prehistory in south-western Fezzan (Libyan Sahara) All'Insegna del Giglio Firenze 217-242
75. S. di Lernia and G. Manzi 2002 Sand, Stones, and Bones: The Archaeology of Death in the Wadi Tanezzouft Valley (5000-2000 BP) All'Insegna del Giglio Firenze
76. Dyson-Hudson, R., and Dyson-Hudson, N. (1980). Nomadic pastoralism. Annual Review of Anthropology 9: 15-61.
77. Eddy, F. W., and Wendorf, F. (1998). Prehistoric pastoral nomads in the Sinai. Sahara 10: 7-20.
78. F. W. Eddy and F. Wendorf 1999 An archaeological investigation of the central Sinai, Egypt University of Colorado Boulder
79. C. Ehret 1993 Nilo-Saharans and the Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic In T. Shaw P. Sinclair B. Andah and A. Okpoko (eds.), The Archaeology of Africa: Food, metals and towns Routledge London 104-125
80. Ferembach, D. (1986). Les hommes du Paléolithique supérieur autour du Bassin méditerranéen. L'Anthropologie 90 (3): 579-587.
81. Fernandez, V. (ed.) (2003). The Blue Nile project: Holocene archaeology in Central Sudan. Dossier de Complutum 14: 199-425.
82. K. V. Flannery 1969 Origins and ecological effects of early domestication in Iran and the Near East In P. J. Ucko and G. W. Dimbleby (eds.), The domestication and exploitation of plants and animals Aldine Chicago 3-15
83. Flannery, K. V. (1973). The origins of agriculture. Annual Review of Anthropology 2: 271-310.
84. Gabriel, B. (1987). Palaeoecological evidence from neolithic fireplaces in the Sahara. African Archaeological Review 5: 93-103.
85. E. A. A. Garcea 1993 Cultural Dynamics in the Saharo-Sudanese Prehistory G. E. I. Roma
86. E. A. A. Garcea 1996a The Long Sequence at Uan Tabu (Tadrart Acacus, Libya): Aterian and Holocene Deposit In G. Aumassip J. D. Clark and F. Mori (eds.), The Colloquia of the XIII International Congress of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences. Vol. 15: The Prehistory of Africa A.B.A.C.O. Forlì 183-194
87. E. A. A. Garcea 1996b Traces of Colour on Grinding Stones from the Archaeological Deposit at Uan Tabu (Tadrart Acacus, Libya) In G. Aumassip J. D. Clark and F. Mori (eds.), The Colloquia of the XIII International Congress of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences. Vol. 15: The Prehistory of Africa A.B.A.C.O. Forlì 121-127
88. E. A. A. Garcea 1998a Aterian and "Early" and "Late Acacus" from the Uan Tabu rockshelter, Tadrart Acacus (Libyan Sahara) In M. Cremaschi and S. di Lernia (eds.), Wadi Teshuinat. Palaeoenvironment and Prehistory in south-western Fezzan (Libyan Sahara) All'Insegna del Giglio Firenze 155-181
89. Garcea, E. A. A. (1998b). From Early Khartoum to the Saharan Neolithic: Ceramics in Comparison. In Actes de la VIIIe Conférence Internationale des Études Nubiennes. Vol. III: Études. Cahier de Recherche de L'Institut de Papyrologie et d'Egyptologie de Lille 17, Université Charles-de-Gaulle, Lille, pp. 91-104.
90. E. A. A. Garcea 2001 Uan Tabu in the Settlement History of the Libyan Sahara All'Insegna del Giglio Firenze
91. Garcea, E. A. A. (2003a). Animal exploitation and pottery technology during Pastoral times: The evidence from Uan Telocat, Libyan Sahara. Journal of African Archaeology 1 (1): 111-126.
92. E. A. A. Garcea 2003b Cultural convergences of northern Europe and North Africa during the Early Holocene? In L. Larsson H. Kindgren K. Knutsson D. Loeffler and A. Åkerlund (eds.), Mesolithic on the Move. Papers presented at the Sixth International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, Stockholm 2000 Oxbow Oxford 108-114
93. Garcea, E. A. A. (2004). Comparing Chaînes Opératoires: Technological, Cultural And Chronological Features of Pre-Pastoral And Pastoral Ceramic And Lithic Productions. In Livingstone Smith, A., Martineau, R., and Bosquet, D. (eds.), Pottery Manufacturing Processes: Reconstruction and Interpretation, Acts of the XIVth UISPP Congress, University of Liège, Belgium, 2-8 September 2001, Oxford, British Archaeological Reports International Series.
94. Garcea, E. A. A., and Sebastiani, R. (1995). Excavations at Uan Telocat (Libyan Sahara). Libya Antiqua (New series) 1: 49-55.
95. E. A. A. Garcea and R. Sebastiani 1998 Middle and Late Pastoral Neolithic from the Uan Telocat rockshelter, Tadrart Acacus (Libyan Sahara) In M. Cremaschi and S. di Lernia (eds.), Wadi Teshuinat. Palaeoenvironment and Prehistory in south-western Fezzan (Libyan Sahara) All'Insegna del Giglio Firenze 13-48
96. A. Gautier 1984 Archaeozoology of the Bir Kiseiba region, Eastern Sahara In A. E. Close (ed.), Cattle-Keepers of the Eastern Sahara: The Neolithic of Bir Kiseiba Southern Methodist University Dallas 49-72
97. A. Gautier 1987 Prehistoric Man and Cattle in North Africa: A Dearth of Data and a Surfeit of Models In A. E. Close (ed.), Prehistory of Arid North Africa. Essays in Honor of Fred Wendorf Southern Methodist University Dallas 163-187
98. A. Gautier 2001 The early to Late Neolithic Archeofaunas from Nabta and Bir Kiseiba In F. Wendorf and R. Schild (eds.), Associates Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, Vol. 1 Kluwer Academic/Plenum New York 609-635
99. P. Goldberg and O. Bar-Yosef 1982 Environmental and archaeological evidence for climatic change in the south Levant In J. L. Bintliff and W. Zeist (eds.), Palaeoclimates, Palaeoenvironments and Human Communities in the Eastern Mediterranean Region in Later Prehistory British Archaeological Reports S133 Oxford 399-414
100. C. Grigson 2000 Bos africanus (Brehm)? Notes on the archaeozoology of the native cattle of Africa In R. M. Blench and K. C. MacDonald (eds.), The Origins and Development of African Livestock: Archaeology, genetics, linguistics and ethnography UCL Press London 38-60
101. e millénaires cal. BC), apparenté au PPNB ancien/moyen du Levant nord. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris. Sciences de la Terre et des planètes 330: 75-82.
102. R. Haaland 1987 Socio-Economic Differentiation in the Neolithic Sudan British Archaeological Reports S350 Oxford
103. Hanotte, O., Bradley, D. G., Ochieng, J. W., Verjee, Y., Hill, E. W., and Rege, J. E. O. (2002). African pastoralism: Genetic imprints of origins and migrations. Science 296: 336-339.
104. F. A. Hassan 1984 Toward a model of agricultural developments in Predynastic Egypt In L. Krzyzaniak and M. Kobusiewicz (eds.), Origin and Early Development of Food-Producing Cultures in North-Eastern Africa Archaeological Museum Poznan 221-224
105. F. A. Hassan 1987 Desert Environment and Origins of Agriculture in Egypt In T. Hägg (ed.), Nubian Culture Past and Present. VIth International Conference on Nubian Studies. Uppsala, 1986 Almqvist & Wiksell Stockholm 17-32
106. Hassan, F. A., Barich, B. E., Mahmoud, M., and Hemdan, M. A. (2001). Holocene Playa Deposits of Farafra Oasis, Egypt, and their Palaeoclimatic and Geoarchaeological Significance. Georchaeology 16: 29-46.
107. H. Hauptmann 1999 The Urfa region In M. Özdoǧan and N. Başgelen (eds.), Neolithic in Turkey, the Cradle of Civilization. New Discoveries Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yay1nlar1 Istanbul 65-86
108. B. Hayden 1995 The Emergence of Prestige Technologies and Pottery In W. K. Barnett and J. W. Hoopes (eds.), The Emergence of Pottery: Technology and Innovation in Ancient Societies Smithsonian Institution Washington 257-265
109. D. Helmer 1992 La domestication des animaux par les hommes préhistoriques Masson Paris
110. D. O. Henry 1989 From Foraging to Agriculture: The Levant at the End of the Ice Age University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia
111. E. S. Higgs 1967 Environment and chronology: The evidence from mammalian fauna In C. B. M. McBurney (ed.), The Haua Fteah (Cyrenaica) and the Stone Age of the South-East Mediterranean Cambridge University Press Cambridge 16-44
112. M. A. Hoffman 1980 Egypt before the Pharaohs Routledge and Kegan Paul London
113. Holl, A. F. C. (1998). The dawn of African pastoralisms: An introductory note. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 17: 81-96.
114. J. W. Hoopes and W. K. Barnett 1995 The shape of early pottery studies In W. K. Barnett and J. W. Hoopes (eds.), The Emergence of Pottery: Technology and Innovation in Ancient Societies Smithsonian Institution Washington 1-7
115. Horwitz, L. K. (2003). Temporal and spatial variation in Neolithic Caprine exploitation strategies: A case study of fauna from the site of Yiftah'el (Israel). Paléorient 29: 19-58.
116. Hugot, H.-J. (1963). Recherches préhistoriques dans l'Ahaggar nord-occidental. Mémoires du Centre de Recherches Anthropologiques, Préhistoriques et Ethnographiques 1, Arts et Métiers Graphiques, Paris.
117. Kaufman, D. (1992). Hunter-gatherers of the Levantine Epipalaeolithic: The sociological origins of sedentism. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 5: 165-201.
118. R. L. Kelly 1995 The Foraging Spectrum Smithsonian Institution Washington
119. Klein, R. G., and Scott, K. (1986). Re-analysis of faunal assemblages from the Haua Fteah and other late quaternary archaeological sites in Cyrenaican Libya. Journal of Archaeological Science 13: 515-542.
120. J. K. Kozlowski and B. Ginter 1989 The Fayum Neolithic in the light of new discoveries In L. Krzyzaniak and M. Kobusiewicz (eds.), Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara Archaeological Museum Poznan 157-169
121. Köhler-Rollerfson, I. (1988). The aftermath of the Levantine Neolithic revolution in the light of ecological and ethnographic evidence. Paléorient 14: 87-93.
122. L. Krzyzaniak 1989 Recent archaeological evidence on the earliest settlement in the eastern Nile Delta In L. Krzyzaniak and M. Kobusiewicz (eds.), Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara Archaeological Museum Poznan 267-285
123. Krzyzaniak, L. (1991). Early farming in the Middle Nile Basin: Recent discoveries at Kadero (Central Sudan). Antiquity 65: 515-532.
124. L. Krzyzaniak 1992 The later prehistory of the upper (Main) Nile: Comments on the current state of the research In F. Klees and R. Kuper (eds.), New Light on the Northeast African Past Africa Praehistorica Cologne 239-248 5
125. Krzyzaniak, L. (1995). Late prehistory of the Central Sudan: A summary of the results of the last thirty years. Cahiers de Recherches de l'Institut de Papyrologie et d'Egyptologie de Lille 17: 117-122.
126. Layton, R., Foley, R., and Williams, E. (1991). The transition between hunting and gathering and the specialized husbandry of resources. Current Anthropology 32: 255-274.
127. T. Legge 1996 The beginning of caprine domestication in Southwest Asia In D. R. Harris (ed.), The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia Smithsonian Institution Washington 238-262
128. Lieberman, D. E. (1993). The rise and fall of seasonal mobility among hunter-gatherers. The case of the Southern Levant. Current Anthropology 34: 599-631.
129. A. Livingstone Smith 2001 Pottery manufacturing processes: Reconstruction and interpretation In E. A. A. Garcea (ed.), Uan Tabu in the Settlement History of the Libyan Sahara All'Insegna del Giglio Firenze 113-152
130. Loftus, R. T., Mac Hugh, D. E., Bradley, D. G., Sharp, P. M., and Cunningham, P. (1994). Evidence for two independent domestications of cattle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA 91: 2757-2761.
131. Maitre, J.-P. (1972). Notes sur deux conceptions traditionelles du Nélithique saharien. Libyca 20: 125-136.
132. Marlow M. 1998 The Oasis Paper: Proceedings of the First International Symposium of the Dakhleh Oasis Project Oxbow Oxford
133. Marshall, F., and Hildebrand, E. (2002). Cattle before crops: The beginning of food production in Africa. Journal of World Prehistory 16: 99-143.
134. M. M. A. McDonald 1992 Neolithic of Sudanese Tradition or Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic? The View from Dakhla Oasis, South Central Egypt In J. Sterner and N. David (eds.), An African Commitment: Papers in Honour of Peter Lewis Shinnie University of Calgary Press Calgary 51-70
135. M. M. A. McDonald 1996 Relations between Dakhleh Oasis and the Nile Valley in the Mid-Holocene: A discussion In L. Krzyzaniak K. Kroeper M. Kobusiewicz (eds.), Interregional Contacts in the Late Prehistory of Northeastern Africa Archaeological Museum Poznan 93-99
136. McDonald, M. M. A. (1998). Early African pastoralism: View from Dakhleh Oasis (South Central Egypt). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 17: 124-142.
137. A. M. Mercuri 1999 Palynological analysis of the Early Holocene sequence In S. di Lernia (ed.), The Uan Afuda Cave: Hunter-Gatherer Societies of Central Sahara All'Insegna del Giglio Firenze 149-181
138. A. M. Mercuri 2001 Preliminary analyses of fruits and seeds from the Early Holocene sequence In E. A. A. Garcea (ed.), Uan Tabu in the Settlement History of the Libyan Sahara All'Insegna del Giglio Firenze 189-210
139. Mercuri, A. M., and Garcea, E. A. A. (2003). Plant exploitation and landscape at Uan Tabu - Tadrart Acacus: Hunter-gatherers and plant world in the Central Sahara during the Early Holocene. Paper presented at the 4th International Workshop on African Archaeobotany, Groningen Archaeological Studies. Barkhuis Publishing and Groningen University Library, Groningen.
140. A. M. Mercuri and G. Grandi 2001 Palynological analyses of the late Pleistocene, early Holocene and middle Holocene layers In E. A. A. Garcea (ed.), Uan Tabu in the Settlement History of the Libyan Sahara All'Insegna del Giglio Firenze 161-188
141. A. M. Mercuri G. Trevisan Grandi M. Mariotti Lippi and M. Cremaschi 1998 New pollen data from the Uan Muhuggiag rockshelter (Libyan Sahara, VII-IV millennia BP) In M. Cremaschi and S. di Lernia (eds.), Wadi Teshuinat. Palaeoenvironment and Prehistory in south-western Fezzan (Libyan Sahara) All'Insegna del Giglio Firenze 107-124
142. F. Mori 1965 Tadrart Acacus. Arte Rupestre e Culture del Sahara preistorico Einaudi Torino
143. F. Mori 1998 The Great Civilizations of the Ancient Sahara L'Erma di Bretschneider Roma
144. K. Nelson 2002 Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, Vol. 2: The Pottery of Nabta Playa Kluwer Academic/Plenum New York
145. K. Neumann 1999 Early Plant Food Production in the West African Sahel: New Evidence In M. van der Veen (ed.), The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa Kluwer Academic/Plenum New York 73-80
146. K. Neumann 2005 The Romance of Farming: Plant Cultivation and Domestication in Africa In A. B. Stahl (ed.), African Archaeology: A Critical Introduction Blackwell Malden, MA 249-275
147. K. Neumann and D. Uebel 2001 The cold Early Holocene in the Acacus: Evidence from charred wood In E. A. A. Garcea (ed.), Uan Tabu in the Settlement History of the Libyan Sahara All'Insegna del Giglio Firenze 211-213
148. G. L. Peterkin H. M. Bricker and P. Mellars 1993 Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of Eurasia Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association Washington 4
149. T. D. Price and J. A. Brown 1985 Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers: The Emergence of Cultural Complexity Academic Press Orlando
150. Puglisi, S. M. (1967). Missione per ricerche preistoriche in Egitto. Origini 1: 301-312.
151. J. Reinold 1991 Néolithique soudanais: Les coutumes funéraires In W. V. Davies (ed.), Egypt and Africa. Nubia from Prehistory to Islam British Museum London 6-29
152. Reinold, J. (1997). SFDAS: Un quart de siècle de coopération archéologique. Kush 17: 197-230.
153. Reinold, J. (1998). Le Nélithique de Haute Nubie - Traditions funéraires et structures sociales. Bulletin de la Société Française d'Egyptologie 143: 19-40.
154. Roset, J.-P. (1987). Nélithisation, Nélithique et post-Nélithique au Niger nord-oriental. Bulletin de l'Association française pour l'tude du Quaternaire 4: 203-214.
155. Rowley-Conwy P. 1983 Sedentary hunters: The Ertebölle example In G. N. Bailey (ed.), Hunter-Gatherer Economy in Prehistory Cambridge University Press Cambridge 111-126
156. P. Rowley-Conwy and M. Zvelebil 1989 Saving for later: Storage by prehistoric hunter-gatherers in Europe In P. Halstead and J. M. Shea (eds.), Bad year economies: Cultural responses to risk and uncertainty Cambridge University Press Cambridge 40-56
157. K. Sadr 1991 The Development of Nomadism in Ancient Northeast Africa University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia
158. K. Schmidt 1993 Comments to the lithic industry of the Buto-Maadi culture in Lower Egypt In L. Krzyzaniak M. Kobusiewicz and J. Alexander (eds.), Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until the Second Millennium B.C. Archaeological Museum
159. A. B. Smith 1989 The Near Eastern connection: Early to Mid-Holocene relations between North Africa and the Levant In L. Krzyzaniak and M. Kobusiewicz (eds.), Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara Archaeological Museum Poznan 69-77
160. Smith, A. B. (1992a). Origins and Spread of Pastoralism in Africa. Annual Review of Anthropology 21: 125-141.
161. A. B. Smith 1992b Pastoralism in Africa: Origins and Development Ecology Hurst & Co. London
162. A. B. Smith 1996 The Near Eastern connection II: Cultural contacts with the Nile Delta and the Sahara In L. Krzyzaniak K. Kroeper and M. Kobusiewicz (eds.), Interregional Contacts in the Late Prehistory of Northeastern Africa, Archaeological Museum Poznan 29-35
163. A. B. Smith 1998 Intensification and transformation processes towards food production in Africa In S. di Lernia and G. Manzi (eds.), Before food production in North Africa. Questions and tools dealing with resource exploitation and population dynamics at 12,000-7000 bp. XIII U.I.S.P.P. Congress A.B.A.C.O. Forlì 19-33
164. P. E. L. Smith 1976 Early Food Production in Northern Africa as Seen from Southwestern Asia In J. R. Harlan J. M. J. de Wet and A. B. L. Stemler (eds.), Origins of African Plant Domestication Balkema The Hague 155-183
165. Taborin, Y. (1989). Le foyer: Document et concept. In Olive, M., and Taborin, Y. (eds.), Nature et fonction de foyers préhistoriques. Actes du Colloque International de Nemours. Mémoires du Musée de Préhistoire d'Ile de France 2, Nemours, pp. 77-80.
166. E. Tchernov 1995 Environmental and socioeconomic background to domestication in the Southern Levant In D. V. Campana (ed.), Before Farming: Hunter-Gatherers Society and Subsistence, MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology, Supplement vol. 12 University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia 39-77
167. U. Thanheiser 1996 Local crop production versus import of cereals in the Predynastic period in the Nile Delta In L. Krzyzaniak K. Kroeper and M. Kobusiewicz (eds.), Interregional Contacts in the Late Prehistory of Northeastern Africa Archaeological Museum Poznan 291-302
168. Trevisan Grandi, G., Mercuri, A. M., and Cremaschi, M. (1995). Quaternary studies in Libyan Sahara Massifs: First palynological data on Messak Sattafet mts. (VII-V millennia BP). Atti della Societàdei Naturalisti e Matematici di Modena 126: 29-39.
169. Vermeersch, P. M., Van Peer, P., Moeyersons, J., and Van Neer, W. (1994). Sodmein Cave site (Red Sead Mountains, Egypt). Sahara 6: 31-40.
170. P. M. Vermeersch P. Van Peer J. Moeyersons and W. Van Neer 1996 Neolithic occupation of the Sodmein area, Red Sea Mountains, Egypt In G. Pwiti and R. Soper (eds.), Aspects of African Archaeology. Papers from the 10th Congress of the PanAfrican Association for Prehistory and Related Studies University of Zimbabwe Harare 411-419
171. J.-D. Vigne 2000 Les débuts Nélithiques de l'élevage des ongulés au Proche Orient et en Méditerranée: Acquis récents et questions In J. Guilaine (ed.), Premiers paysans du monde. Naissance des agricultures Errance Paris 143-168
172. Vigne, J.-D., and Buitenhuis, H. (1999). Les premiers pas de la domestication animale à l'Ouest de l'Euphrate: Chypre et l'Anatolie centrale. Paléorient 25: 49-62.
173. Vigne, J.-D., and Helmer, D. (1999). Nouvelles analyses sur les débuts de l'élevage dans le Centre et l'Ouest méditerranéens. In Le Nélithique du Nord-Ouest méiterranéen. Actes du XXIV e Congrès Préhistorique de France. Carcassonne 1994, Société Préhistorique française, Paris, pp. 129-146.
174. K. Wasylikowa 1993 Plant macrofossils from the archaeological sites of Uan Muhuggiag and Ti-n-Torha, Southwestern Libya In L. Krzyzaniak M. Kobusiewicz and J. Alexander (eds.), Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until the Second Millennium B.C. Archaeological Museum Poznan 25-47
175. K. Wasylikowa and J. Dahlberg 1999 Sorghum in the economy of the early Neolithic nomadic tribes at Nabta Playa, Southern Egypt In M. van der Veen (ed.), The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa Kluwer Academic/Plenum New York 11-31
176. J. Wattez 1996 Modes de formation des structures de combustion: Approche méthodologique et implications archéologiques O. Bar-Yosef In L. L. Cavalli-Sforza R. J. March and M. Piperno (eds.), The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic. Vol. 5: The Colloquia of the XIII International Congress of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences A.B.A.C.O. Forlì 29-34
177. F. Wendorf A. E. Close and R. Schild 1989 Early domestic cattle and scientific methodology In L. Krzyzaniak and M. Kobusiewicz (eds.), Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara Archaeological Museum Poznan 61-67
178. F. Wendorf and F. A. Hassan 1980 Holocene ecology and prehistory in the Egyptian Sahara In M. A. J. Williams and H. Faure (eds.), The Sahara and the Nile Balkema Rotterdam 407-419
179. F. Wendorf and R. Schild 1976 Prehistory of the Nile Valley Academic Press New York
180. F. Wendorf and R. Schild 1980 The Prehistory of the Eastern Sahara Academic Press New York
181. F. Wendorf and R. Schild 1989 Prehistory of Wadi Kubbaniya, Vol. 2 and 3 Southern Methodist University Dallas
182. Wendorf, F., and Schild, R. (1998). Nabta Playa and Its Role in Northeastern African Prehistory. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 17: 97-123.
183. F. Wendorf and R. Schild Associates (eds.) 2001 Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, Vol. 1 Kluwer Academic/Plenum New York
184. R. J. Wenke and M. Casini 1989 The Epipaleolithic-Neolithic transition in Egypt's Fayum Depression In L. Krzyzaniak and M. Kobusiewicz (eds.), Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara Archaeological Museum Poznan 139-155
185. M. Wiseman 2004 The Oasis Paper II: The Second Dakhleh Oasis Project Research Seminar Royal Ontario Museum and University of Toronto, Oxbow Oxford
186. Zeder, M. A., and Hesse, B. (2000). The initial domestication of goats (Capra hircus) in the Zagros Mountains 10,000 Years Ago. Science 287: 2254-2257.
187. M. Zvelebil 1986 Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies of Temperate Eurasia and Their Transition to Farming Cambridge University Press Cambridge
188. Zvelebil, M. (1994). Plant use in the Mesolithic and its role in the transition to farming. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 60: 35-74.