The role of race in the Out-of-school suspensions of black students: The perspectives of students with suspensions, their parents and educators

Children and Youth Services Review

Volumn 47, Issue P3, 2014, Pages 274-282

  Gibson, Priscilla A ^a   Wilson, Robert ^a   Haight, Wendy ^a   Kayama, Misa ^a   Marshall, Jane M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Critical race theory; Disciplinary practice; Racial disproportionality; Social construction; Suspensions

Indexed keywords

EID: 84912143082     PISSN: 01907409     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.09.020     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. American Academy of Pediatrics Out-of-school suspensions and expulsions. Pediatrics 2003, 112:1206-1209.
2. Anderson E. Code of the Street: Decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city 1999, W.W. Norton, New York.
3. Berger P.L., Luckmann T. The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge 1966, Anchor Books, Garden City, NY.
4. Brown, P. L. (2013, April 3). Opening up, students transform a vicious circle. New York Times.
5. Canada G. Fist stick knife gun: A personal history of violence 1995, Beacon Press, Boston, MA.
6. Carter P., Fine M., Russell S. Discipline disparities series: Overview Retrieved from. http://www.indiana.edu/~atlantic/wpcontent/uploads/2014/04/Disparity_Overview_040414.pdf.
7. Castells M. The power of identity. The information age: Economy, Society, and Culture 2010, Vol. 2. Wiley-Blackwell, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Malden, MA. 2nd ed.
8. Corsaro W.A., Molinari L., Brown Rosier K. Zena and Carlotta: Transition narratives and early education in the United States and Italy. Human Development 2002, 45:323-348.
9. Council on Crime and Justice Minneapolis public schools institutional ethnography: Research findings Retrieved from. http://www.crimeandjustice.org/researchReports/School%20Ethnograhpy.pdf.
10. DeCuir J.T., Dixson A.D. "So when it comes out, they aren't that surprised that it is there": Using Critical Race Theory as a tool of analysis of race and racism in education. Educational Researcher 2004, June/July, 26-31.
11. DeLamater J., Hyde J.S. Essentialism vs. social constructionism in the study of human sexuality. Journal of Sex Research 1998, 35:10-18.
12. Delgado R., Stefancic J. Critical race theory: An introduction 2001, New York University Press.
13. Denby R.W., Curtis C.M. African American children and families in child welfare: Cultural adaptation of services 2013, Columbia University Press, New York.
14. DuBois W.E.B. Black reconstruction in America 1935, The Free Press, New York.
15. Dupper D.R., Theriot M.T., Craun S.W. Reducing out-of-school suspensions: Practice guidelines for school social workers. Children & Schools 2009, 31(1):6-14.
16. Fenning P.A., Pulaski S., Gomez M., Morello M., McArdle l, Morello E., et al. Call to action: A critical need for designing alternatives to suspension and expulsion. Journal of School Violence 2012, 11:105-117.
17. Finn J.D., Servoss T.J. Misbehavior, suspensions, and security measures in high school: Racial/ethnic and gender differences. Paper presented at the Closing the School Discipline Gap: Research to Practice conference, Washington, DC 2013, January.
18. Fordham S., Ogbu J.U. Black students' school success: Coping with the "burden of 'acting white.'". The Urban Review 1986, 18(3):176-206.
19. Gergen K. The social constructionist movement in modern psychology. American Psychologist 1985, 40(3):266-275.
20. Gregory A., Skiba R., Noguera P.A. The achievement gap and the discipline gap: Two sides of the same coin?. Educational Researcher 2010, 39(1):59-68.
21. Gibson P.A. Extending the Ally Model of Social Justice to Social Work Pedagogy. Journal of Teaching in Social Work 2014, 34(2):199-214.
22. Gibson P.A., Haight W. Caregivers' moral narratives of their African American children's out-of-school suspensions: Implications for effective family-school collaborations. Social Work 2013, 58(3):263-272.
23. Gibson P.A., Nelson-Christinedaughter J., Kwon H.K., Grotevant H.D. The Well-being of African American Adolescents within Formal and Informal Adoption Arrangements. Adoption Quarterly 2006, 9(1):57-78.
24. Haight L.W. African-American children at church: A sociocultural perspective 2002, Cambridge University Press, New York.
25. Haight W., Gibson P.A., Kayama M., Marshall J.M., Wilson R. An ecological-systems inquiry into racial disproportionalities in out-of-school suspensions from youth, caregiver and educator perspectives. Children and Youth Services Review 2014, 46:128-138.
26. Heitzeg N.A. Education or incarceration: Zero tolerance policies and the school to prison pipeline. Forum on Public Policy: A Journal of the Oxford Round Table 2009, 9(2):1-21.
27. Hemphill S.A., Plenty S.M., Herrenkohl T.I., Toumbourour J.W., Catalano R.F. Student and school factors associated with school suspension: A multilevel analysis of students in Victoria, Australia and Washington State, United States. Children and Youth Services Review 2013, 36:187-194.
28. Hereth J., Kaba M., Meiners E., Wallace L. Restorative justice is not enough: School based interventions in the Carceral State. Disrupting the school to prison pipeline 2012, Harvard Educational Review, Cambridge, MA. S. Bahena, N. Cooc, R. Currie-Rubin, P. Kuttner, M. NG (Eds.).
29. Horwitz A.V., Wakefield J.C. The loss of sadness: How psychiatry transformed normal sorrow into depressive disorder 2007, Oxford University Press, New York.
30. Jones J. Prejudice and racism 1997, McGraw-Hill, New York. 2nd ed.
31. Klein R. Zero-tolerance policies may make schools more unsafe, report finds Retrieved on June 5, 2014 from. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/03/school-zero-tolerance-policies_n_4538420.html.
32. Kupchik A. Homeroom security: School discipline in an age of fear 2010, New York University Press, New York.
33. Losen D.J. Discipline policies, successful schools, and racial justice 2011, National Education Policy Center, Boulder, CO, (Retrieved from http://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/discipline-policies).
34. Mahmoud E.Y., Hassan J.A. Best in class: How we closed the 5 gaps of academic achievement 2013, Papyrus Publishing, Brooklyn Park, MN.
35. Neal L.V.I., McCray A.D., Webb-Johnson G., Bridgest S.T. The effects of African American movement styles on teacher's perceptions and reactions. The Journal of Special Education 2003, 37(1):49-57.
36. Noguera P.A. The trouble with black boys: And other reflections on race, equity, and the future of public education 2008, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
37. Oakland Unified School District Oakland Unified School District restorative justice Retrieved at June 11, 2014 from. http://www.ousd.k12.ca.us/restorativejustice.
38. Pines A.M. The role of gender and culture in romantic attraction. European Psychologist 2001, 6(2):96-102.
39. Raffaele Mendez L.M., Knoff H.M. Who gets suspended from school and why: A demographic analysis of schools and disciplinary infractions in a large school district. Education and Treatment of Children 2003, 26(1):30-51.
40. Raffaele Mendez L.M., Knoff H.M., Ferron J.M. School demographic variables and out-of-school suspensions rates: A quantitative and qualitative analysis of a large, ethnically diverse school district. Psychology in the Schools 2002, 39:259-277.
41. Restorative Justice Colorado Restorative justice in schools Retrieved at June 11, 2014 from. http://www.restorativejusticecolorado.org/restorative-justice-in-schools.html.
42. Rhodes-Kline A.K. Challenging behaviors in school 1997, October, University of Maine-Maine Principals' Association Research Partnership, College of Education & Human Development, Orono, Me.
43. Rios V.M. Punished: Policing the lives of Black and Latino boys 2011, New York University Press, New York.
44. Schiff M. Dignity, disparity and desistance: Effective restorative justice strategies to plug the "school to prison pipeline". Paper presented at the Closing the Discipline Gap: Research to Practice Conference, Washington, DC 2013, January.
45. Schwandt T. The Sage dictionary of qualitative inquiry 2007, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. 3rd ed.
46. Shields C. Dialogic leadership for social justice: Overcoming pathologies of silence. Educational Administration Quarterly 2004, 40(1):109-132.
47. Skiba R.J., Michael R.S., Nardo A.C., Peterson R.L. The color of discipline: Sources of Racial and gender disproportionality in school punishment. The Urban Review 2002, 34(4):317-342.
48. Skiba R.J., Rausch M.K. School disciplinary systems: Alternative to suspensions and expulsion. Children's needs III: Development, prevention, and intervention 2006, 87-102. National Association of School Psychologists, Bethesda, MD. G.G. Bear, K.M. Minke (Eds.).
49. Skiba R.J., Rausch M.K. Zero tolerance, suspension, and expulsion: Questions of equity and effectiveness. Handbook of classroom management: research, practice, and contemporary issues 2006, 1063-1089. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, New Jersey. C.M. Evertson, C.S. Weinstein (Eds.).
50. Solomon R.P. Black resistance in high school: Forging a separatist culture 1992, State University of New York Press, Albany.
51. Tatum B.D. Talking about race, learning about racism: The application of racial identity development theory in the classroom. Harvard Educational Review 1992, 62(1):1-24.
52. Tatum B.D. Why are all the black kids sitting together in the cafeteria: And other conversations about race 2003, Basic Books, New York.
53. U.S.Department of Education No Child left Behind Act of 2001 Retrieved from. http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/index.html.
54. Wald J. Can "De-Biasing" strategies help to reduce racial disparities in school discipline? Summary of the literature Retrieved May 2014, from. http://www.indiana.edu/~atlantic/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Implicit-Bias_031214.pdf.
55. Wise T. White like me: Reflections on race from a privileged son 2011, Soft Skull Press, New York.
56. Zehr H. The little book of restorative justice 2002, Good Books, Intercourse, PA.