Diabetes and cognition

Clinics in Geriatric Medicine

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 101-115

  Mayeda, Elizabeth Rose ^a   Whitmer, Rachel A ^b   Yaffe, Kristine ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b DIVISION OF RESEARCH   (United States)

^c SAN FRANCISCO VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Aging; Cognition; Cognitive decline; Dementia; Epidemiology; Type 2 diabetes

Indexed keywords

ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; HEMOGLOBIN A1C;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BRAIN ATROPHY; BRAIN INFARCTION; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITION; DEMENTIA; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE DURATION; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INCIDENCE; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN DEGRADATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; NEUROIMAGING; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; AGE; AGED; COGNITION DISORDERS; COMPLICATION; PATHOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY;

AGE FACTORS; AGED; COGNITION DISORDERS; DEMENTIA; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; HUMANS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84912131499     PISSN: 07490690     EISSN: 18798853     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2014.08.021     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States, 2011. Available at: . Accessed January 24, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/ndfs_2011.pdf.
2. Werner C.A. The older population: 2010 2011, US Census Bureau, Washington, DC.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Crude and age-adjusted percentage of civilian, noninstitutionalized adults with diagnosed diabetes, United States, 1980-2011. Diabetes data & trends 2013. Available at: . Accessed January 13, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/prev/national/figageadult.htm.
4. Gregg E.W., Cheng Y.J., Saydah S., et al. Trends in death rates among U.S. adults with and without diabetes between 1997 and 2006: findings from the National Health Interview survey. Diabetes Care 2012, 35(6):1252-1257.
5. Heron M. Deaths: Leading Causes for 2010 2013, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD.
6. Thies W., Bleiler L., Alzheimer's Association 2013 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 2013, 9(2):208-245.
7. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 2000, American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC. 4th edition.
8. McKhann G.M., Knopman D.S., Chertkow H., et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011, 7(3):263-269.
9. Jack C.R., Knopman D.S., Jagust W.J., et al. Tracking pathophysiological processes in Alzheimer's disease: an updated hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers. Lancet Neurol 2013, 12(2):207-216.
10. Schneider J.A., Arvanitakis Z., Bang W., Bennett D.A. Mixed brain pathologies account for most dementia cases in community-dwelling older persons. Neurology 2007, 69(24):2197-2204.
11. Brayne C., Richardson K., Matthews F.E., et al. Neuropathological correlates of dementia in over-80-year-old brain donors from the population-based Cambridge City Over-75s Cohort (CC75C) study. JAlzheimers Dis 2009, 18(3):645-658.
12. Echavarri C., Burgmans S., Caballero M.C., et al. Co-occurrence of different pathologies in dementia: implications for dementia diagnosis. JAlzheimers Dis 2012, 30(4):909-917.
13. Roberts R., Knopman D.S. Classification and epidemiology of MCI. Clin Geriatr Med 2013, 29(4):753-772.
14. Campbell N.L., Unverzagt F., LaMantia M.A., et al. Risk factors for the progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia. Clin Geriatr Med 2013, 29(4):873-893.
15. Gorelick P.B., Scuteri A., Black S.E., et al. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2011, 42(9):2672-2713.
16. Weiner M.W., Aisen P.S., Jack C.R., et al. The Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative: progress report and future plans. Alzheimers Dement 2010, 6(3):202-211.e7.
17. Bennett D.A., Schneider J.A., Arvanitakis Z., et al. Neuropathology of older persons without cognitive impairment from two community-based studies. Neurology 2006, 66(12):1837-1844.
18. Tucker A.M., Stern Y. Cognitive reserve in aging. Curr Alzheimer Res 2011, 8(4):354-360.
19. Stumvoll M., Goldstein B.J., van Haeften T.W. Type 2 diabetes: principles of pathogenesis and therapy. Lancet 2005, 365(9467):1333-1346.
20. American Diabetes A Standards of medical care in diabetes-2014. Diabetes Care 2014, 37(Suppl 1):S14-S80.
21. Patton N., Aslam T., Macgillivray T., et al. Retinal vascular image analysis as a potential screening tool for cerebrovascular disease: a rationale based on homology between cerebral and retinal microvasculatures. JAnat 2005, 206(4):319-348.
22. Liew G., Wang J.J., Mitchell P., et al. Retinal vascular imaging: a new tool in microvascular disease research. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2008, 1(2):156-161.
23. Haan M., Espeland M.A., Klein B.E., et al. Cognitive function and retinal and ischemic brain changes: the Women's Health Initiative. Neurology 2012, 78(13):942-949.
24. Lesage S.R., Mosley T.H., Wong T.Y., et al. Retinal microvascular abnormalities and cognitive decline: the ARIC 14-year follow-up study. Neurology 2009, 73(11):862-868.
25. Exalto L.G., Biessels G.J., Karter A.J., et al. Severe diabetic retinal microvascular eye disease and dementia risk in type 2 diabetes. JAlzheimers Dis 2014, 42(0):S109-S117.
26. Ceriello A., Taboga C., Tonutti L., et al. Evidence for an independent and cumulative effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress generation: effects of short- and long-term simvastatin treatment. Circulation 2002, 106(10):1211-1218.
27. Nunomura A., Perry G., Aliev G., et al. Oxidative damage is the earliest event in Alzheimer disease. JNeuropathol Exp Neurol 2001, 60(8):759-767.
28. Galasko D., Montine T.J. Biomarkers of oxidative damage and inflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Biomark Med 2010, 4(1):27-36.
29. Goldin A., Beckman J.A., Schmidt A.M., et al. Advanced glycation end products sparking the development of diabetic vascular injury. Circulation 2006, 114(6):597-605.
30. Srikanth V., Maczurek A., Phan T., et al. Advanced glycation endproducts and their receptor RAGE in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2011, 32(5):763-777.
31. Yaffe K., Lindquist K., Schwartz A.V., et al. Advanced glycation end product level diabetes, and accelerated cognitive aging. Neurology 2011, 77(14):1351-1356.
32. Craft S., Cholerton B., Baker L.D. Insulin and Alzheimer's disease: untangling the web. JAlzheimers Dis 2013, 33(Suppl 1):S263-S275.
33. Craft S. The role of insulin dysregulation in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Diabetes, insulin and Alzheimer's disease 2010, 109-127. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin. S. Craft, Y. Christen (Eds.).
34. Akiyama H., Barger S., Barnum S., et al. Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2000, 21(3):383-421.
35. Yaffe K., Lindquist K., Penninx B.W., et al. Inflammatory markers and cognition in well-functioning African-American and white elders. Neurology 2003, 61(1):76-80.
36. Schmidt R., Schmidt H., Curb J.D., et al. Early inflammation and dementia: a 25-year follow-up of the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Ann Neurol 2002, 52(2):168-174.
37. Dandona P., Aljada A., Bandyopadhyay A. Inflammation: the link between insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes. Trends Immunol 2004, 25(1):4-7.
38. Cheng G., Huang C., Deng H., et al. Diabetes as a risk factor for dementia and mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Intern Med J 2012, 42(5):484-491.
39. Cheng D., Noble J., Tang M.X., et al. Type 2 diabetes and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2011, 31(6):424-430.
40. Ohara T., Doi Y., Ninomiya T., et al. Glucose tolerance status and risk of dementia in the community: the Hisayama Study. Neurology 2011, 77(12):1126-1134.
41. Kimm H., Lee P.H., Shin Y.J., et al. Mid-life and late-life vascular risk factors and dementia in Korean men and women. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2011, 52(3):e117-e122.
42. Mayeda E.R., Haan M.N., Kanaya A.K., et al. Type 2 diabetes and 10 year risk of dementia and cognitive impairment among older Mexican Americans. Diabetes Care 2013, 36(9):2600-2606.
43. Schnaider Beeri M., Goldbourt U., Silverman J.M., et al. Diabetes mellitus in midlife and the risk of dementia three decades later. Neurology 2004, 63(10):1902-1907.
44. Whitmer R.A., Sidney S., Selby J., et al. Midlife cardiovascular risk factors and risk of dementia in late life. Neurology 2005, 64(2):277-281.
45. Alonso A., Mosley T.H., Gottesman R.F., et al. Risk of dementia hospitalisation associated with cardiovascular risk factors in midlife and older age: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. JNeurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2009, 80(11):1194-1201.
46. van den Berg E., Kloppenborg R.P., Kessels R.P., et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity: a systematic comparison of their impact on cognition. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009, 1792(5):470-481.
47. Yaffe K., Falvey C., Hamilton N., et al. Diabetes, glucose control, and 9-year cognitive decline among older adults without dementia. Arch Neurol 2012, 69(9):1170-1175.
48. Knopman D.S., Mosley T.H., Catellier D.J., et al. Fourteen-year longitudinal study of vascular risk factors, APOE genotype, and cognition: the ARIC MRI Study. Alzheimers Dement 2009, 5(3):207-214.
49. Spauwen P.J., Köhler S., Verhey F.R., et al. Effects of type 2 diabetes on 12-year cognitive change: results from the Maastricht Aging Study. Diabetes Care 2013, 36(6):1554-1561.
50. Arvanitakis Z., Wilson R.S., Bienias J.L., et al. Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer disease and decline in cognitive function. Arch Neurol 2004, 61(5):661-666.
51. Gregg E.W., Yaffe K., Cauley J.A., et al. Is diabetes associated with cognitive impairment and cognitive decline among older women? Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Arch Intern Med 2000, 160(2):174-180.
52. Comijs H.C., Kriegsman D.M., Dik M.G., et al. Somatic chronic diseases and 6-year change in cognitive functioning among older persons. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009, 48(2):191-196.
53. Van den Berg E., De Craen A., Biessels G., et al. The impact of diabetes mellitus on cognitive decline in the oldest of the old: a prospective population-based study. Diabetologia 2006, 49(9):2015-2023.
54. Nooyens A.C., Baan C.A., Spijkerman A.M., et al. Type 2 diabetes and cognitive decline in middle-aged men and women: the Doetinchem Cohort Study. Diabetes Care 2010, 33(9):1964-1969.
55. Tuligenga R.H., Dugravot A., Tabák A.G., et al. Midlife type 2 diabetes and poor glycaemic control as risk factors for cognitive decline in early old age: a post-hoc analysis of the Whitehall II cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014, 2(3):228-235.
56. Debette S., Seshadri S., Beiser A., et al. Midlife vascular risk factor exposure accelerates structural brain aging and cognitive decline. Neurology 2011, 77(5):461-468.
57. Heitner J., Dickson D. Diabetics do not have increased Alzheimer-type pathology compared with age-matched control subjects. A retrospective postmortem immunocytochemical and histofluorescent study. Neurology 1997, 49(5):1306-1311.
58. Janson J., Laedtke T., Parisi J.E., et al. Increased risk of type 2 diabetes in Alzheimer disease. Diabetes 2004, 53(2):474-481.
59. Alafuzoff I., Aho L., Helisalmi S., et al. Beta-amyloid deposition in brains of subjects with diabetes. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2009, 35(1):60-68.
60. Ahtiluoto S., Polvikoski T., Peltonen M., et al. Diabetes, Alzheimer disease, and vascular dementia: a population-based neuropathologic study. Neurology 2010, 75(13):1195-1202.
61. Beeri M.S., Silverman J.M., Davis K.L., et al. Type 2 diabetes is negatively associated with Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. JGerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005, 60(4):471-475.
62. Manschot S.M., Brands A.M., van der Grond J., et al. Brain magnetic resonance imaging correlates of impaired cognition in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2006, 55(4):1106-1113.
63. Espeland M.A., Bryan R.N., Goveas J.S., et al. Influence of type 2 diabetes on brain volumes and changes in brain volumes: results from the Women's Health Initiative magnetic resonance imaging studies. Diabetes Care 2013, 36(1):90-97.
64. Moran C., Phan T.G., Chen J., et al. Brain atrophy in type 2 diabetes: regional distribution and influence on cognition. Diabetes Care 2013, 36(12):4036-4042.
65. van Harten B., de Leeuw F.E., Weinstein H.C., et al. Brain imaging in patients with diabetes a systematic review. Diabetes Care 2006, 29(11):2539-2548.
66. Falvey C.M., Rosano C., Simonsick E.M., et al. Macro-and microstructural magnetic resonance imaging indices associated with diabetes among community-dwelling older adults. Diabetes Care 2013, 36(3):677-682.
67. Saczynski J.S., Siggurdsson S., Jonsson P.V., et al. Glycemic status and brain injury in older individuals: the age gene/environment susceptibility-Reykjavik Study. Diabetes Care 2009, 32(9):1608-1613.
68. Jack C.R. Alliance for aging research AD biomarkers work group: structural MRI. Neurobiol Aging 2011, 32(Suppl 1):S48-S57.
69. Pantoni L. Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges. Lancet Neurol 2010, 9(7):689-701.
70. Thambisetty M., Jeffrey Metter E., Yang A., et al. Glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and pathological features of Alzheimer disease in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. JAMA Neurol 2013, 70(9):1167-1172.
71. Crane P.K., Walker R., Hubbard R.A., et al. Glucose levels and risk of dementia. NEngl J Med 2013, 369(6):540-548.
72. Warren R.E., Frier B.M. Hypoglycaemia and cognitive function. Diabetes Obes Metab 2005, 7(5):493-503.
73. Bree A.J., Puente E.C., Daphna-Iken D., et al. Diabetes increases brain damage caused by severe hypoglycemia. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009, 297(1):E194-E201.
74. Whitmer R.A., Karter A.J., Yaffe K., et al. Hypoglycemic episodes and risk of dementia in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2009, 301(15):1565-1572.
75. Feinkohl I., Aung P.P., Keller M., et al. Severe hypoglycemia and cognitive decline in older people with type 2 diabetes: the Edinburgh Type 2 Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 2014, 37(2):507-515.
76. Yaffe K., Falvey C.M., Hamilton N., et al. Association between hypoglycemia and dementia in a biracial cohort of older adults with diabetes mellitus. JAMA Intern Med 2013, 173(14):1300-1306.
77. Byers A.L., Yaffe K. Depression and risk of developing dementia. Nat Rev Neurol 2011, 7(6):323-331.
78. Ali S., Stone M.A., Peters J.L., et al. The prevalence of co-morbid depression in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2006, 23(11):1165-1173.
79. Katon W., Lyles C.R., Parker M.M., et al. Association of depression with increased risk of dementia in patients with type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes and Aging Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012, 69(4):410-417.
80. Katon W.J., Lin E.H., Williams L.H., et al. Comorbid depression is associated with an increased risk of dementia diagnosis in patients with diabetes: a prospective cohort study. JGen Intern Med 2010, 25(5):423-429.
81. Sullivan M.D., Katon W.J., Lovato L.C., et al. Association of depression with accelerated cognitive decline among patients with type 2 diabetes in the ACCORD-MIND trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2013, 70(10):1041-1047.
82. Exalto L.G., Biessels G.J., Karter A.J., et al. Risk score for prediction of 10 year dementia risk in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2013, 1(3):183-190.
83. Mayeda E.R., Karter A.J., Huang E.S., et al. Racial/ethnic differences in dementia risk among older type 2 diabetes patients: the Diabetes and Aging Study. Diabetes Care 2014, 37(4):1009-1015.
84. Brayne C., Gill C., Huppert F.A., et al. Vascular risks and incident dementia: results from a cohort study of the very old. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1998, 9(3):175-180.
85. Ott A., Stolk R.P., van Harskamp F., et al. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia: the Rotterdam Study. Neurology 1999, 53(9):1937-1942.
86. Peila R., Rodriguez B.L., Launer L.J. Type 2 diabetes, APOE gene, and the risk for dementia and related pathologies: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Diabetes 2002, 51(4):1256-1262.
87. MacKnight C., Rockwood K., Awalt E., et al. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia, Alzheimer's disease and vascular cognitive impairment in the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2002, 14(2):77-83.
88. Hassing L.B., Johansson B., Nilsson S.E., et al. Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for vascular dementia, but not for Alzheimer's disease: a population-based study of the oldest old. Int Psychogeriatr 2002, 14(3):239-248.
89. Akomolafe A., Beiser A., Meigs J.B., et al. Diabetes mellitus and risk of developing Alzheimer disease: results from the Framingham Study. Arch Neurol 2006, 63(11):1551-1555.
90. Irie F., Fitzpatrick A.L., Lopez O.L., et al. Enhanced risk for Alzheimer disease in persons with type 2 diabetes and APOE epsilon4: the Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study. Arch Neurol 2008, 65(1):89-93.
91. Xu W.L., von Strauss E., Qiu C.X., et al. Uncontrolled diabetes increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease: a population-based cohort study. Diabetologia 2009, 52(6):1031-1039.
92. Raffaitin C., Gin H., Empana J.P., et al. Metabolic syndrome and risk for incident Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia: the Three-City Study. Diabetes Care 2009, 32(1):169-174.