Meta-analysis on occupational exposure to pesticides - Neurobehavioral impact and dose-response relationships

Environmental Research

Volumn 136, Issue , 2015, Pages 234-245

  Meyer Baron, Monika ^a   Knapp, Guido ^b   Schäper, Michael ^a   van Thriel, Christoph ^a  

^a LEIBNIZ RESEARCH CENTRE FOR WORKING ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN FACTORS   (Germany)

^b TU DORTMUND UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Adolescent; Biomarker; Neurobehavioral toxicology; Neuropsychological test; Organophosphate; Pesticides

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; PESTICIDE;

ADOLESCENCE; BIOMARKER; DATA SET; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP; MEMORY; META-ANALYSIS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; ORGANOPHOSPHATE; PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT; PESTICIDE; TOXICOLOGY;

ATTENTION; COGNITION; EFFECT SIZE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMAN; LONG TERM EXPOSURE; MEMORY; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; REVIEW; ADOLESCENT; DOSE RESPONSE; META ANALYSIS; TOXICITY;

ADOLESCENT; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; HUMANS; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PESTICIDES;

EID: 84911373022     PISSN: 00139351     EISSN: 10960953     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.030     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Abdel Rasoul G.M., Abou Salem M.E., Mechael A.A., Hendy O.M., Rohlman D.S., Ismail A.A. Effects of occupational pesticide exposure on children applying pesticides. Neurotoxicology 2008, 29:833-838.
2. Alavanja M.C., Hoppin J.A., Kamel F. Health effects of chronic pesticide exposure: cancer and neurotoxicity. Ann. Rev. Public Health. 2004, 25:155-197.
3. Albers J.W., Berent S., Garabrant D.H., Giordani B., Schweitzer S.J., Garrison R.P., et al. The effects of occupational exposure to chlorpyrifos on the neurologic examination of central nervous system function: a prospective cohort study. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2004, 46:367-378.
4. Almehdi A.M., Bener A., Dogan M., Pasha A.A.H., Usmani M.A. Pesticide exposures, cholinesterase levels and symptoms among farmers. Environ. Epidemiol. Toxicol. 2000, 2:261-266.
5. Ames R.G., Steenland K., Jenkins B., Chrislip D., Russo J. Chronic neurologic sequelae to cholinesterase inhibition among agricultural pesticide applicators. Arch. Environ. Health. 1995, 50:440-444.
6. Amr M.M., Halim Z.S., Moussa S.S. Psychiatric disorders among Egyptian pesticide applicators and formulators. Environ. Res. 1997, 73:193-199.
7. Anger W.K., Moody L., Burg J., Brightwell W.S., Taylor B.J., Russo J.M., et al. Neurobehavioral evaluation of soil and structural fumigators using methyl bromide and sulfuryl fluoride. Neurotoxicology 1986, 7:137-156.
8. Baldi I., Filleul L., Mohammed-Brahim B., Fabrigoule C., Dartigues J.F., Schwall S., et al. Neuropsychologic effects of long-term exposure to pesticides: results from the French phytoner study. Environ. Health Perspect. 2001, 109:839-844.
9. Baldi I., Gruber A., Rondeau V., Lebailly P., Brochard P., Fabrigoule C. Neurobehavioral effects of long-term exposure to pesticides: results from the 4-year follow-up of the phytoner study. Occup. Environ. Med. 2011, 68:108-115.
10. Barr D.B., Allen R., Olsson A.O., Bravo R., Caltabiano L.M., Montesano A., et al. Concentrations of selective metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides in the United States population. Environ. Res. 2005, 99:314-326.
11. Baune B.T., Ponath G., Golledge J., Varga G., Arolt V., Rothermundt M., et al. Association between IL-8 cytokine and cognitive performance in an elderly general population - the MEMO-Study. Neurobiol. Aging 2008, 29:937-944.
12. Bayrami M., Hashemi T., Malekirad A.A., Ashayeri H., Faraji F., Abdollahi M. Electroencephalogram, cognitive state, psychological disorders, clinical symptom, and oxidative stress in horticulture farmers exposed to organophosphate pesticides. Toxicol. Ind. Health. 2012, 28:90-96.
13. Bazylewicz-Walczak B., Majczakowa W., Szymczak M. Behavioral effects of occupational exposure to organophosphorous pesticides in female greenhouse planting workers. Neurotoxicology 1999, 20:819-826.
14. Beal M.F., Ferrante R.J. Experimental therapeutics in transgenic mouse models of Huntington's disease. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2004, 5:373-384.
15. Beard J., Sladden T., Morgan G., Berry G., Brooks L., McMichael A. Health impacts of pesticide exposure in a cohort of outdoor workers. Environ. Health Perspect. 2003, 111:724-730.
16. Beste C., Baune B.T., Domschke K., Falkenstein M., Konrad C. Dissociable influences of NR2B-receptor related neural transmission on functions of distinct associative basal ganglia circuits. Neuroimage 2010, 52:309-315.
17. Bosma H., van Boxtel M.P., Ponds R.W., Houx P.J., Jolles J. Pesticide exposure and risk of mild cognitive dysfunction. Lancet 2000, 356:912-913.
18. Bradman A., Castorina R., Barr D.B., Chevrier J., Harnly M.E., Eisen E.A., et al. Determinants of organophosphorus pesticide urinary metabolite levels in young children living in an agricultural community. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8:1061-1083.
19. Calvert G.M., Mueller C.A., Fajen J.M., Chrislip D.W., Russo J., Briggle T., et al. Health effects associated with sulfuryl fluoride and methyl bromide exposure among structural fumigation workers. Am. J. Public Health 1998, 88:1774-1780.
20. Cherry N., Burstyn I., Beach J., Senthilselvan A. Mental health in Alberta grain farmers using pesticides over many years. Occup. Med. 2012, 62:400-406.
21. Chiba A.A., Bushnell P.J., Oshiro W.M., Gallagher M. Selective removal of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain alters cued target detection. Neuroreport 1999, 10:3119-3123.
22. Ciesielski S., Loomis D.P., Mims S.R., Auer A. Pesticide exposures, cholinesterase depression, and symptoms among North Carolina migrant farmworkers. Am. J. Public Health 1994, 84:446-451.
23. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences 1988, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. 2nd ed.
24. Cole D.C., Carpio F., Julian J., Leon N. Assessment of peripheral nerve function in an Ecuadorian rural population exposed to pesticides. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 1998, 55:77-91.
25. Cole D.C., Carpio F., Julian J., Leon N., Carbotte R., De Almeida H. Neurobehavioral outcomes among farm and nonfarm rural Ecuadorians. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 1997, 19:277-286.
26. Colosio C., Tiramani M., Brambilla G., Colombi A., Moretto A. Neurobehavioural effects of pesticides with special focus on organophosphorus compounds: which is the real size of the problem?. Neurotoxicology 2009, 30:1155-1161.
27. Contestabile A. The history of the cholinergic hypothesis. Behav. Brain Res. 2011, 221:334-340.
28. Coronado G.D., Holte S., Vigoren E., Griffith W.C., Barr D.B., Faustman E., et al. Organophosphate pesticide exposure and residential proximity to nearby fields: evidence for the drift pathway. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2011, 53:884-891.
29. Costa L.G. Current issues in organophosphate toxicology. Clin. Chim. Acta: Int. J. Clin. Chem. 2006, 366:1-13.
30. Daniell W., Barnhart S., Demers P., Costa L.G., Eaton D.L., Miller M., et al. Neuropsychological performance among agricultural pesticide applicators. Environ Res. 1992, 59:217-228.
31. Davidson M.C., Cutrell E.B., Marrocco R.T. Scopolamine slows the orienting of attention in primates to cued visual targets. Psychopharmacology 1999, 142:1-8.
32. Davidson M.C., Marrocco R.T. Local infusion of scopolamine into intraparietal cortex slows covert orienting in rhesus monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 2000, 83:1536-1549.
33. DerSimonian R., Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clin. Trials 1986, 7:177-188.
34. Durham W.F., Wolfe H.R., Quinby G.E. Organophosphorus insecticides and mental alertness. Arch. Environ. Health 1965, 10:55-66.
35. Eckerman D.A., Gimenes L.S., de Souza R.C., Galvao P.R., Sarcinelli P.N., Chrisman J.R. Age related effects of pesticide exposure on neurobehavioral performance of adolescent farm workers in Brazil. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 2007, 29:164-175.
36. Eyer P., Worek F., Thiermann H., Eddleston M. Paradox findings may challenge orthodox reasoning in acute organophosphate poisoning. Chemico-biol. Interact. 2010, 187:270-278.
37. Fan J., McCandliss B.D., Sommer T., Raz A., Posner M.I. Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks. J. Cognit. Neurosci. 2002, 14:340-347.
38. Fan J., Posner M. Human attentional networks. Psychiatr. Prax. 2004, 31(Suppl. 2):S210-S214.
39. Farahat T.M., Abdelrasoul G.M., Amr M.M., Shebl M.M., Farahat F.M., Anger W.K. Neurobehavioural effects among workers occupationally exposed to organophosphorous pesticides. Occup. Environ. Med. 2003, 60:279-286.
40. Fiedler N., Kipen H., Kelly-McNeil K., Fenske R. Long-term use of organophosphates and neuropsychological performance. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1997, 32:487-496.
41. Furey M.L. The prominent role of stimulus processing: cholinergic function and dysfunction in cognition. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 2011, 24:364-370.
42. Furey M.L., Pietrini P., Haxby J.V. Cholinergic enhancement and increased selectivity of perceptual processing during working memory. Science 2000, 290:2315-2319.
43. Furey M.L., Pietrini P., Haxby J.V., Drevets W.C. Selective effects of cholinergic modulation on task performance during selective attention. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008, 33:913-923.
44. Gomes J., Lloyd O., Revitt M.D., Basha M. Morbidity among farm workers in a desert country in relation to long-term exposure to pesticides. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1998, 24:213-219.
45. Guillette E.A., Meza M.M., Aquilar M.G., Soto A.D., Garcia I.E. An anthropological approach to the evaluation of preschool children exposed to pesticides in Mexico. Environ. Health Perspect. 1998, 106:347-353.
46. Hackshaw A., Kirkwood A. Interpreting and reporting clinical trials with results of borderline significance. Br. Med. J. 2011, 343:d3340.
47. Hartung J., Knapp G. On tests of the overall treatment effect in the meta-analysis with normally distributed responses. Stat. Med. 2001, 20:1771-1782.
48. Hasselmo M.E., Sarter M. Modes and models of forebrain cholinergic neuromodulation of cognition. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011, 36:52-73.
49. He F. Biological monitoring of exposure to pesticides: current issues. Toxicol. Lett. 1999, 108:277-283.
50. Hedges L., Olkin I. Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis 1985, Academic Press, Orlando.
51. Hernandez A., Gomez M.A., Pena G., Gil F., Rodrigo L., Villanueva E., et al. Effect of long-term exposure to pesticides on plasma esterases from plastic greenhouse workers. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 2004, 67:1095-1108.
52. Higgins J.P., Altman D.G., Gotzsche P.C., Juni P., Moher D., Oxman A.D., et al. The Cochrane collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. Br. Med. J. 2011, 343:d5928.
53. Higgins J.P., Thompson S.G. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat. Med. 2002, 21:1539-1558.
54. Hill A.B. The environment and disease: association or causation?. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 1965, 58:295-300.
55. Ismail A.A., Bodner T.E., Rohlman D.S. Neurobehavioral performance among agricultural workers and pesticide applicators: a meta-analytic study. Occup. Environ. Med. 2012.
56. Jamal G.A., Hansen S., Pilkington A., Buchanan D., Gillham R.A., Abdel-Azis M., et al. A clinical neurological, neurophysiological, and neuropsychological study of sheep farmers and dippers exposed to organophosphate pesticides. Occup. Environ. Med. 2002, 59:434-441.
57. Jeneson A., Squire L.R. Working memory, long-term memory, and medial temporal lobe function. Learn. Memory 2012, 19:15-25.
58. Kamel F., Engel L.S., Gladen B.C., Hoppin J.A., Alavanja M.C., Sandler D.P. Neurologic symptoms in licensed pesticide applicators in the agricultural health study. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2007, 26:243-250.
59. Kamel F., Rowland A.S., Park L.P., Anger W.K., Baird D.D., Gladen B.C., et al. Neurobehavioral performance and work experience in Florida farmworkers. Environ. Health Perspect. 2003, 111:1765-1772.
60. Keifer M.C., Firestone J. Neurotoxicity of pesticides. J. Agromed. 2007, 12:17-25.
61. Kilburn K.H. Evidence for chronic neurobehavioral impairment from chlorpyrifos and organophosphate insecticide (Dursban) used indoors. Environ. Epidemiol. Toxicol. 1999, 1:153-162.
62. Kilburn K.H. Effects of onboard insecticide use on airline flight attendants. Arch. Environ. Health 2004, 59:284-291.
63. Kimura K., Yokoyama K., Sato H., Nordin R.B., Naing L., Kimura S., et al. Effects of pesticides on the peripheral and central nervous system in tobacco farmers in Malaysia: studies on peripheral nerve conduction, brain-evoked potentials and computerized posturography. Ind. Health 2005, 43:285-294.
64. Klinkenberg I., Sambeth A., Blokland A. Acetylcholine and attention. Behav. Brain Res. 2011, 221:430-442.
65. Korsak R.J., Sato M.M. Effects of chronic organophosphate pesticide exposure on the central nervous system. Clin. Toxicol. 1977, 11:83-95.
66. Kromhout H. Should we share ideas or measurement data?. Occup. Environ. Med. 2012, 69:375-376.
67. Kukolja J., Thiel C.M., Fink G.R. Cholinergic stimulation enhances neural activity associated with encoding but reduces neural activity associated with retrieval in humans. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:8119-8128.
68. Lein P.J., Bonner M.R., Farahat F.M., Olson J.R., Rohlman D.S., Fenske R.A., et al. Experimental strategy for translational studies of organophosphorus pesticide neurotoxicity based on real-world occupational exposures to chlorpyrifos. Neurotoxicology 2012, 33:660-668.
69. Levin E.D., Timofeeva O.A., Yang L., Petro A., Ryde I.T., Wrench N., et al. Early postnatal parathion exposure in rats causes sex-selective cognitive impairment and neurotransmitter defects which emerge in aging. Behav. Brain Res. 2010, 208:319-327.
70. Levin H.S., Rodnitzky R.L., Mick D.L. Anxiety associated with exposure to organophosphate compounds. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1976, 33:225-228.
71. Litteljohn D., Nelson E., Bethune C., Hayley S. The effects of paraquat on regional brain neurotransmitter activity, hippocampal BDNF and behavioural function in female mice. Neurosci. Lett. 2011, 502:186-191.
72. Lockridge O., Schopfer L.M. Review of tyrosine and lysine as new motifs for organophosphate binding to proteins that have no active site serine. Chemico-biol. Interact. 2010, 187:344-348.
73. London L., Myers J.E., Nell V., Taylor T., Thompson M.L. An investigation into neurologic and neurobehavioral effects of long-term agrichemical use among deciduous fruit farm workers in the Western Cape, South Africa. Environ. Res. 1997, 73:132-145.
74. Loomis D. On the importance of quantification. Occup. Environ. Med. 2012.
75. Lotti M. Organophosphorus compounds. Experimental and Clinical Neurotoxicology 2000, 898-925. 2nd ed. P.S. Spencer, H.H. Schaumburg, A.C. Ludolph (Eds.).
76. Lotti M., Moretto A. Organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy. Toxicol. Rev 2005, 24:37-49.
77. Mackenzie Ross S.J., Brewin C.R., Curran H.V., Furlong C.E., Abraham-Smith K.M., Harrison V. Neuropsychological and psychiatric functioning in sheep farmers exposed to low levels of organophosphate pesticides. Neurotoxicol.Teratol. 2010, 32:452-459.
78. Mackenzie Ross S.J., Clark J., Harrison V., Abraham K. Cognitive impairment following exposure to organophosphate pesticides: a pilot study. J. Occup. Health Saf. Aust. NZ 2007, 23:133-142.
79. Maizlish N., Schenker M., Weisskopf C., Seiber J., Samuels S. A behavioral evaluation of pest control workers with short-term, low-level exposure to the organophosphate diazinon. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1987, 12:153-172.
80. Marsland A.L., Petersen K.L., Sathanoori R., Muldoon M.F., Neumann S.A., Ryan C., et al. Interleukin-6 covaries inversely with cognitive performance among middle-aged community volunteers. Psychosom. Med. 2006, 68:895-903.
81. McAfoose J., Baune B.T. Evidence for a cytokine model of cognitive function. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2009, 33:355-366.
82. Mergler D. Neurotoxic exposures and effects: gender and sex matter! Hanninen Lecture 2011. Neurotoxicology 2012, 33:644-651.
83. Meyer-Baron M., Blaszkewicz M., Henke H., Knapp G., Muttray A., Schaper M., et al. The impact of solvent mixtures on neurobehavioral performance: conclusions from epidemiological data. Neurotoxicology 2008, 29:349-360.
84. Meyer-Baron M., Schaper M., Knapp G., Lucchini R., Albini E., Bast-Pettersen R., et al. Statistical means to enhance the comparability of data within a pooled analysis of individual data in neurobehavioral toxicology. Toxicol. Lett. 2011, 206:144-151.
85. Meyer-Baron M., Schaper M., van Thriel C. Toward better research practice - Shortcomings decreasing the significance of epidemiological studies in the toxicological field. Neurotoxicology 2014.
86. Middlemore-Risher M.L., Buccafusco J.J., Terry A.V. Repeated exposures to low-level chlorpyrifos results in impairments in sustained attention and increased impulsivity in rats. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 2010, 32:415-424.
87. Moser V.C. Animal models of chronic pesticide neurotoxicity. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2007, 26:321-331.
88. Ohayo-Mitoko G.J., Kromhout H., Simwa J.M., Boleij J.S., Heederik D. Self reported symptoms and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity among Kenyan agricultural workers. Occup. Environ. Med. 2000, 57:195-200.
89. Otto D.A., Soliman S., Svensgaard D., Soffar A., Ahmed N. Neurobehavioral assessment of workers exposed to organophosphorus pesticides. Advances in Neurobehavioral Toxicology: Applications in Environmental and Occupational Health 1990, 305-322. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI. B.L. Johnson, W.K. Anger, A. Durao, C. Xintaras (Eds.).
90. Pancetti F., Olmos C., Dagnino-Subiabre A., Rozas C., Morales B. Noncholinesterase effects induced by organophosphate pesticides and their relationship to cognitive processes: implication for the action of acylpeptide hydrolase. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev. 2007, 10:623-630.
91. Peper M., Ertl M., Gerhard I. Long-term exposure to wood-preserving chemicals containing pentachlorophenol and lindane is related to neurobehavioral performance in women. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1999, 35:632-641.
92. Pickett W., King W.D., Lees R.E., Bienefeld M., Morrison H.I., Brison R.J. Suicide mortality and pesticide use among Canadian farmers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1998, 34:364-372.
93. Pilkington A., Buchanan D., Jamal G.A., Gillham R., Hansen S., Kidd M., et al. An epidemiological study of the relations between exposure to organophosphate pesticides and indices of chronic peripheral neuropathy and neuropsychological abnormalities in sheep farmers and dippers. Occup. Environ. Med. 2001, 58:702-710.
94. Posner M.I., Petersen S.E. The attention system of the human brain. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1990, 13:25-42.
95. Rachal Pugh C., Fleshner M., Watkins L.R., Maier S.F., Rudy J.W. The immune system and memory consolidation: a role for the cytokine IL-1beta. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2001, 25:29-41.
96. Rauh V., Arunajadai S., Horton M., Perera F., Hoepner L., Barr D.B., et al. Seven-year neurodevelopmental scores and prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos, a common agricultural pesticide. Environ. Health Perspect. 2011, 119:1196-1201.
97. Ray D.E., Richards P.G. The potential for toxic effects of chronic, low-dose exposure to organophosphates. Toxicol. Lett. 2001, 120:343-351.
98. Reidy T.J., Bowler R.M., Rauch S.S., Pedroza G.I. Pesticide exposure and neuropsychological impairment in migrant farm workers. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 1992, 7:85-95.
99. Richter E.D., Chuwers P., Levy Y., Gordon M., Grauer F., Marzouk J., et al. Health effects from exposure to organophosphate pesticides in workers and residents in Israel. Israel J. Med. Sci. 1992, 28:584-598.
100. Rodnitzky R.L. Occupational exposure to organophosphate pesticides: a neurobehavioral study. Arch. Environ. Health 1975, 30:98-103.
101. Rohlman D.S., Anger W.K., Lein P.J. Correlating neurobehavioral performance with biomarkers of organophosphorous pesticide exposure. Neurotoxicology 2011, 32:268-276.
102. Rohlman D.S., Arcury T.A., Quandt S.A., Lasarev M., Rothlein J., Travers R., et al. Neurobehavioral performance in preschool children from agricultural and non-agricultural communities in Oregon and North Carolina. Neurotoxicology 2005, 26:589-598.
103. Rohlman D.S., Bailey S.R., Anger W.K., McCauley L. Assessment of neurobehavioral function with computerized tests in a population of hispanic adolescents working in agriculture. Environ. Res. 2001, 85:14-24.
104. Rohlman D.S., Lasarev M., Anger W.K., Scherer J., Stupfel J., McCauley L. Neurobehavioral performance of adult and adolescent agricultural workers. Neurotoxicology 2007, 28:374-380.
105. Roldan-Tapia L., Nieto-Escamez F.A., del Aguila E.M., Laynez F., Parron T., Sanchez-Santed F. Neuropsychological sequelae from acute poisoning and long-term exposure to carbamate and organophosphate pesticides. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 2006, 28:694-703.
106. Roldan-Tapia L., Parron T., Sanchez-Santed F. Neuropsychological effects of long-term exposure to organophosphate pesticides. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 2005, 27:259-266.
107. Ross S.M., McManus I.C., Harrison V., Mason O. Neurobehavioral problems following low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides: a systematic and meta-analytic review. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2013, 43:21-44.
108. Rothlein J., Rohlman D., Lasarev M., Phillips J., Muniz J., McCauley L. Organophosphate pesticide exposure and neurobehavioral performance in agricultural and non-agricultural Hispanic workers. Environ. Health Perspect. 2006, 114:691-696.
109. Sack D., Linz D., Shukla R., Rice C., Bhattacharya A., Suskind R. Health status of pesticide applicators: postural stability assessments. J. Occup. Med.: Off. Publ. Ind. Med. Assoc. 1993, 35:1196-1202.
110. Salvi R.M., Lara D.R., Ghisolfi E.S., Portela L.V., Dias R.D., Souza D.O. Neuropsychiatric evaluation in subjects chronically exposed to organophosphate pesticides. Toxicol. Sci. 2003, 72:267-271.
111. Seamans J.K., Yang C.R. The principal features and mechanisms of dopamine modulation in the prefrontal cortex. Prog. Neurobiol. 2004, 74:1-58.
112. Smit L.A., van-Wendel-de-Joode B.N., Heederik D., Peiris-John R.J., van der Hoek W. Neurological symptoms among Sri Lankan farmers occupationally exposed to acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2003, 44:254-264.
113. Solomon C., Poole J., Palmer K.T., Peveler R., Coggon D. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in past users of sheep dip and other pesticides. Occup. Environ. Med. 2007, 64:259-266.
114. Srivastava A.K., Gupta B.N., Bihari V., Mathur N., Srivastava L.P., Pangtey B.S., et al. Clinical, biochemical and neurobehavioural studies of workers engaged in the manufacture of quinalphos. Food Chem. Toxicol.: Int. J. Publ. Br. Ind. Biol. Res. Assoc. 2000, 38:65-69.
115. Starks S.E., Gerr F., Kamel F., Lynch C.F., Alavanja M.C., Sandler D.P., et al. High pesticide exposure events and central nervous system function among pesticide applicators in the agricultural health study. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 2012, 85:505-515.
116. Starks S.E., Gerr F., Kamel F., Lynch C.F., Jones M.P., Alavanja M.C., et al. Neurobehavioral function and organophosphate insecticide use among pesticide applicators in the agricultural health study. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 2012, 34:168-176.
117. Steenland K., Dick R.B., Howell R.J., Chrislip D.W., Hines C.J., Reid T.M., et al. Neurologic function among termiticide applicators exposed to chlorpyrifos. Environ. Health Perspect. 2000, 108:293-300.
118. Stephens R., Spurgeon A., Berry H. Organophosphates: the relationship between chronic and acute exposure effects. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 1996, 18:449-453.
119. Stephens R., Spurgeon A., Calvert I.A., Beach J., Levy L.S., Berry H., et al. Neuropsychological effects of long-term exposure to organophosphates in sheep dip. Lancet 1995, 345:1135-1139.
120. Stephens R., Sreenivasan B. Neuropsychological effects of long-term low-level organophosphate exposure in orchard sprayers in England. Arch. Environ. Health 2004, 59:566-574.
121. Sterne J.A., Sutton A.J., Ioannidis J.P., Terrin N., Jones D.R., Lau J., et al. Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. Br. Med. J. 2011, 343:d4002.
122. Stokes L., Stark A., Marshall E., Narang A. Neurotoxicity among pesticide applicators exposed to organophosphates. Occup. Environ. Med. 1995, 52:648-653.
123. Stormer V.S., Passow S., Biesenack J., Li S.C. Dopaminergic and cholinergic modulations of visual-spatial attention and working memory: insights from molecular genetic research and implications for adult cognitive development. Dev. Psychol. 2012, 48:875-889.
124. Terry A.V. Functional consequences of repeated organophosphate exposure: potential non-cholinergic mechanisms. Pharmacol. Ther. 2012, 134:355-365.
125. Terry A.V., Beck W.D., Warner S., Vandenhuerk L., Callahan P.M. Chronic impairments in spatial learning and memory in rats previously exposed to chlorpyrfos or diisopropylfluorophosphate. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 2012, 34:1-8.
126. Terry A.V., Buccafusco J.J., Gearhart D.A., Beck W.D., Middlemore-Risher M.L., Truan J.N., et al. Repeated, intermittent exposures to diisopropylfluorophosphate in rats: protracted effects on cholinergic markers, nerve growth factor-related proteins, and cognitive function. Neuroscience 2011, 176:237-253.
127. Terry A.V., Gearhart D.A., Beck W.D., Truan J.N., Middlemore M.L., Williamson L.N., et al. Chronic, intermittent exposure to chlorpyrifos in rats: protracted effects on axonal transport, neurotrophin receptors, cholinergic markers, and information processing. The. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2007, 322:1117-1128.
128. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Pest Management Practices. 2006. Wiebe K, Gollehon N, editors. (accessed 17.02.14). http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/arei/eib16/Chapter4/4.3/.
129. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Pesticide Industry Sales and Usage. 2012. (accessed 12 June 2013). http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/pestsales/index.htm.
130. van Wendel de Joode B., Wesseling C., Kromhout H., Monge P., Garcia M., Mergler D. Chronic nervous-system effects of long-term occupational exposure to DDT. Lancet 2001, 357:1014-1016.
131. Zhu B., Dong Y., Xu Z., Gompf H.S., Ward S.A., Xue Z., et al. Sleep disturbance induces neuroinflammation and impairment of learning and memory. Neurobiol. Dis. 2012, 48:348-355.