Health effects of chronic pesticide exposure: Cancer and neurotoxicity

Annual Review of Public Health

Volumn 25, Issue , 2004, Pages 155-197

  Alavanja, Michael C R ^a   Hoppin, Jane A ^b   Kamel, Freya ^b  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

Adult health; Chronic disease; Epidemiology; Exposure assessment; Pesticides

Indexed keywords

CARBON TETRACHLORIDE; FUNGICIDE; HERBICIDE; INSECTICIDE; METHYL BROMIDE; PESTICIDE;

AFFECT; AGRICULTURE; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS; BRAIN CANCER; BREAST CANCER; CANCER; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENESIS; ENDOMETRIUM CANCER; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HODGKIN DISEASE; HUMAN; KIDNEY CANCER; LEUKEMIA; LIVER CANCER; LUNG CANCER; MOOD DISORDER; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; OVARY CANCER; PANCREAS CANCER; PARKINSON DISEASE; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; PUBLIC HEALTH; QUESTIONNAIRE; RECTUM CANCER; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SAMPLING; SENSORY DYSFUNCTION; SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA; STOMACH CANCER; TESTIS CANCER;

ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PESTICIDES; RISK;

EID: 2142657531     PISSN: 01637525     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.25.101802.123020     Document Type: Review

References (316)

1. Acquavella J, Olsen G, Cole P, Ireland B, Kaneene J, et al. 1998. Cancer among farmers: a meta-analysis. Ann. Epidemiol. 8:64-74
2. Alavanja MCR, Blair A, Masters MN. 1990. Cancer mortality in the U.S. flour industry. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 82:840-48
3. Alavanja MCR, Blair A, Merkle S, Teske J, Eaton B, Reed B. 1989. Mortality among forest and soil conservationist. Arch. Environ. Health 44:94-101
4. Alavanja MCR, Samanic C, Dosemeci M, Lubin J, Tarone R, et al. 2003. Use of agricultural pesticides and prostate cancer risk in the Agricultural Health Study Cohort. Am. J. Epidemiol. 157:1-13
5. Alavanja MCR, Sandler DP, Dosemeci M, Blair A. 1998. Factors associated with self-reported, pesticide-related visits to health care providers in the agricultural health study. Environ. Health Perspect. 106:415-20
6. Alavanja MCR, Sandler DP, Knott C, Lubin JH, Tarone R, et al. 2004. Cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health. In press
7. Alavanja MCR, Sandler DP, McDonnell CJ, Mage DT, Kross BC, et al. 1999. Characteristics of persons who self-reported a high pesticide exposure event in the Agricultural Health Study. Environ. Res. 80:180-86
8. Alavanja MCR, Sprince NL, Oliver E, Whitten P, Lynch C, et al. 2001. Nested case-control analysis of high pesticide exposure events from the Agricultural Health Study. Am. J. Ind. Med. 39:557-63
9. Alguacil J, Kauppinen T, Kogevinas M, Benavides FG, Obiols J, et al. 2000. Risk of pancreatic cancer and occupational exposures in Spain. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 44:391-403
10. Ames R, Steenland K, Jenkins B, Chrislip D, Russo J. 1995. Chronic neurologic sequelae to cholinesterase inhibition among agricultural pesticide applicators. Arch. Environ. Health 50:440-44
11. Amosteng-Adjepong Y, Satiakumar N, Detzell E, Cole P. 1995. Mortality among workers at a pesticide manufacturing plant. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 37:471-78
12. Anger W, Moody L, Burg J, Brightwell WS, Taylor BJ, et al. 1986. Neurobehavioral evaluation of soil and structural fumigators using methyl bromide and sulfuryl fluoride. Neurotoxicology 7:137-56
13. Anger WK, Liang YX, Nell V, Kang SK, Cole D, et al. 2000. Lessons learned-15 years of the WHO-NCTB: a review. Neurotoxicology 21:837-46
14. Armijo R, Orellana M, Medina E. 1981. Epidemiology of gastric cancer in Chile: I. Case-control study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 10:53-56
15. Baldi I, Filleul L, Mohammed-Brahim B, Fabrigoule C, Dartigues J, et al. 2001. Neuropsychologic effects of long-term exposure to pesticides: results from the French Phytoner study. Environ. Health Perspect. 109:839-44
16. Baldi I, Lebailly P, Mohammed-Brahim B, Letenneur L, Dartigues JF, Brochard P. 2003. Neurodegenerative diseases and exposure to pesticides in the elderly. Am. J. Epidemiol. 157:409-14
17. Barbosa ER, Leiros da Costa MD, Bacheschi LA, Scaff M, Leite CC. 2001. Parkinsonism after glycine-derivate exposure. Mov. Disord. 16:565-68
18. Barthel E. 1981. Increased risk of lung cancer in pesticide-exposed male agricultural workers. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 8:745-48
19. Bazylewicz-Walczak B, Majczakowa W, Szymczak M. 1999. Behavioral effects of occupational exposure to organophosphorous pesticides in female greenhouse planting workers. Neurotoxicology 20:819-26
20. Beard J, Sladden T, Morgan G, Berry G, Brooks L, McMichael A. 2003. Health impacts of pesticide exposure in a cohort of outdoor workers. Environ. Health Perspect. 111:724-30
21. Becher H, Flesh-Janys D, Kauppinen T, Kogevinas M, Steindorf K, et al. 1996. Cancer mortality in German male workers exposed to phenoxy herbicides and dioxins. Cancer Causes Control 7:312-21
22. Behari M, Srivastava AK, Das RR, Pandey RM. 2001. Risk factors of Parkinson's disease in Indian patients. J. Neurol. Sci. 190:49-55
23. Bell EM, Hertz-Picciotto I, Beaumont JJ. 2001. A case-control study of pesticides and fetal death due to congenital anomalies. Epidemiology 12:148-56
24. Bell EM, Hertz-Picciotto I, Beaumont JJ. 2001. Case-cohort analysis of agricultural pesticide applications near maternal residence and selected causes of fetal death. Am. J. Epidemiol. 154:702-10
25. Betarbet R, Sherer TB, MacKenzie G, Garcia-Osuna M, Panov AV, Greenamyre JT. 2000. Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of Parkinson's disease. Nat. Neurosci. 3:1301-6
26. Bhatt MH, Elias MA, Mankodi AK. 1999. Acute and reversible parkinsonism due to organophosphate pesticide intoxication: five cases. Neurology 52:1467-71
27. Blair A, Axelson O, Franklin C. 1990. Carcinogenic effects of pesticides. In The Effects of Pesticides on Human Health, ed. SR Baker, SF Wilkinson, pp. 201-6. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Sci.; Adv. Mod. Environ. Toxicol. XVIII:201-60
28. Blair A, Grauman DJ, Lubin JH, Fraumeni JF. 1983. Lung cancer and other causes of death among licensed pesticide applicators. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 71:31-37
29. Blair A, Hayes R. 1982. Cancer risks associated with agriculture: epidemiologic evidence. Basic Life Sci. 21:93-111
30. Blair A, Malker H, Cantor KP, Burmeister L, Wiklund K. 1985. Cancer among farmers. Rev. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 11:397-407
31. Blair A, Alavanja MCR, Dosemeci M, Tarone RE. 2002. Reliability of reporting on lifestyle and agricultural factors by a sample of participants in the Agricultural Health Study from Iowa. Epidemiology 13:94-99
32. Blair A, Zahm SH. 1991. Cancer among farmers. Occup. Med. 3:335-54
33. Blair A, Zahm SH. 1993. Patterns of pesticide use among farmers: implications for epidemiologic research. Epidemiology 4:55-62
34. Blair A, Zahm SH. 1995. Agricultural exposures and cancer. Environ. Health Perspect. 103:205-8
35. Blair A, Zahm SH, Pearce NE, Heineman EF, Fraumeni JF. 1992. Clues to cancer etiology from studies of farmers. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 18:209-15
36. Bohnen NI, Kurland LT. 1995. Brain tumor and exposure to pesticides in humans: a review of the epidemiologic data. J. Neurol. Sci. 132:110-21
37. Bond GG, Wetterstroem NH, Roush EA, McLaren EA, Lipps TE, Cook RR. 1988. Cause-specific mortality among employees engaged in the manufacturing of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and related salts. Br. J. Indus. Med. 45:98-105
38. Boros LG, Torday S, Lin S, Bassilian M, Cascante M, Lee WN. 2000. Transforming growth factor β2 promotes glucose carbon incorporation into nucleic acid ribose through the nonoxidative pentose cycle in lung epithelial carcinoma cells. Cancer. Res. 60:1183-85
39. Boros LG, Williams RD. 2001. Isofenphos induced metabolic changes in K562 myeloid blast cells. Leuk. Res. 25:883-90
40. Bosma H, van Boxtel MP, Ponds RW, Houx PJ, Jolles J. 2000. Pesticide exposure and risk of mild cognitive dysfunction. Lancet 356:912-13
41. Brownson RC, Reif JS, Chang J, Davis JR. 1990. An analysis of occupational risk for brain cancer. Am. J. Public Health 80:169-72
42. Brownson RC, Reif JS, Chang JC, Davis JR. 1989. Cancer risks among Missouri farmers. Cancer 64:2381-86
43. Buchanan D, Pilkington A, Sewell C, Tannahill SN, Kidd MW, et al. 2001. Estimation of cumulative exposure to organophosphate sheep dips in a study of chronic neurological health effects among United Kingdom sheep dippers. Occup. Environ. Med. 58:694-701
44. Burmeister LF. 1990. Cancer in Iowa farmers: recent results. Am. J. Ind. Med. 18:295-301
45. Burmeister LF, Everett GD, Van Lier SF, Isacson P. 1983. Selected cancer mortality and farm practices in Iowa. Am. J. Epidemiol. 118:72-77
46. Burns CJ, Beard KK, Cartmill JB. 2001. Mortality in chemical workers potentially exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) 1945-94: an update. Occup. Environ. Med. 58:24-30
47. Butterfield PG, Lindeman CA, Valanis BG, Spencer PS. 1995. Design of a questionnaire: occupational and environmental risks for Parkinson's disease. Aaohn J. 43:197-202
48. Butterfield PG, Valanis BG, Spencer PS, Lindeman CA, Nutt JG. 1993. Environmental antecedents of young-onset Parkinson's disease. Neurology 43:1150-58
49. Buxton JA, Gallagher RP, Le ND, Band PR, Bert JL. 1999. Occupational risk factors for prostate cancer mortality in British Columbia, Canada. Am. J. Ind. Med. 35:82-86
50. Caldwell J, Baumgartener L, Carter C. 1976. Sero-epidemiology testing in man for evidence of antibodies to feline leukemia and bovine leukemia virus. Bibl. Haematol. 43:238-41
51. Calle EE, Frumkin H, Henley SJ, Savitz DA, Thun MJ. 2002. Organochlorines and breast cancer. CA Cancer J. Clin. 52:301-9
52. Calvert GM, Mueller CA, Fajen JM, Chrislip DW, Russo J, et al. 1998. Health effects associated with sulfuryl fluoride and methyl bromide exposure among structural fumigation workers. Am. J. Public Health 88:1774-80
53. Cantor KP, Blair A, Everett G, Gibson R, Burmeister LF, et al. 1992. Pesticides and other agricultural risk factors for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among men in Iowa and Minnesota. Cancer Res. 52:2447-55
54. Cantor KP, Silberman W. 1999. Mortality among aerial applicators and flight instructors: follow-up from 1965-1988. Am. J. Ind. Med. 36:239-47
55. Cantor KP, Strickland P, Brock JW, Bush D, Helzsouer K, et al. 2003. Risk of non-Hodkin's lymphoma and pre-diagnostic serum Organochlorines: beta-hexachlorocyclohexane, chlordane/heptachlor-related compounds, dieldrin, and hexachlorobenzene. Environ. Health Perspect. 111:179-81
56. Castorina R, Bradman A, Mckone TE, Barr DB, Harnly ME, Eskenazi B. 2003. Cumulative organophosphate pesticide exposure and risk assessment among pregnant women living in an agricultural community: a case study from the CHAMCOS cohort. Environ. Health Perspect. 111:1640-48
57. Cavel J, Hemon D, Mandereau L, Delemotte B, Severin F, Flandrin G. 1996. Farming, pesticide use and hairy-cell leukemia. Scad. J. Work Environ. Health 22:285-93
58. Cerhan JR, Cantor KP, Williamson K, Lynch CF, Torner JC, Burmeister LF. 1998. Cancer mortality among Iowa farmers: recent results, time trends, and lifestyle factors. Cancer Causes Control 9:311-19
59. Chancellor AM, Slattery JM, Fraser H, Warlow CP. 1993. Risk factors for motor neuron disease - a case-control study based on patients from the Scottish motor neuron disease register. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 56:1200-6
60. Ciesielski S, Loomis DP, Mims SR, Auer A. 1994. Pesticide exposures, cholinesterase depression, and symptoms among North Carolina migrant farmworkers. Am. J. Public Health 84:446-51
61. Clary T, Ritz B. 2003. Pancreatic cancer mortality and organochlorine pesticide exposure in California, 1989-1996. Am. J. Ind. Med. 43:306-13
62. Cocco P, Benichou J. 1998. Mortality from cancer of the male reproductive tract and environmental exposure to the antiandrogen p,p′- dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene in the United States. Oncology 55:334-39
63. Cocco P, Kazerouni N, Zahm SH. 2000. Cancer mortality and environmental exposure to DDE in the United States. Environ. Health Perspect. 108:1-4
64. Coggon D, Pannett B, Winter PD. 1991. Mortality and incidence of cancer at four factories making phenoxy herbicides. Br. J. Ind. Med. 48:173-78
65. Coggon D, Pannett B, Winter PD, Acheson ED, Bonsall J. 1986. Mortality of workers exposed to 2 methyl-4 chlorophenoxyacetic acid. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health. 12:448-54
66. Colby-Grahm MF, Chordas C. 2003. The childhood leukemias. J. Pediatr. Nurs. 18:87-95
67. Cole DC, Carpio F, Julian J, Leon N. 1998. Assessment of peripheral nerve function in an Ecuadorian rural population exposed to pesticides. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 55:77-91
68. Cole DC, Carpio F, Julian J, Leon N, Carbotte R, De Almeida H. 1997. Neurobehavioral outcomes among farm and nonfarm rural Ecuadorians. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 19:277-86
69. Coleman S, Linderman R, Hodgson E, Rose RL. 2000. Comparative metabolism of chloroacetamide herbicides and selected metabolities in human and rat liver microsomes. Environ. Health Perspect. 108:1151-57
70. Collab. Group Horm. Factors Breast Cancer. 1997. Breast cancer and hormone replacement-therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiologic studies of 52,705 women with breast cancers and 108,411 women without breast cancer. Lancet 350:1047-59
71. Corrigan FM, Wienburg CL, Shore RF, Daniel SE, Mann D. 2000. Organochlorine insecticides in substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 59:229-34
72. Costa LG, Richter RJ, Li WF, Cole T, Guizetti M, Furlong CE. 2003. Paraoxonase (PON1) as a biomarker of susceptibility for organophosphate toxicity. Biomarkers 8:1-12
73. Curwin B, Sanderson W, Reynolds S, Hein M, Alavanja MCR. 2002. Pesticide use and practices in an Iowa farm family pesticide exposure study. J. Agric. Saf. Health 8:423-33
74. Cuzik J, De Stavola B. 1988. Multiple myeloma-a case-control study. Br. J. Cancer 57:16-20
75. Dai D, Tang J, Rose R, Hodgson E, Bienstock RJ, et al. 2001. Identification of variants of CYP3A4 and characterization of their ability to metabolize testosterone and chlorpyrifos. Pharmacology 299:825-31
76. Daniell W, Barnhart S, Demers P, Costa LG, Eaton DL, Miller M, et al. 1992. Neuropsychological performance among agricultural pesticide applicators. Environ. Res. 59:217-28
77. Daniels JL, Olshan AF, Teschke K, Hertz-Piccotto I, Savitz DA, et al. 2001. Residential pesticide exposure and neuroblastoma. Epidemiology 12:20-27
78. Davis K, Yesavage J, Berger P. 1978. Single case study. Possible organophosphate induced parkinsonism. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 166:222-25
79. Deapen D, Henderson BE. 1986. A case-control study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 123:790-99
80. Dewailly E, Dodin S, Verreault R, Ayotte P, Sauve L, et al. 1994. High organchlorine body burden in women with estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Ins. 86:272-74
81. Dich J, Wiklund K. 1998. Prostate cancer in pesticide applicators in Swedish agricultural. Prostate 34:100-12
82. Dich J, Zahm SH, Hanberg A, Adami HO. 1997. Pesticides and cancer. Cancer Causes Control 8:420-43
83. Donham KJ, Berg JW, Sawin RS 1980. Epidemiologic relationship of the bovine population and human leukemia in Iowa. Am. J. Epidemiol. 112:80-92
84. Donna A, Betta PG, Gagliardi F. 1981. Preliminary experimental contribution to the study of possible carcinogenic activity of two herbicides containing atrazine, simazine and trifluralin as active principles. Pathologica 73:707-21
85. Donna A, Betta P, Robutti F. 1984. Ovarian mesothelial tumors and herbicides; a case-control study. Carcinogenesis 5:941-42
86. Donna A, Betta PG, Robutti F. 1986. Carcinogenicity testing of atrazine: preliminary report on a 13 month study of albino mice treated intraperitoneal administration. Med. Lav. 8:119-21
87. Donna A, Cosignani P, Robutti F. 1989. Triazine herbicides and ovarian epithelial neoplasms. Scad. J. Work Environ. Health 15:47-53
88. Dosemeci M, Alavanja MCR, Rowland AS, Mage D, Zahm SH, et al. 2002. A quantitative approach for estimating exposure to pesticides in the Agricultural Health Study. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 46:245-60
89. Dosemeci M, Hoover RN, Blair A, Figgs LW, Devesa S, et al. 1994. Farming amd prostate cancer among African-Americans in the Southeastern United States. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 86:1718-19
90. Dubrow R, Paulson J, Indian RW. 1988. Farming and malignant lymphoma in Hancock County, Ohio. Br. J. Ind. Med. 45:25-28
91. Duell EJ, Millikan RC, Savitz DA, Schell MJ, Newman B, et al. 2001. Reproducibility of reported farming activities and pesticide use among breast cancer cases and controls. A comparison of two modes of data collection. Ann. Epidemiol. 11:178-85
92. Ekbom A, Wicklund-Glynn A, Adami HO. 1996. DDT and testicular cancer. Nature 347:553-54
93. Ekstrom G, Akerblom M. 1990. Pesticide management in food and water safety: international contributions and national approaches. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 114:23-55
94. Engel LS, Keifer MC, Checkoway H, Robinson LR, Vaughan TL. 1998. Neurophysiological function in farm workers exposed to organophosphate pesticides. Arch. Environ. Health 53:7-14
95. Engel LS, Keifer MC, Zahm SH. 2001. Comparison of a traditional questionnaire with an icon/calendar-based questionnaire to assess occupational history. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:502-11
96. Engel LS, Seixas NS, Keifer MC, Longstreth WT Jr, Checkoway H. 2001. Validity study of self-reported pesticide exposure among orchardists. J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 11:359-68
97. Environ. Prot. Agency (USA). 1990. National Survey of Pesticides in Drinking Water Wells. Phase I Rep., pp. 8-24. Washington, DC: USEPA
98. Environ. Prot. Agency (USA). 2002. Office of Pesticide Programs. Chemicals evaluated for carcinogenicity. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/carlist/
99. Environ. Prot. Agency (USA). 2002. Pesticide Industry Sales and Usage: 1998 and 1999 Market Estimates. Washington, DC: USEPA
100. Erikson M, Hardell L, Berg NO, Moller T, Axelson O. 1981. Soft-tissue sarcomas and exposure to chemical substances: a case-referent study. Br. J. Ind. Med. 38:27-33
101. Falck F Jr, Ricci Jr, Wolf MS, Goldbold J, Deckers P. 1992. Pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in human breast cancer lipids and their relation to breast cancer. Arch. Environ. Health 47:143-46
102. Falk RT, Pickle LW, Fontham ET. 1990. Occupation and pancreatic cancer in Louisiana. Am. J. Ind. Med. 18:565-76
103. Fall PA, Fredrikson M, Axelson O, Granerus AK. 1999. Nutritional and occupational factors influencing the risk of Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in southeastern Sweden. Mov. Disord. 14:28-37
104. Farahat T, Abdelrasoul GM, Amr MM, Shebl MM, Farahat FM, Anger WK. 2003. Neurobehavioral effects among workers occupationally exposed to organophosphorous pesticides. Occup. Environ. Med. 60:279-86
105. Fenner-Crisp PE. 2001. Risk assessment and risk management: the regulatory process. In Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, ed. R Kreiger, pp. 681-90. San Diego: Academic. 2nd ed.
106. Fenske RA. 1997. Pesticide exposure assessment of workers and their families. Occup. Med. 12:221-37
107. Fenske RA, Kissel JC, Lu C, Kalman DA, Simcox NJ, et al. 2000. Biologically based pesticide dose estimates for children in an agricultural community. Environ. Health Perspect. 108:515-20
108. Fiedler N, Kipen H, Kelly-McNeil K, Fenske R. 1997. Long-term use of organophosphates and neuropsychological performance. Am. J. Ind. Med. 32:487-96
109. Figa-Talmanca I, Mearelli I, Valentine P, Basherni S. 1993. Cancer mortality in a cohort of rural licensed pesticide users in the province of Rome. Int. J. Epidemiol. 22:579-83
110. Fleming L, Mann JB, Bean J, Briggle T, Sanchez Ramos JR. 1994. Parkinson's disease and brain levels of organochlorine pesticides. Ann. Neurol. 36:100-3
111. Fleming LE, Bean JA, Rudolph M, Hamilton K. 1999. Cancer incidence in a cohort of licensed pesticide applicators in Florida. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 41:279-88
112. Fleming LE, Gomez-Marin O, Zheng D, Ma F, Lee D. 2003. National health interview survey mortality among US farmers and pesticide applicators. Am. J. Ind. Med. 43:227-33
113. Flodstrom S, Hemming H, Warngard L, Ahlborg UG. 1990. Promotion of altered hepatic foci development in rat liver, cytochrome P450 enzyme induction and inhibition of cell-cell communication by DDT and some structurally related organohalogen pesticides. Carcinogenesis 11:1413-17
114. Forastiere F, Quercia A, Miceli M, Settimi L, Terenzoni B, et al. 1993. Cancer among farmers in central Italy. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 19:382-89
115. Franceshi S, Barbone F, Bidoli E, Guarneri S, Serraino D, et al. 1993. Cancer risk in farmers: results from a multi-site case-control study in north-eastern Italy. Int. J. Cancer 153:740-45
116. Fryzek JP, Garabrant DH, Harlow SD, Severson RK, Gillespie BW, et al. 1997. A case-control study of self-reported exposures to pesticides and pancreatic cancer in southeastern Michigan. Int. J. Cancer 72:62-67
117. Gammon MD, Wolff MS, Neugut AI, Eng SM, Teitlbaum SL, et al. 2002. Environmental toxins and breast cancer in Long Island. Organochlorine compound levels in blood. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 11:686-97
118. Garabrant DH, Held J, Langholz B, Peters JM, Mack TM. 1992. DDT and related compounds and risk of pancreatic cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 84:764-71
119. Garry VF, Harkins M, Erickson LL, Long-Simpson LK, Holland SE, et al. 2002. Birth defects, season of conception, and sex of children born to pesticide applicators living in the Red River Valley of Minnesota, USA. Environ. Health Perspect. 110(Suppl.3):441-49
120. Garry VF, Harkins M, Lyubimov A, Erickson L, Long L. 2002. Reproductive outcomes in the women of the Red River Valley of the north. I. The spouses of pesticide applicators: pregnancy loss, age at menarche, and exposures to pesticides. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 65:769-86
121. Gauthier E, Fortier I, Courchesne F, Pepin P, Mortimer J. 2001. Environmental pesticide exposure as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study. Environ. Res. 86:37-45
122. Gladen BC, Sandler DP, Zahm SH, Kamel F, Rowland AS, et al. 1998. Exposure opportunities of families of farmer pesticide applicators. Am. J. Ind. Med. 34:581-87
123. Goetz CG, Bolla KI, Rogers SM. 1994. Neurologic health outcomes and agent orange: Institute of Medicine report. Neurology 44:801-9
124. Gomes J, Lloyd OL, Revitt DM. 1999. The influence of personal protection, environmental hygiene and exposure to pesticides on the health of immigrant farm workers in a desert country. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 72:40-45
125. Gorell JM, Johnson CC, Rybicki BA, Peterson EL, Richardson RJ. 1998. The risk of Parkinson's disease with exposure to pesticides, farming, well water, and rural living. Neurology 50:1346-50
126. Grady D, Gebretsadik T, Kerlikowske K, Ernster V, Petti D. 1995. Hormone replacement therapy and endometrial cancer: a meta-analysis. Obstet. Gynecol. 85:304-13
127. Granieri E, Carreras M, Tola R. 1988. Motor neuron disease in the province of Ferrara, Italy, in 1964-1982. Neurology 38:1604-8
128. Groves D, Linet MS, Travis LB, Devesa SS. 2000. Cancer surveillance: non-Hodgkin's lymphoma incidence by histologic subtype in the United States from 1978 through 1995. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 15:1240-51
129. Gunnarsson LG, Bodin L, Soderfeldt B, Axelson O. 1992. A case-control study of motor neuron disease - its relation to heritability, and occupational exposures, particularly to solvents. Br. J. Ind. Med. 49:791-98
130. Guttes S, Failing K, Neumann K, Kleinstein J, Georgii S, Braunn H. 1998. Chloroganic pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in breast tissue of women with benign and malignant breast disease. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35:140-47
131. Hansen NE, Karle H, Olsen J. 1989. Trends in the incidence of multiple myeloma in Denmark 1943-1982: a study of 5500 patients. Eur. J. Haematol. 42:72-76
132. Hardell L. 1979. Sandstrom A: case-control study: soft-tissue sarcoma. Br. J. Cancer 39:711-17
133. Hardell L, Ericksson M. 1988. The association between soft-tissue sarcoma and exposure to phenoxyacetic acids: a case-referent study. Cancer 62:652-56
134. Hardell L, Eriksson M, Lenner P, Lundgren E. 1981. Lymphoma and exposure to chemicals, especially organic solvents, chlorophenols and phenoxy acids: a case-control study. Br. J. Cancer 43:169-76
135. Hardell L, Eriksson M, Nordstrom M. 2002. Exposure to pesticides as risk factor for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and hairy cell leukemia: pooled analysis of two Swedish case-control studies. Leuk. Lymphoma 43:1043-49
136. Hardell L, Lilegren G, Lindstrom G, Van Bavel B, Broman K, et al. 1996. Increased concentrations of chlordane in adipose tissue from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients compared with controls without a malignant disease. Int. J. Oncol. 9:1139-42
137. Harras A, ed. 1996. Cancer Rates and Risks. Bethesda, MD: Natl. Cancer Incid. 4th ed.
138. He F. 2000. Neurotoxic effects of insecticides-current and future research: a review. Neurotoxicology 21:829-35
139. Hertzman C, Wiens M, Bowering D, Snow B, Calne D. 1990. Parkinson's disease: a case-control study of occupational and environmental risk factors. Am. J. Ind. Med. 17:349-55
140. Higginson J. 1966. Etiologic factors in gastrointestinal cancer in men. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 37:537-49
141. Hoar SK, Blair A, Holmes FF, Boysen CD, Hoover R, Fraumeni JF Jr. 1986. Agricultural herbicide use and risk of lymphoma and soft-tissue sarcoma. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 256:1141-47
142. Hoogenraad T. 1988. Dithiocarbamates and Parkinson's disease [letter]. Lancet 1:767
143. Hoppin JA, Tolbert PE, Flander WD, Zhang RH, Daniels DS, et al. 1999. Occupational risk factors for sarcoma subtypes. Epidemiology 10:300-6
144. Hoppin JA, Tolbert PE, Holly EA, Brock JW, Korrick SA, et al. 1999. Pancreatic cancer and serum organochlorine levels. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 9:199-205
145. Deleted in proof
146. Hoppin JA, Yucel F, Dosemeci M, Sandler DP. 2002. Accuracy of self-reported pesticide use duration information from licensed pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 12:313-18
147. Hsing AW, Devesa SS. 2001. Trends and patterns of prostate cancer: What do they suggest? Epidemiol. Rev. 23:3-13
148. Hu J, Mao Y, White K. 2002. Renal cell carcinoma and occupational exposure to chemicals in Canada. Occup. Med. 52:157-64
149. Hubble JP, Kurth JH, Glatt SL, Kurth MC, Schellenberg GD, et al. 1998. Gene-toxin interaction as a putative risk factor for Parkinson's disease with dementia. Neuroepidemiology 17:96-104
150. Hunter DJ, Hankinson SE, Laden F, Colditz GA, Manson JE, et al. 1997. Plasma organochlorine levels and the risk of breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 337:1253-58
151. Infante-Rivard C, Labuda D, Krajinovi M, Sinnett D. 1999. Risk of childhood leukemia with exposure to pesticides and with gene polymorphisms. Epidemiology 10:481-89
152. Int. Agency Res. Cancer (IARC). 1986. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans. An updating of IARC Monograph Volume 1 to 42. Suppl. 7. Lyon, France: IARC.
153. Int. Agency Res. Cancer (IARC). 1991. Occupational Exposures in Insecticide Application, and Some Pesticides. 53:535. Lyon, France: IARC
154. Int. Agency Res. Cancer (IARC). 1991. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volume 1 to 42. Suppl. 7. Lyon, France: IARC
155. Jeyaratnam J. 1990. Acute pesticide poisoning: a major global health problem. World Health Stat. Q. 43(3):139-44
156. Ji B-T, Silverman DT, Stewart P, Blair A, Swanson GM, et al. 2001. Occupational Exposure to Pesticides and Pancreatic Cancer. Am. J. Ind. Med. 39:92-99
157. Kauppinen T, Partanen T, Degerth R, Ojajarvi A. 1995. Pancreatic cancer and occupational exposure. Epidemiology 6:498-502
158. Kauppinen T, Riala R, Seitsamo J. 1982. Primary liver cancer and occupational exposure. Scand J. Work Environ. Health 18:18-25
159. Keene DL, Hsu E, Ventureyra E. 1999. Brain tumors in childhood and adolescence. Pediatr. Neurol. 20:198-203
160. Keifer M, Mahurin R. 1997. Chronic neurologic effects of pesticide overexposure. Occup. Med. 12:291-304
161. Kelce WR, Stone CR, Laws SC, Gray LE, Kempainen JA, Wilson EM. 1995. Persistent DDT metabolite p,p DDE is a potent androgen-receptor-antagonist. Nature 375:581-85
162. Keller JE, Howe HL. 1994. Case-control studies of cancer in Illinois farmers using data from the Illinois State cancer Registry and the US Census of Agriculture. Eur. J. Cancer 30A:469-73
163. Keller-Byrne JE, Khuder SA, Schaub EA. 1997. Meta-analyses of prostate cancer and farming. Am. J. Ind. Med. 31:580-86
164. Keller-Byrne JE, Khuder SA, Schaub EA, McAfee O. 1997. A meta-analysis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among farmers in the central United States. Am. J. Ind. Med. 31:442-44
165. Khuder SA, Mutgi AB. 1997. Meta-analyses of multiple myeloma and farming. Am. J. Ind. Med. 32:510-16
166. Kogevinas M, Beher H, Benn T. 1997. Cancer mortality in workers exposed to phenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, and dioxins. Am. J. Epidemiol. 145:1061-75
167. Kraus AS, Levin MI, Gerhardt PR. 1957. A study of occupational associations with gastric cancer. Am. J. Public Health 47: 961-70
168. Krieger N, Wolff MS, Hiatt RA, Rivera M, Vogelman J, Orentreich N. 1994. Breast cancer and serum organochlorine: a prospective study among White, Black and Asian women. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 86:589-99
169. Kromhout H, Heederik D, Dalderup LM, Kromhout D. 1992. Performance of two general job-exposure matrices in a study of lung cancer morbidity in the Zutphen cohort. Am. J. Epidemiol. 136:698-711
170. Kross BC, Burmeister LF, Ogilvie LK, Fuortes LJ, Fy CM. 1996. Proportionate mortality study of golf course superintendents. Am. J. Ind. Med. 29:501-6
171. Kruder SA, Mutgi AB, Schaub EA, Tano BD. 1999. Meta-analysis of Hodgkin's disease among farmers. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 25:436-41
172. Kuopio AM, Marttila RJ, Helenius H, Rinne UK. 1999. Environmental risk factors in Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 14:928-39
173. Lapidot-Lifson Y, Prody CA, Ginzberg D, Meytes D, Zakut H, Soreq H. 1989. Coamplification of human acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase gene in blood cells: correlation with various leukemias and abnormal megakaryocytopoiesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 86:4715-19
174. Langston JW. 1996. The etiology of Parkinson's disease with emphasis on the MPTP story. Neurology 47:S153-60
175. LaVecchia C, Negri E, D'Avanzo B, Franceschi S. 1989. Occupation and lymphoid neoplasms. Br. J. Cancer 60:385-88
176. Le Couteur DG, McLean AJ, Taylor MC, Woodham BL, Board PG. 1999. Pesticides and Parkinson's disease. Biomed. Pharmacother. 53:122-30
177. Lee E, Burnett CA, Lalich N, Cameron LL, Seitto JP. 2002. Proportionate mortality of crop and livestock farmers in the United States, 1984-1993. Am. J. Ind. Med. 42:410-20
178. Letz R, Green RC, Woodard JL. 1996. Development of a computer-based battery designed to screen adults for neuropsychological impairment. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 18:365-70
179. Lev-Lehman E, Evron T, Broide RS, Meshorer E, Areil S, Seidman S. 2000. Synaptogenesis and myopathy under acetylcholinesterase overexpression. J. Mol. Neurosci. 14:93-105
180. Lindsay J, Hebert R, Rockwood K. 1997. The Canadian study of health and aging: risk factors for vascular dementia. Stroke 28:526-30
181. Liou HH, Tsai MC, Chen CJ, Jeng JS, Chang YC, et al. 1997. Environmental risk factors and Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in Taiwan. Neurology 48:1583-88
182. London L, Myers JE, Nell V, Taylor T, Thompson ML. 1997. An investigation into neurologic and neurobehavioral effects of long-term agrichemical use among deciduous fruit farm workers in the Western Cape, South Africa. Environ. Res. 73:132-45
183. London WT, McGlynn KA. 1996. Liver cancer. In Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, ed. D Schottenfeld, JF Fraumeni, pp. 772-93. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. 2nd ed.
184. London L, Myers JE. 1998. Use of a crop and job specific exposure matrix for retrospective assessment of long-term exposure in studies of chronic neurotoxic effects of agrichemicals. Occup. Environ. Med. 55(3):194-201
185. London L, Nell V, Thompson M, Myers J. 1998. Effects of long-term organophosphate exposures on neurological symptoms, vibration sense and tremor among South African farm workers. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 24:18-29
186. Lopez-Carrillo L, Blair A, Lopez-Cervantes M, Cebrain M, Reuda C, et al. 1997. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane serum levels and breast cancer risk: a case-control study from Mexico. Cancer Res. 57:3728-32
187. Lu CS, Fenske RA, Simcox NJ, Kalman D. 2000. Pesticide exposure of children in an agricultural community: evidence of household proximity to farmland and take home exposure pathways. Environ. Res. 84:290-302
188. Luchtrath H. 1983. The consequences of chronic arsenic poisoning among Moselle wine growers. Pathoanatomical investigations of post-mortem examinations between 1960 and 1977. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 105:173-82
189. Lundberg I, Hogberg M, Michelsen H, Nise G, Hogstedt C. 1997. Evaluation of the Q16 questionnaire on neurotoxic symptoms and a review of its use. Occup. Environ. Med. 54:343-50
190. Lyne E, Storm HH, Jensen OM. 1987. The evaluation of trends in soft tissue sarcoma according to diagnostic criteria and consumption of phenoxy herbicides. Cancer 60:1896-1901
191. Lynge E. 1985. A follow-up study of cancer incidence among workers in manufacture of phenoxy herbicides in Denmark. Br. J. Cancer 52:259-70
192. Ma X, Buffler PA, Gunier RB, Dahl G, Smith MT, et al. 2002. Critical windows of exposure to household pesticides and the risk of childhood leukemia. Environ. Health Perspect. 110:955-60
193. Mabuchi K, Lilienfeld AM, Snell LM. 1979. Lung cancer among pesticide workers exposed to inorganic arsenicals. Arch. Environ. Health 34:312-18
194. Mabuchi K, Lilienfeld AM, Snell LM. 1980. Cancer and occupational exposure to arsenic: a study of pesticide workers. Prev. Med. 9:51-77
195. MacMahon B, Monson RR, Wang HH, Zheng T. 1988. A second follow-up of mortality in a cohort of pesticide applicators. J. Occup. Med. 30:429-32
196. Malats N, Real FX, Porta M. 1993. DDT and pancreatic cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85:328
197. Mallin K, Rubin M, Joo E. 1989. Occupational cancer mortality in Illinois white and black males, 1970-1984, for seven cancer sites. Am. J. Ind. Med. 15:699-717
198. Mandel JS, McLaughlin JK, Schlehofer B. 1995. International renal cell cancer study. IV. Occupation. Int. J. Cancer 61:601-5
199. Marchesani M, Hakkarainen A, Tuomainen T-P, Kaikkonen J, Pukkala E, et al. 2003. New paraoxonase 1 polymorphism I102V and the risk of prostate cancer in Finnish men. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 95:812-18
200. Masicco M, Sant M, Molinari S. 1982. A case-control study of brain gliomas and occupational exposure to chemical carcinogens: the risk to farmers. Am. J. Epidemiol. 128:778-85
201. McConnell R, Keifer M, Rosenstock L. 1994. Elevated quantitative vibrotactile threshold among workers previously poisoned with methamidophos and other organophosphate pesticides. Am. J. Ind. Med. 25:325-34
202. McDowell I, Hill G, Lindsay J, Helliwell B, Costa L, et al. 1994. The Canadian study of health and aging: risk factors for Alzheimer's disease in Canada. Neurology 44:2073-80
203. McDuffie HH, Pahwa P, McLaughlin JR, Spinelli JJ, Fincham S, et al. 2001. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and specific pesticides exposures in men: cross-Canada study of pesticides and health. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prevention 10:1155-63
204. McGuire V, Longstreth W Jr, Nelson L, Koepsell T, Checkoway H, et al. 1997. Occupational exposures and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population-based case-control study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 145:1076-88
205. McLaughlin JK, Malker HSR, Blot WJ. 1987. Occupational risk of intracranial gliomas in Sweden. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 78:253-57
206. Meco G, Bonifati V, Vanacore N, Fabrizio E. 1994. Parkinsonism after chronic exposure to the fungicide maneb (manganese ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate) . Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 20:301-5
207. Meinert R, Schuz J, Kaletsch U, Kaatsch P, Michaelis J. 2000. Leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in childhood and exposure to pesticides: results of a register-based case-control study in Germany. Am. J. Epidemiol. 11:639-46
208. Mellemgaard A, Engholm G, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. 1994. Occupational risk factors for renal cell carcinoma in Denmark. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 20:160-65
209. Milham S Jr. 1996. Occupational mortality in Washington State, 1950-1989. DHHS (NIOSH) Publ. No. 96-133. Washington, DC: US Gov. Print. Off.
210. Mills PK, Yang R. 2003. Prostate cancer risk in California farm workers. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 45:249-58
211. Moss AR, Osmond D, Bacchetti P, Torti FM, Gurgin V. 1986. Hormonal risk factors in testicular cancer. A case-control study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 124:39-52
212. Moysich KB, Ambrosome CB, Vena JE, Sheilds PG, Mendola P, et al. 1998. Environmental organochlorine exposure and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 7:181-88
213. Musicco M, Filippini G, Bordo BM. 1982. Gliomas and occupational exposure to carcinogens: case-control study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 116:782-9 0
214. Mussalo-Rauhamann H, Hassenen E, Pyysalo H, Antervo K, Kauppilia R, Pantzar P. 1990. Occurrence of beta-hexachlorocyclohexane in breast cancer patients. Cancer 66:2124-28
215. Nanni O, Amadori D, Lugaresi C, Falcini F, Scarpi E, et al. 1996. Chronic lymphocytic leukemias and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma by histological type in farming-animal breeding workers: a population case-control study based on a priori exposure matrices. Occup. Environ. Med. 53:652-57
216. Nelson LM. 1995-1996. Epidemiology of ALS. Clin. Neurosci. 3:327-31
217. Ohayo-Mitoko GJ, Kromhout H, Simwa JM, Boleij JS, Heederik D. 2000. Self reported symptoms and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity among Kenyan agricultural workers. Occup. Environ. Med. 57:195-200
218. Ott MG, Olson RA, Cook RR, Bond GG. 1987. Cohort mortality study of chemical workers with potential exposure to the higher chlorinated dioxins. J. Occup. Med. 29:422-29
219. Partanen T, Kauppinen T, Degerth R, Moneta G, Mearelli I, et al. 1994. Pancreatic cancer in industrial branches and occupations in Finland. Am. J. Ind. Med. 25:851-56
220. Parker AS, Cerhan JR, Putnam SD, Cantor KP, Lynch CF. 1999. A cohort study of farming and risk of prostate cancer in Iowa. Epidemiology 10:452-55
221. Pearce N, Reif JS. 1990. Epidemiologic studies of cancer in agricultural workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 18:133-48
222. Pearce NE, Smith AH, Howard JK, Sheppard RA, Giles HJ, Teague CA. 1986. Case-control study of multiple myeloma and farming. Br. J. Cancer 54:493-500
223. Persson B, Dahlander A, Fredriksson M. 1989. Malignant lymphomas and occupational exposures. Br. J. Ind. Med. 46:516-20
224. Petrelli G, Figa-Talamanca I, Tropeano R, Tangucci M, Cini C, et al. 2000. Reproductive male-mediated risk: spontaneous abortion among wives of pesticide applicators. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 16:391-93
225. Petrelli G, Siepi G, Miligi L, Vineis P. 1993. Solvents in pesticides. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 19:63-65
226. Petrovitch H, Ross GW, Abbott RD, Sanderson WT, Sharp DS, et al. 2002. Plantation work and risk of Parkinson disease in a population-based longitudinal study. Arch. Neurol. 59:1787-92
227. Pickle LW, Mason TJ, Howard N, Hoover RN, Fraumeni JF Jr. 1987. Atlas of US cancer mortality among Whites: 1950-1980. DHHS Publ. No. (NIH) 87-2900. Washington, DC: US Gov. Print. Off.
228. Pilkington A, Buchanan D, Jamal GA, Gillham R, Hansen S, et al. 2001. An epidemiological study of the relations between exposure to organophosphate pesticides and indices of chronic peripheral neuropathy and neuropsychological abnormalities in sheep farmers and dippers. Occup. Environ. Med. 58:702-10
229. Pinter A, Torok G, Borzsonyi M. 1990. Long-term carcinogenicity bioassay of the herbicide atrazine in F344 rats. Neoplasma 37:533-44
230. Pilot HC, Dragan YP. 1996. Chemical carcinogenesis. In Cassarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, ed. CD Klassen, pp. 201-67. New York: McGraw-Hill. 5th ed.
231. Porru S, Placidi D, Carta A, Gelatti U, Ribero ML, et al. 2001. Primary liver cancer and occupation in men: a case-control study in a high-incidence area of northern-Italy. Int. J. Cancer 94:878-83
232. Porta M. 2001. Role of organochlorine compounds in the etiology of pancreatic cancer: a proposal to develop methodological standards. Epidemiology 12:272-76
233. Porta M, Malats N, Jariod M, Grimalt JO, Rifa J, et al. 1999. Serum concentrations of organochlorine compounds and K-ras mutations in exocrine pancreatic cancer. Lancet 354:2125-29
234. Porta M, Malats N, Pinol JL, Real FX, Rifa J. 1996. Relevance of misclassification of disease status in epidemiologic studies of pancreatic cancer. Response to Silverman et al. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 49:602-3
235. Powell S. 2001. New challenges: residential pesticide exposure assessment in the California Department of Pesticide Regulation, USA. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 45(Suppl. 1):S119-23
236. Preux PM, Condet A, Anglade C, Druet-Cabanac M, Debrock C, et al. 2000. Parkinson's disease and environmental factors. Matched case-control study in the Limousin region, France. Neuroepidemiology 19:333-37
237. Priyadarshi A, Khuder SA, Schaub EA, Priyadarshi SS. 2001. Environmental risk factors and Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis. Environ. Res. 86:122-27
238. Rappe C, Buser HR. 1981. Occupational exposure to polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans. In Chemical Hazards in the Workplace, Measurement, and Control. AC Symp. SER Vol. 149, ed. G Choudhary, pp. 319-34. Washington, DC: Am. Chem. Soc.
239. Reif J, Pearce N, Fraser J. 1989. Occupational risks for brain cancer: a New Zealand cancer registry-based study. J. Occup. Med. 31:863-67
240. Repetto R, Baliga SS. 1996. Trends and patterns of pesticide use. In Pesticides and the Immune System: Public Health Risks, pp. 3-8. Washington, DC: World Resour. Inst.
241. Reynolds P, Von Behren J, Gunier RB, Goldberg DE, Hertz A, Harnly ME. 2002. Childhood cancer and agricultural pesticide use: an ecologic study in California. Environ. Health Perspect. 110:319-24
242. Ribbens PH. 1985. Mortality study of industrial workers exposed to aldrin, dieldrin and endrin. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 56:75-79
243. Ringman JM, Cummings JL. 1999. Metrifonate: update on a new antidementia agent. J. Clin. Psychiatry 60:776-82
244. Ritz B, Yu F. 2000. Parkinson's disease mortality and pesticide exposure in California 1984-1994. Int. J. Epidemiol. 29:323-29
245. Romieu I, Hernandez-Availa M, Lazcaon-Ponce E, Weber JP, Dewailly E. 2000. Breast cancer, lactation history and seum organochlorines. Am. J. Epidemiol. 152:363-70
246. Rose RL, Hodgson E, Roe RM. 1999.Pesticides. In Toxicology, ed. H Marquaedt, S Schafer, R McClellan, F Welsh, pp. 951-94. San Diego, CA: Academic
247. Rosenstock L, Keifer M, Daniell WE, McConnell R, Claypoole K. Pestic. Health Eff. Study Group. 1991. Chronic central nervous system effects of acute organophosphate pesticide intoxication. Lancet 338:223-27
248. Ruijten M, Salle HJA, Verberk MM, Smink M. 1994. Effect of chronic mixed pesticide exposure on peripheral and autonomic nerve function. Arch. Environ. Health 49:188-95
249. Sack D, Linz D, Shukla R, Rice C, Bhattacharya A, Suskind R. 1993. Health status of pesticide applicators: postural stability assessments. J. Occup. Med. 35:1196-202
250. Saftlas AF, Blair A, Cantor HP, Hanrahan L, Anderson HA. 1987. Cancer and other causes of death among Wisconsin farmers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 11:119-29
251. Sanchez-Ramon J, Hefti F, Weiner WI. 1987. Paraquat and Parkinson disease [letter]. Neurology 37:728
252. Sandler DP, Wegienka G, Baird DD, Alavanja MCR. 2002. Assessing response bias: an example using data from the young women in the Agricultural Health Study. Epidemiology 13:94-99
253. Satiakumar N, Delzell E, Austin H, Cole P. 1992. A follow-up study of agricultural chemical production workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 21:321-30
254. Savage E, Keefe TJ, Mounce LM, Heaton RK, Lewis JA, Burcar PJ. 1988. Chronic neurological sequelae of acute organophosphate pesticide poisoning. Arch. Environ. Health 43:38-45
255. Savettieri G, Salemi G, Arcara A, Cassata M, Castiglione MG, Fierro B. 1991. A case-control study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuro epidemiology 10:242-45
256. Schehofer B, Heur C, Blettner M, Niedoff D, Wahrendorf J. 1995. Occupational, smoking and demographic factors, and renal cell carcinoma in Germany. Int. J. Epidemiol. 24:51-57
257. Sechi G, Agnetti V, Piredda M, Canu M, Deserra F, et al. 1992. Acute and persistent parkinsonism after use of diquat. Neurology 42:261-63
258. Seidler A, Hellenbrand W, Robra BP, Vieregge P, Nischan P, et al. 1996. Possible environmental, occupational, and other etiologic factors for Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in Germany. Neurology 46:1275-84
259. Semchuk K, Love EJ, Lee RG. 1992. Parkinson's disease and exposure to agricultural work and pesticide chemicals. Neurology 42:1328-35
260. Semchuk KM, McDuffie HH. 2003. Factors associated with detection of bromoxynil in a sample of rural residents. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health-Part A 66:103-32
261. Settimi L, Boffetta P, Comba P, Terracini B. 1990. Epidemiologic study for the evaluation of the cancerogenic risk associated with pesticides. Med. Lav. 81:494-98
262. Settimi L, Masina A, Andrion A, Axelson O. 2003. Prostate cancer and exposure to pesticides in agricultural settings. Int. J. Cancer 104:458-61
263. Sharpe RM, Skakkebaek NF. 1995. Reproductive biology. Another DDT connection. Nature 375:538-39
264. Sigurjonsson J. 1971. Occupational variations in mortality from gastric cancer in relation to dietary differences. Br. J. Cancer 21:651-56
265. Slebos RJ, Hoppin JA, Tolbert PE, Holly EA, Brock JW, et al. 2000. K-ras and p53 in pancreatic cancer: association with medical history, histopathology, and environmental exposures in a population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 9:1223-32
266. Smith AH, Pearce NE, Fisher DO. 1984. Soft tissue sarcoma and exposure to phenoxyherbicides and chlorophenols in New Zealand. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 73:1111-17
267. Sperati A, Rapiti E, Settimi L, Quercia A, Terenzoni B, et al. 1999. Mortality among male licensed pesticide users and their wives. Am. J. Ind. Med. 36:142-46
268. Stallones L, Beseler C. 2002. Pesticide poisoning and depressive symptoms among farm residents. Ann. Epidemiol. 12:389-94
269. Steenland K, Dick RB, Howell RJ, Chrislip DW, Hines CJ, Reid TM, et al. 2000. Neurologic function among termiticide applicators exposed to chlorpyrifos. Environ. Health Perspect. 108:293-300
270. Steenland K, Jenkins B, Ames RG, O'Malley M, Chrislip D, Russo J. 1994. Chronic neurological sequelae to organophosphate pesticide poisoning. Am. J. Public Health 84:731-36
271. Stemhagen A, Slade J, Altman R. 1983. Occupational risk factors and liver cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol. 117:443-54
272. Stephens R, Spurgeon A, Calvert IA, Beach J, Levy LS, et al. 1995. Neuropsychological effects of long-term exposure to organophosphates in sheep dip. Lancet 345:1135-39
273. Stephenson B, Czepulkowski W, Hirst W, Mufti G. 1996. Deletion of the acetylcholinesterase locus at 7q22 associated with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Leuk. Res. 20:235-41
274. Stewart PA, Prince JK, Colt JS, Ward MH. 2001. A method for assessing occupational pesticide exposures of farmworkers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:561-70
275. Stokes L, Stark A, Marshall E, Narang A. 1995. Neurotoxicity among pesticide applicators exposed to organophosphates. Occup. Environ. Med. 52:648-53
276. Sturgeon SR, Brock JW, Potischman N, Needham L, Rothman N, et al. 1998. Serum concentrations of organochlorine compounds and endometrial cancer risk (United States). Cancer Causes Control 9:417-24
277. Swaen GMH, van Vliet C, Slangen JJM, Sturmans F. 1992. Cancer mortality among licensed herbicide applicators. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 18:201-4
278. Tang J, Cao Y, Rose RL, Hodgson E. 2002. In vitro metabolism of carbyl by human cytochrome P450 and its inhibition by chlorpyrifos. Chem. Biol. Interact. 141:229-41
279. Taylor CA, Saint-Hilaire MH, Cupples LA, Thomas CA, Burchard AE, et al. 1999. Environmental, medical, and family history risk factors for Parkinson's disease: a New England-based case control study. Am. J. Med. Genet. 88:742-49
280. Teitelbaum SL. 2002. Questionnaire assessment of nonoccupational pesticide exposure in epidemiologic studies of cancer. J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 12:373-80
281. Thiruchelvam M, Richfield EK, Baggs RB, Tank AW, Cory-Slechta DA. 2000. The nigrostriatal dopaminergic system as a preferential target of repeated exposures to combined paraquat and maneb: implications for Parkinson's disease. J. Neurosci. 20:9207-14
282. Thomas TL, Krekel S, Heid M. 1985. Proportionate mortality among male corn wet-milling workers. Int. J. Epidemiol. 14:432-37
283. Thomas TL, Waxweiler RJ. 1986. Brain tumors and occupational risk factors - a review. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 12:1-15
284. Thompson B, Coronado GD, Grossman JE, Puschel K, Solomon CC, et al. 2003. Pesticide take-home pathway among children of agricultural workers: study design, methods, and baseline findings. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 45:42-53
285. Tridale MJ. 1997. Biology of cachexia. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 89:1763-73
286. Unger M, Olsen J. 1980. Organochlorine compounds in the adipose tissue of deceased patients with and without cancer. Environ. Res. 23:257-63
287. van Tongeren M, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Gardiner K, Armstrong B, Vrijheid M, et al. 2002. A job-exposure matrix for potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals developed for a study into the association between maternal occupational exposure and hypospadias. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 46:465-77
288. Van't Veer P, Lobbezoo IE, Martin-Moreno JM, Guallaer E, Gomez-Aracena J, et al. 1997. DDT (dicophane), and post-menopausal breast cancer in Europe: case-control study. Br. Med. J. 315:81-85
289. van Wendel de Joode B, Wesseling C, Kromhout H, Monge P, et al. 2001. Chronic nervous-system effects of long-term occupational exposure to DDT. Lancet 357:1014-16
290. Vineis P, Terracini B, Ciccone G. 1987. Phenoxy herbicides and soft-tissue sarcoma in female rice weeders. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 13:9-17
291. Waddell BL, Zahm SH, Baris D, Weisenburger DD, Holmes F, et al. 2001. Agricultural use of organophosphate pesticides and the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among male farmers (United States). Cancer Causes Control 12:509-17
292. Wang HH, MacMahon RR. 1979. Mortality of pesticide applicators. J. Occup. Med. 21:741-44
293. Ward MH, Mark SD, Cantor KP, Weisenburger DD, Correa-Villasenor A, Zahm SH. 1996. Drinking water nitrate and the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Epidemiology 7:465-71
294. Ward MH, Nuckols JR, Weigel SJ, Maxwell SK, Cantor KP. 2000. Identifying populations potentially exposed to agricultural pesticides using remote sensing and a geographic information system. Environ. Health Perspect. 108:5-12
295. Wassermann M, Nogureira DP, Tomatis L, Mirra AP, Shibata A, et al. 1976. Organochlorine compounds in neoplastic and adjacent apparently normal breast tissue. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15:478-84
296. Weiderpass E, Adami H-O, Baron JA, Wicklund-Glynn A, Aune M, et al. 2000. Organochlorines and endometrial cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 9:487-93
297. Weisenburger DD. 1993. Potential health consequences of ground-water contamination of nitrates in Nebraska. Nebraska Med. J. 78:7-12
298. Wesseling C, Keifer M, Ahlbom A, McConnell R, Moon J, et al. 2002. Long-term neurobehavioral effects of mild poisonings with organophosphate and n-methyl carbamate pesticides among banana workers. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 8:27-34
299. Wetzel LT, Luempert LG, Breckenridge CB. 1994. Chronic effects of atrazine on estrous and mammary tumor formation in female Sprague-Dawley and Fischer-344 rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 43:169-82
300. Whyatt RM, Camann DE, Kinney PL, Reyes A, Ramirez J, et al. 2002. Residential pesticide use during pregnancy among a cohort of urban minority women. Environ. Health Perspect. 110:507-14
301. Wilklund K, Dich J, Holm L-E. 1986. Testicular cancer among agricultural workers and licensed applicators in Sweden. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 12:630-31
302. Wingren G, Frederikson M, Brage HN, Nordenskjold B, Axelson O. 1990. Soft tissue sarcoma and occupational exposures. Cancer 66:806-11
303. Wolf MS, Toniolo PG, Lee EW, Rivera M, Dubin N. 1993. Blood levels of organochlorine residues and risk of breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85:648-52
304. Wong O, Brocker W, Davis HV. 1984. Mortality of workers potentially exposed to organic and inorganic brominated chemicals, DBCP, TRIS, PBB and DDT. Br. J. Ind. Med. 41:15-24
305. Wood D, Astrakianakis G, Lang B, Le N, Bert J. 2002. Development of an agricultural job-exposure matrix for British Columbia, Canada. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 44:865-73
306. Woods JS, Polissar L, Severson RK. 1987. Soft-tissue sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in relation to phenoxyherbicide and chlorinate phenol exposure in western Washington. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 78:899-910
307. Xiang HY, Nuckols JR, Stallones L. 2000. A geographic information assessment of birth weight and crop production patterns around mother's residence. Environ. Res. 82:160-67
308. Yeni-Komshian H, Holly EA. 2000. Childhood brain tumours and exposure to animals and farm life: a review. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 14:248-56
309. Zahm S, Colt JS, Engel LS, Keifer MC, Alvarado AJ, et al. 2001. Development of a life events/icon calendar questionnaire to ascertain occupational histories and other characteristics of migrant farmworkers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:490-501
310. Zahm SH. 1997. Mortality study of pesticide applicators and other employees of a lawn care service company. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 39:1055-67
311. Zahm SH, Blair A, Holmes FF. 1988. A case-referent study of soft-tissue sarcoma and Hodgkin's disease - Farming and insecticide use. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 14:224-30
312. Zahm SH, Ward MH. 1998. Pesticides and childhood cancer. Environ. Health Perspect. 106(Suppl. 3):893-908
313. Zahm SH, Weisenburger SS, Babbit PA, Saal RC, Vaught JB, et al. 1990. A case-control study of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in eastern Nebraska. Epidemiology 1:349-56
314. Zheng T, Holford TR, Maynes ST, Ward B, Carter D, et al. 1999. DDE and DDT in breast adipose tissue and risk of female breast cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol. 150:453-58
315. Zheng T, Zahm SH, Weisenburger DD, Zhang Y, Blair A. 2001. Agricultural exposure to carbamate pesticides and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 43:641-49
316. Zhong Y, Rafnsson V. 1996. Cancer incidence among Icelandic pesticide users. Int. J. Epidemiol. 25:1117-24