Measurement methods of muscle fatigue

Human Muscle Fatigue

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 17-47

  Maffiuletti, Nicola A ^a   Bendahan, David ^b  

^a SCHULTHESS CLINIC   (Switzerland)

^b University of Aix Marseille   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84911099367     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203885482     Document Type: Chapter

References (110)

1. Ackerman, J.J., Grove, T.H., Wong, G.G., Gadian, D.G. and Radda G.K. (1980). Mapping of metabolites in whole animals by 31P NMR using surface coils. Nature, 283, 167-170.
2. Argov, Z., Lofberg, M. and Arnold, D.L. (2000). Insights into muscle diseases gained by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Muscle and Nerve, 23, 1316-1334.
3. Arnold, D.L., Matthews, P.M. and Radda G.K. (1984). Metabolic recovery after exercise and the assessment of mitochondrial function in vivo in human skeletal muscle by means of 31P NMR. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1, 307-315.
4. Avela, J., Kyrolainen, H. and Komi, P.V. (1999). Altered reflex sensitivity after repeated and prolonged passive muscle stretching. Journal of Applied Physiology, 86, 1283-1291.
5. Bangsbo, J., Johansen, L., Quistorff, B. and Saltin, B. (1993). NMR and analytic biochemical evaluation of CrP and nucleotides in the human calf during muscle contraction. Journal of Applied Physiology, 74, 2034-2039.
6. Barker, A., Welsman, J., Welford, D., Fulford, J., Williams, C. and Armstrong, N. (2006). Reliability of 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy during an exhaustive incremental exercise test in children. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 98, 556-565.
7. Barker, A.T., Jalinous, R. and Freeston, I.L. (1985). Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. Lancet, 1, 1106-1107.
8. Bendahan, D., Confort-Gouny, S., Kozak-Reiss, G. and Cozzone, P.J. (1990). Heterogeneity of metabolic response to muscular exercise in humans. New criteria of invariance defined by in vivo phosphorus-31NMR spectroscopy. FEBS Letters, 272, 155-158.
9. Bendahan, D., Jammes, Y., Salvan, A.M., Badier, M., Confort-Gouny, S., Guillot, C. and Cozzone, P.J. (1996). Combined electromyography-31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of human muscle fatigue during static contraction. Muscle and Nerve, 19, 715-721.
10. Bendahan, D., Mattei, J.P., Ghattas, B., Confort-Gouny, S., Le Guern, M.E. and Cozzone, P.J. (2002). Citrulline/malate promotes aerobic energy production in human exercising muscle. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 36, 282-289.
11. Bernus, G., Gonzalez de Suso, J.M., Alonso, J., Martin, P.A., Prat, J.A. and Arus, C. (1993). 31P-MRS of quadriceps reveals quantitative differences between sprinters and long-distance runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25, 479-484.
12. Bigland-Ritchie, B., Jones, D.A., Hosking, G.P. and Edwards, R.H. (1978). Central and peripheral fatigue in sustained maximum voluntary contractions of human quadriceps muscle. Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine, 54, 609-614.
13. Bilodeau, M. (2006). Central fatigue in continuous and intermittent contractions of triceps brachii. Muscle and Nerve, 34, 205-213.
14. Bishop, D., Spencer, M., Duffield, R. and Lawrence, S. (2001). The validity of a repeated sprint ability test. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 4, 19-29.
15. Bosco, C., Belli, A., Astrua, M., Tihanyi, J., Pozzo, R., Kellis, S., Tsarpela, O., Foti, C., Manno, R. and Tranquilli, C. (1995). A dynamometer for evaluation of dynamic muscle work. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 70, 379-386.
16. Bosco, C., Luhtanen, P. and Komi, P.V. (1983). A simple method for measurement of mechanical power in jumping. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 50, 273-282.
17. Boyas, S., Nordez, A., Cornu, C. and Guével, A. (2006). Power responses of a rowing ergometer: mechanical sensors vs. Concept2 measurement system. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 27, 830-833.
18. Cairns, S.P., Knicker, A.J., Thompson, M.W. and Sjøgaard, G. (2005). Evaluation of models used to study neuromuscular fatigue. Exercise Sport Sciences Reviews, 33, 9-16.
19. Chance, B., Eleff, S. and Leigh Jr, J.S. (1980). Noninvasive, nondestructive approaches to cell bioenergetics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 77, 7430-7434.
20. Chilibeck, P.D., McCreary, C.R., Marsh, G.D., Paterson, D.H., Noble, E.G., Taylor, A.W. and Thompson, R.T. (1998). Evaluation of muscle oxidative potential by 31P-MRS during incremental exercise in old and young humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 78, 460-465.
21. Cieslar, J.H. and Dobson, G.P. (2001) Force reduction uncoupled from pH and H2PO4 - in rat gastrocnemius in vivo with continuous 2-Hz stimulation. American Journal of Physiology Regulation, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 281, R511-518.
22. Coggan, A.R., Spina, R.J., King, D.S., Rogers, M.A., Brown, M., Nemeth, P.M. and Holloszy, J.O. (1992). Histochemical and enzymatic comparison of the gastrocnemius muscle of young and elderly men and women. Journal of Gerontology, 47, B71-76.
23. Collins, D.F. (2007). Central contributions to contractions evoked by tetanic neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Exercise Sport Sciences Reviews, 35, 102-109.
24. Conley, K.E., Jubrias, S.A. and Esselman, P.C. (2000). Oxidative capacity and ageing in human muscle. Journal of Physiology, 526, 1, 203-210.
25. Cozzone, P.J., Vion-Dury, J., Bendahan, D. and Confort-Gouny, S. (1996). Future path of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in clinical medicine. La Revue du Praticien, 46, 853-858.
26. Desmedt, J.E. and Hainaut, K. (1968). Kinetics of myofilament activation in potentiated contraction: staircase phenomenon in human skeletal muscle. Nature, 217, 529-532.
27. Duchateau, J. and Hainaut, K. (1985). Electrical and mechanical failures during sustained and intermittent contractions in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 58, 942-947.
28. Edwards, R.H., Hill, D.K., Jones, D.A. and Merton, P.A. (1977). Fatigue of long duration in human skeletal muscle after exercise. Journal of Physiology, 272, 769-778.
29. Enoka, R.M. (2002). Neuromechanics of Human Movement. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
30. Farina, D. (2006). Interpretation of the surface electromyogram in dynamic contractions. Exercise Sport Sciences Reviews, 34, 121-127.
31. Farina, D., Merletti, R. and Enoka, R.M. (2004). The extraction of neural strategies from the surface EMG. Journal of Applied Physiology, 96, 1486-1495.
32. Fitzsimons, M., Dawson, B., Ward, D. and Wilkinson, A. (1993). Cycling and running tests of repeated sprint ability. Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 25, 82-87.
33. Foley, J.M. and Meyer, R.A. (1993). Energy cost of twitch and tetanic contractions of rat muscle estimated in situ by gated 31P NMR. NMR in Biomedicine, 6, 32-38.
34. Fowler, M.D., Ryschon, T.W., Wysong, R.E., Combs, C.A. and Balaban, R.S. (1997). Normalised metabolic stress for 31P-MR spectroscopy studies of human skeletal muscle: MVC vs. muscle volume. Journal of Applied Physiology, 83, 875-883.
35. Francescato, M.P. and Cettolo, V. (2001). Two-pedal ergometer for in vivo MRS studies of human calf muscles. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 46, 1000-1005.
36. Funato, K., Yanagiya, T. and Fukunaga, T. (2001). Ergometry for estimation of mechanical power output in sprinting in humans using a newly developed selfdriven treadmill. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 84, 169-173.
37. Gandevia, S.C. (2001). Spinal and supraspinal factors in human muscle fatigue. Physiological Reviews, 81, 1725-1789.
38. Giannesini, B., Izquierdo, M., Le Fur, Y., Cozzone, P.J., Fingerle, J., Himber, J., Kunnecke, B., Von Kienlin, M. and Bendahan, D. (2005). New experimental setup for studying strictly noninvasively skeletal muscle function in rat using 1H-magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and 31P-MR spectroscopy. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 54, 1058-1064.
39. Glaister, M., Stone, M.H., Stewart, A.M., Hughes, M. and Moir, G.L. (2004). The reliability and validity of fatigue measures during short-duration maximal-intensity intermittent cycling. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18, 459-462.
40. Gonzalez de Suso, J.M., Bernus, G., Alonso, J., Alay, A., Capdevila, A., Gili, J., Prat, J.A. and Arus, C. (1993). Development and characterization of an ergometer to study the bioenergetics of the human quadriceps muscle by 31P NMR spectroscopy inside a standard MR scanner. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 29, 575-581.
41. Gupta, R.K., Gupta, P., Yushok, W.D. and Rose, Z.B. (1983). On the noninvasive measurement of intracellular free magnesium by 31P NMR spectroscopy. Physiological Chemistry and Physics and Medical NMR, 15, 265-280.
42. Hamaoka, T., Iwane, H., Shimomitsu, T., Katsumura, T., Murase, N., Nishio, S., Osada, T., Kurosawa, Y. and Chance, B. (1996). Noninvasive measures of oxidative metabolism on working human muscles by near-infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Applied Physiology, 81, 1410-1417.
43. Hogan, M.C., Ingham, E. and Kurdak, S.S. (1998). Contraction duration affects metabolic energy cost and fatigue in skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physiology, 274, E397-402.
44. Hoult, D.I., Busby, S.J., Gadian, D.G., Radda, G.K., Richards, R.E. and Seeley, P.J. (1974). Observation of tissue metabolites using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance. Nature, 252, 285-287.
45. Hug, F., Bendahan, D., Le Fur, Y., Cozzone, P.J. and Grelot, L. (2004). Heterogeneity of muscle recruitment pattern during pedaling in professional road cyclists:a magnetic resonance imaging and electromyography study. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 92, 334-342.
46. Hughes, M.G., Doherty, M., Tong, R.J., Reilly, T. and Cable, N.T. (2006). Reliability of repeated sprint exercise in non-motorised treadmill ergometry. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 27, 900-904.
47. Hultman, E., Sjöholm, H., Jäderholm-Ek, I. and Krynicki, J. (1983). Evaluation of methods for electrical stimulation of human skeletal muscle in situ. Pflugers Archives, 398, 139-141.
48. Iotti, S., Frassineti, C., Alderighi, L., Sabatini, A., Vacca, A. and Barbiroli, B. (2000) In vivo (31)P-MRS assessment of cytosolic [Mg(2+)] in the human skeletal muscle in different metabolic conditions. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 18, 607-614.
49. Jubrias, S.A., Esselman, P.C., Price, L.B., Cress, M.E. and Conley, K.E. (2001). Large energetic adaptations of elderly muscle to resistance and endurance training. Journal of Applied Physiology, 90, 1663-1670.
50. Keenan, K.G., Farina, D., Maluf, K.S., Merletti, R. and Enoka, R.M. (2005). Influence of amplitude cancellation on the simulated surface electromyogram. Journal of Applied Physiology, 98, 120-131.
51. Kemp, G.J., Roussel, M., Bendahan, D., Le Fur, Y. and Cozzone, P.J. (2001). Interrelations of ATP synthesis and proton handling in ischaemically exercising human forearm muscle studied by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Journal of Physiology, 535, 901-928.
52. Kemp, G.J., Taylor, D.J., Thompson, C.H., Hands, L.J., Rajagopalan, B., Styles, P. and Radda, G.K. (1993). Quantitative analysis by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy of abnormal mitochondrial oxidation in skeletal muscle during recovery from exercise. NMR in Biomedicine, 6, 302-310.
53. Kent-Braun, J.A. and Le Blanc, R. (1996). Quantitation of central activation failure during maximal voluntary contractions in humans. Muscle and Nerve, 19, 861-869.
54. Kent-Braun, J.A. and Ng, A.V. (2000). Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in young and older women and men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 89, 1072-1078.
55. Kent-Braun, J.A., McCully, K.K and Chance, B. (1990). Metabolic effects of training in humans: a 31P-MRS study. Journal of Applied Physiology, 69, 1165-1170.
56. Kohrt, W.M., Malley, M.T., Coggan, A.R., Spina, R.J., Ogawa, T., Ehsani, A.A., Bourey, R.E., Martin, W.H. and Holloszy, J.O. (1991). Effects of gender, age, and fitness level on response of V • O2max to training in 60-71 yr olds. Journal of Applied Physiology, 71, 2004-2011.
57. Kriketos, A.D., Pan, D.A., Lillioja, S., Cooney, G.J., Baur, L.A., Milner, M.R., Sutton, J.R., Jenkins, A.B., Bogardus, C. and Storlien, L.H. (1996). Interrelationships between muscle morphology, insulin action, and adiposity. American Journal of Physiology, 270, R1332-1339.
58. Kufel, T.J., Pineda, L.A. and Mador, M.J. (2002). Comparison of potentiated and unpotentiated twitches as an index of muscle fatigue. Muscle and Nerve, 25, 438-444.
59. Lakomy, H.K.A. (1984). An ergometer for measuring the power generated during sprinting. Journal of Physiology, 354, 33.
60. Larson-Meyer, D.E., Newcomer, B.R., Hunter, G.R., Hetherington, H.P. and Weinsier, R.L. (2000a). 31P MRS measurement of mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle: reliability, force-level sensitivity and relation to whole body maximal oxygen uptake. NMR in Biomedicine, 13, 14-27.
61. Larson-Meyer D.E., Newcomer B.R., Hunter G.R., McLean J.E., Hetherington H.P. and Weinsier R.L. (2000b). Effect of weight reduction, obesity predisposition, and aerobic fitness on skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, 278, E153-161.
62. Layec, G., Bringard, A., Vilmen, C., Micallef, J.P., Le Fur, Y., Perrey, S., Cozzone, P.J. and Bendahan, D. (2008). Accurate work-rate measurements during in vivo MRS studies of exercising human quadriceps. Magma, 21, 227-235.
63. Lodi, R., Muntoni, F., Taylor, J., Kumar, S., Sewry, C.A., Blamire, A., Styles, P. and Taylor, D.J. (1997). Correlative MR imaging and 31P-MR spectroscopy study in sarcoglycan deficient limb girdle muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscular Disorders, 7, 505-511.
64. Lodi, R., Rajagopalan, B., Bradley, J.L., Taylor, D.J., Crilley, J.G., Hart, P.E., Blamire, A.M., Manners, D., Styles, P., Schapira, A.H. and Cooper, J.M. (2002). Mitochondrial dysfunction in Friedreich's ataxia: from pathogenesis to treatment perspectives. Free Radical Research, 36, 461-466.
65. McCartney, N., Heigenhauser, G.J., Sargeant, A.J. and Jones, N.L. (1983). A constant- velocity cycle ergometer for the study of dynamic muscle function. Journal of Applied Physiology, 55, 212-217.
66. McCreary, C.R., Chilibeck, P.D., Marsh, G.D., Paterson, D.H., Cunningham, D.A. and Thompson R.T. (1996). Kinetics of pulmonary oxygen uptake and muscle phosphates during moderate-intensity calf exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 81, 1331-1338.
67. McCully, K.K., Kent, J.A. and Chance, B. (1988). Application of 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy to the study of athletic performance. Sports Medicine, 5, 312-321.
68. Maffiuletti, N.A., Bizzini, M., Desbrosses, K., Babault, N. and Munzinger, U. (2007). Reliability of knee extension and flexion measurements using the Con-Trex isokinetic dynamometer. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 27, 346-353.
69. Margaria, R., Aghemo, P. and Rovelli, E. (1966). Measurement of muscular power (anaerobic) in man. Journal of Applied Physiology, 21, 1662-1664.
70. Marsh, G.D., Paterson, D.H., Thompson, R.T. and Driedger, A.A. (1991). Coincident thresholds in intracellular phosphorylation potential and pH during progressive exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 71, 1076-1081.
71. Mattei, J.P., Kozak-Ribbens, G., Roussel, M., Le Fur, Y., Cozzone, P.J. and Bendahan, D. (2002). New parameters reducing the interindividual variability of metabolic changes during muscle contraction in humans. A 31P MRS study with physiological and clinical implications. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1554, 129-136.
72. Merton, P.A. (1954). Voluntary strength and fatigue. Journal of Physiology, 123, 553-564.
73. Meyer, R.A., Prior, B.M., Siles, R.I. and Wiseman, R.W. (2001) Contraction increases the T(2) of muscle in fresh water but not in marine invertebrates. NMR in Biomedicine, 14, 199-203.
74. Miller, R.G., Boska, M.D., Moussavi, R.S., Carson, P.J. and Weiner, M.W. (1988) 31P nuclear magnetic resonance studies of high energy phosphates and pH in human muscle fatigue. Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 81, 1190-1196.
75. Miller, R.G., Carson, P.J., Moussavi, R.S., Green, A., Baker, A., Boska, M.D. and Weiner, M.W. (1995). Factors which influence alterations of phosphates and pH in exercising human skeletal muscle: measurement error, reproducibility, and effects of fasting, carbohydrate loading, and metabolic acidosis. Muscle and Nerve, 18, 60-67.
76. Miller, R.G., Giannini, D., Milner-Brown, H.S., Layzer, R.B., Koretsky, A.P., Hooper, D. and Weiner, M.W. (1987). Effects of fatiguing exercise on highenergy phosphates, force, and EMG: evidence for three phases of recovery. Muscle and Nerve, 10, 810-821.
77. Millet, G.Y. and Lepers, R. (2004). Alterations of neuromuscular function after prolonged running, cycling and skiing exercises. Sports Medicine, 34, 105-116.
78. Millet, G.Y., Lepers, R., Maffiuletti, N.A., Babault, N., Martin, V. and Lattier, G. (2002). Alterations of neuromuscular function after an ultramarathon. Journal of Applied Physiology, 92, 486-492.
79. Nygren, A.T. and Kaijser, L. (2002). Water exchange induced by unilateral exercise in active and inactive skeletal muscles. Journal of Applied Physiology, 93, 1716-1722.
80. O'Brien, T.D., Reeves, N.D., Baltzopoulos, V., Jones, D.A. and Maganaris, C.N. (2008). Assessment of voluntary muscle activation using magnetic stimulation. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 104, 49-55.
81. Park, J.H., Vansant, J.P., Kumar, N.G., Gibbs, S.J., Curvin, M.S., Price, R.R., Partain, C.L. and James Jr, A.E. (1990). Dermatomyositis: correlative MR imaging and P-31 MR spectroscopy for quantitative characterization of inflammatory disease. Radiology, 177, 473-479.
82. Paton, C.D. and Hopkins, W.G. (2001). Tests of cycling performance. Sports Medicine, 31, 489-496.
83. Pierrot-Deseilligny, E. and Mazevet, D. (2000). The monosynaptic reflex: a tool to investigate motor control in humans. Interest and limits. Clinical Neurophysiology, 30, 67-80.
84. Pincivero, D.M., Gear, W.S. and Sterner, R.L. (2001). Assessment of the reliability of high-intensity quadriceps femoris muscle fatigue. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33, 334-338.
85. Place, N., Maffiuletti, N.A., Martin, A. and Lepers, R. (2007). Assessment of the reliability of central and peripheral fatigue after sustained maximal voluntary contraction of the quadriceps muscle. Muscle and Nerve, 35, 486-495.
86. Place, N., Yamada, T., Bruton, J.D. and Westerblad, H. (2008). Interpolated twitches in fatiguing single mouse muscle fibres: implications for the assessment of central fatigue. Journal of Physiology, 86, 2799-2805.
87. Polkey, M.I., Kyroussis, D., Hamnegard, C.H., Mills, G.H., Green, M. and Moxham, J. (1996). Quadriceps strength and fatigue assessed by magnetic stimulation of the femoral nerve in man. Muscle and Nerve, 19, 549-555.
88. Quistorff, B., Nielsen, S., Thomsen, C., Jensen, K.E. and Henriksen, O. (1990). A simple calf muscle ergometer for use in a standard whole-body MR scanner. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 13, 444-449.
89. Racinais, S., Girard, O., Micallef, J.P. and Perrey, S. (2007). Failed excitability of spinal motoneurons induced by prolonged running exercise. Journal of Neurophysiology, 97, 596-603.
90. Raymer, G.H., Marsh, G.D., Kowalchuk, J.M. and Thompson, R.T. (2004). Metabolic effects of induced alkalosis during progressive forearm exercise to fatigue. Journal of Applied Physiology, 96, 2050-2056.
91. Rodenburg, J.B., de Boer, R.W., Jeneson, J.A., van Echteld, C.J. and Bar, P.R. (1994). 31P-MRS and simultaneous quantification of dynamic human quadriceps exercise in a whole body MR scanner. Journal of Applied Physiology, 77, 1021-1029.
92. Russ, D.W. and Kent-Braun, J.A. (2004). Is skeletal muscle oxidative capacity decreased in old age? Sports Medicine, 34, 221-229.
93. Ryschon, T.W., Fowler, M.D., Arai, A.A., Wysong, R.E., Leighton, S.B., Clem Sr, T.R. and Balaban, R.S. (1995). A multimode dynamometer for in vivo MRS studies of human skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology, 79, 2139-2147.
94. Saab, G., Thompson, R.T. and Marsh, G.D. (2000). Effects of exercise on muscle transverse relaxation determined by MR imaging and in vivo relaxometry. Journal of Applied Physiology, 88, 226-233.
95. Smith, S.A., Montain, S.J., Matott, R.P., Zientara, G.P., Jolesz, F.A. and Fielding, R.A. (1998). Creatine supplementation and age influence muscle metabolism during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 85, 1349-1356.
96. Tarnopolsky, M.A. and Parise, G. (1999). Direct measurement of high-energy phosphate compounds in patients with neuromuscular disease. Muscle and Nerve, 22, 1228-1233.
97. Taylor, D.J. (2000). Clinical utility of muscle MR spectroscopy. Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology, 4, 481-502.
98. Thomas, C.K., Woods, J.J. and Bigland-Ritchie, B. (1989). Impulse propagation and muscle activation in long maximal voluntary contractions. Journal of Applied Physiology, 67, 1835-1842.
99. Thorstensson, A. and Karlsson, J. (1976). Fatiguability and fibre composition of human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 98, 318-322.
100. Todd, G., Taylor, J.L. and Gandevia, S.C. (2003). Measurement of voluntary activation of fresh and fatigued human muscles using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Journal of Physiology, 551, 661-671.
101. Tong, R.J., Bell, W., Ball, G. and Winter, E.M. (2001). Reliability of power output measurements during repeated treadmill sprinting in rugby players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19, 289-297.
102. Treuth, M.S., Butte, N.F. and Herrick, R. (2001). Skeletal muscle energetics assessed by (31)P-NMR in prepubertal girls with a familial predisposition to obesity. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 25, 1300-1308.
103. Trimble, M.H. and Harp, S.S. (1998). Postexercise potentiation of the H-reflex in humans. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30, 933-941.
104. Vergès, S., Maffiuletti, N.A., Kerherve, H., Decorte, N., Wuyam, B. and Millet, G.Y. (2009). Comparison of electrical and magnetic stimulations to assess quadriceps muscle function. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106, 701-710.
105. Vøllestad, N.K. (1997). Measurement of human muscle fatigue. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 74, 219-227.
106. Wade, A.J., Marbut, M.M. and Round, J.M. (1990). Muscle fibre type and aetiology of obesity. Lancet, 335, 805-808.
107. Ward, K.M., Rajan, S.S., Wysong, M., Radulovic, D. and Clauw, D.J. (1996). Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: in vivo magnesium measurements in the skeletal muscle of normal subjects. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 36, 475-480.
108. Weidman, E.R., Charles, H.C., Negro-Vilar, R., Sullivan, M.J. and MacFall, J.R. (1991). Muscle activity localization with 31P spectroscopy and calculated T2-weighted 1H images. Investigative Radiology, 26, 309-316.
109. Whipp, B.J., Rossiter, H.B., Ward, S.A., Avery, D., Doyle, V.L., Howe, F.A. and Griffiths, J.R. (1999). Simultaneous determination of muscle 31P and O2 uptake kinetics during whole body NMR spectroscopy. Journal of Applied Physiology, 86, 742-747.
110. Wilson, G.J. and Murphy, A.J. (1996). The use of isometric tests of muscular function in athletic assessment. Sports Medicine, 22, 19-37.