The political economy of Latin America: Reflections on neoliberalism and development

The Political Economy of Latin America: Reflections on Neoliberalism and Development

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-177

  Kingstone, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84909391141     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203882603     Document Type: Book

References (206)

1. Rand Paul, available at http://www.examiner.com/x-30215-LA-Conservative-Examiner~y2010m5d19-Tea-Party-Movement-defined--quotes-from-Rand-Paul (accessed July 2010).
2. Poll data available at http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0210/32384.html (accessed July 2010). One controversial Harris Poll in March of 2010 actually found that around 15 percent of respondents believed that Obama was the Antichrist.
3. “Now and Later,” available at http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/21/opinion/21krugman.html?ref=paulkrugman (accessed June 21, 2010).
4. Ian Bremmer, The End of the Free Market: Who Wins the War Between States and Corporations (New York: Portfolio Hardcover, 2010).
5. Robin Broad, ed., Global Backlash: Citizen Initiatives for a Just Local Economy (New York: Roman and Littlefield, 2002).
6. Benjamin Kohl and Linda Farthing, Impasse in Bolivia: Neoliberal Hegemony and Popular Resistance (London: Zed Books, 2006).
7. Michael Reid, The Forgotten Continent: The Battle for Latin America’s Soul (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), pp. 141-142. The “Water War” is an intensely controversial event with sharply conflicting views and one has to be very careful parsing through the alternative sources on the subject.
8. Peter Hakim, “Is Washington Losing Latin America?” Foreign Affairs 85, no. 1 (January/February 2006).
9. United States Trade and Industry Commission statistics, available at http://www.trade.gov/mas/ian/tradestatistics/index.asp (accessed June 2010).
10. Francis Fukuyama, “The End of History?” The National Interest, Summer 1989.
11. Forrest D. Colburn, Latin America at the End of Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002).
12. Jorge Castaneda, Utopia Unarmed: The Latin American Left after the Cold War (New York: Vintage Books, 1994).
13. Javier Corrales, “Markets,” in Jorge Dominguez and Michael Shifter, eds., Constructing Democratic Governance, (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003).
14. Paul Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (New York: Oxford, 2005).
15. This very different account of the problems facing Latin America due to excessive state involvement can be found in Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, Latin American Debt (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988).
16. John Williamson, “An Agenda for Restarting Growth and Reform,” in John Williamson and Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, eds., After the Washington Consensus: Restarting Growth and Reform in Latin America (Washington DC: Institute for International Economics, 2003).
17. Roberto G. MacLean discusses the problem of law making in Latin America. He defines good laws as a “record of compromise” among varied interests in society. To record a compromise, laws have to identify the actors with a stake in an issue and assign rights and obligations in a manner that fairly reflects the balance of interests. Unfortunately, in Latin America laws are frequently copied from abroad, regardless of their fit with local interests. Moreover, law making is compromised by limited transparency and accountability and low-quality information. The result are laws that do not reflect society accurately and are subsequently ignored. Hon. Roberto G. MacLean, “The Social Efficiency of Laws as an Element of Political and Economic Development,” NAFTA: Business and Law Journal of the Americas 4, no. 2 (1998).
18. Robert Sherwood documents the perverse impact on technological innovation that stems from the weakness of intellectual property rights protections. Firms are reluctant to invest in innovations when they cannot be sure that other firms will not steal them. The result is underinvestment and inefficient and costly ad hoc mechanisms to protect intellectual property. Robert M. Sherwood, “Intellectual Property for Latin America: How Soon Will it Work?” NAFTA: Business and Law Journal of the Americas 4, no. 2 (1998).
19. Nancy Birdsall and Miguel Szekely, “Bootstraps, not Band-Aids: Poverty, Equity and Social Policy,” in John Williamson and Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, eds., After the Washington Consensus.
20. Nora Lustig, “Poverty, Inequality and the New Left in Latin America,” Woodrow Wilson Center Update on the Americas (Washington DC: Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, October 2009).
21. Roberto da Matta, “Do You Know Who You’re Talking To?!: The Distinction between Individual and Person in Brazil,” in Carnival, Rogues and Heroes: An Interpretation of the Brazilian Dilemma (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1991).
22. Janice E. Perlman, The Myth of Marginality: Urban Politics and Poverty in Rio de Janeiro (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
23. Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (New York: Knopf, 1999).
24. Guillermo O’Donnell, “Human Rights, Human Development and Democracy,” in The Quality of Democracy: Theory and Applications (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2004).
25. Javier Santiso, Latin Americas Political Economy of the Possible: Beyond Good Revolutionaries and Free Marketeers (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006).
26. Kurt Weyland, The Politics of Market Reforms in Fragile Democracies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004).
27. Javier Corrales, “Market Reforms,” in Jorge Dominguez and Michael Shifter, eds., Constructing Democratic Governance (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003).
28. John Sheahan, Patterns of Development in Latin America: Poverty, Repression and Economic Strategy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987).
29. James Mahoney, Colonial and Postcolonial Development: Spanish America in Comparative Perspective (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
30. Leslie Beth ell, ed., The Independence of Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
31. Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto, Dependency and Development in Latin America (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1979).
32. Victor Bulmer-Thomas provides an account of the early origins of very small-scale, light manufacturing in response to growing urbanization in the early twentieth century, but notes that it was almost entirely handicrafts rather than modern manufacturing. Victor Bulmer-Thomas, The Economic History of Latin America since Independence (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 127-128.
33. Michael Reid, citing Angus Maddison, in The Forgotten Continent (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press), pp. 33-34.
34. Barrington Moore, The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1993); Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
35. Cardoso and Faletto, Dependency and Development in Latin America, as well as in Ruth Berins Collier and David Collier, Shaping the Political Arena (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991).
36. Thomas Skidmore, Peter Smith, and James Green, Modern Latin America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).
37. Rosemary Thorp, Progress, Poverty, and Exclusion: An Economic History of Latin America in the 20th Century (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), pp. 87, 318.
38. Patrice Franko, The Puzzle of Latin American Economic Development (Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003), p. 37.
39. Franko, The Puzzle ofLatin American Economic Development, p. 39.
40. Adam Przeworski’s discussion in Capitalism and Democracy: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991)
41. Victor Bulmer-Thomas, The Economic History of Latin America since Independence, p. 271.
42. Franko, The Puzzle of Latin American Economic Development, p. 59.
43. Roy Nelson, Harnessing Globalization: The Promotion of Nontraditional Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America (University Park, PA: Penn State Press, 2009). On the BNDES, see Roy Nelson, Industrialization and Political Affinity: Industrial Policy in Brazil (London: Routledge Press, 2005).
44. Franko, The Puzzle of Latin American Economic Development, p. 64.
45. Prebisch’s contributions are reviewed in Ronald V. A. Sprout, “The Ideas of Prebisch,” CEPAL Review 46 (April 1992).
46. Albert O. Hirschman first set out his highly influential ideas about the role of linkages in development in The Strategy of Economic Development (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1958).
47. James E. Mahon Jr., “Was Latin America Too Rich to Prosper? Structural and Political Obstacles to Export-Led Growth,” Journal of Development Studies 28, no. 2 (1992).
48. Anne O. Krueger, “Government Failures in Development,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 4, 3 (Summer 1990), for an argument about the risks of government’s role in the market stemming from (among other things) the tendency for bureaucrats to overvalue policies requiring bureaucratic involvement. Pedro Pablo Kuczynski’s critique of the role of the state in Latin America identifies as well the problem of corruption; see Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, Latin America Debt (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988).
49. Victor Bulmer-Thomas, The Economic History of Latin America since Independence, p. 221.
50. Thorp, Progress, Poverty, and Exclusion, p. 322.
51. Albert O. Hirschman, “The Political Economy of Latin American Development: Seven Exercises in Retrospection,” Latin American Research Review 22, no. 3 (1987).
52. Thorp, Progress, Poverty, and Exclusion, ch. 1.
53. Janice E. Perlman, The Myth of Marginality: Urban Politics and Poverty in Rio de Janeiro (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1980).
54. H. W. Arndt, “The Origins of Structuralism,” World Development 13, no. 2 (1985).
55. Hirchman for a diagnosis and prescription for ISI bottlenecks, “The Political Economy of Import-Substituting Industrialization in Latin America,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 82, no.1 (1968).
56. Franko, The Puzzle of Latin American Economic Development, pp. 61-63.
57. Guillermo O’Donnell, “Tensions in the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian State and the Question of Democracy,” in David Collier, ed., The New Authoritarianism in Latin America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979).
58. Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, Latin American Debt (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988).
59. Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, Latin American Debt, p. 10.
60. John Williamson, “What Washington Means by Policy Reform,” in John Williamson, ed., Latin American Adjustment: How Much Has Happened? (Washington DC: Institute for International Economics, 1990).
61. Williamson, “What Washington Means by Policy Reform,” p. 7.
62. Williamson, “What Washington Means by Policy Reform,” p. 8.
63. “Deficits Matter,” Atlantic Monthly 306, no. 1 (June/July 2010).
64. Walter Molano’s discussion of one of the best SOEs in Latin America, Brazil’s Telebras, and its decline into the 1980s in The Logic of Privatization: The Case of Telecommunications in the Southern Cone of Latin America (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997).
65. Kuczynski, Latin American Debt, p. 57.
66. James Petras, The Left Strikes Back: Class Conflict in Latin America in the Age of Neoliberalism (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999); Paul Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
67. Gerard Dumenil and Dominique Levy, “The Neoliberal Counter-Revolution,” in Alfredo Saad-Filho and Deborah Johnson, eds., Neoliberalism: A Critical Reader (London: Pluto Press, 2005), p. 14
68. Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, p. 16.
69. Duncan Green, The Silent Revolution: The Rise and Crisis of Market Economics in Latin America (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2003), p. 58.
70. Green, The Silent Revolution, pp. 59-60.
71. Javier Santiso, The Political Economy of Emerging Markets: Actors, Institutions and Financial Crises in Latin America (New York: Palgrave, 2003).
72. Andy Baker, The Market and the Masses in Latin America: Policy Reform and Consumption in Liberalizing Economies (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
73. Luigi Manzetti, Privatization South American Style (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
74. Judith Teichman discusses the role of policy networks in the reform process in Argentina, Chile, and Mexico, focusing on the alliances formed and the cooperation that developed among technocrats and key private sector allies, in The Politics of Freeing Markets in Latin America: Chile, Argentina and Mexico (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
75. Eduardo Lora and Ugo Panizza, “The Future of Structural Reform,” Journal of Democracy 14, no. 2 (2003).
76. Marcus Kurtz, “The Dilemmas of Democracy in the Open Economy: Lessons from Latin America,” World Politics 56, no. 2 (2004).
77. Carlos Vilas, “Inequality and the Dismantling of Citizenship in Latin America,” NACLA Report on the Americas 31 (May/June 1997).
78. Philip Oxhorn, “Beyond Neoliberalism? Latin America’s New Crossroads,” in John Burdick, Philip Oxhorn, and Kenneth Roberts, eds., Beyond Neoliberalism in Latin America (London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2009). Forrest D. Colburn, Latin America at the End of Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002) expresses the same concern.
79. Kurt Weyland “Neoliberalism and Democracy: A Mixed Record,” Latin American Politics and Society 46, no. 1 (2004).
80. Kurt Weyland, “Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America,” Studies in Comparative International Development 31, no. 3 (1996).
81. Peter Kingstone, Crafting Coalitions for Reform: Business Strategies, Political Institutions and Neoliberalism in Brazil (University Park, PA: Penn State Press, 1999).
82. Kurt Weyland, The Politics of Market Reforms in Fragile Democracies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004).
83. Andy Baker, “Who Wants to Globalize? Consumer Tastes and Labor Markets in a Theory of Trade Policy Beliefs,” American Journal of Political Science 49, no. 4 (2005); Wall Street Journal polls documented in Baker, The Market and the Masses in Latin America.
84. Javier Corrales, Presidents without Parties: The Politics of Economic Reform in Argentina and Venezuela in the 1990s (University Park, PA: Penn State Press, 2002).
85. Eduardo Silva, The State and Capital in Chile: Business Elites, Technocrats and Market Economics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998).
86. Maria Victoria Murillo, “Political Bias in Policy Convergence. Privatization Choices in Latin America,” World Politics 54, no.4 (2002).
87. Sybil Rhodes, Social Movements and Free Market Capitalism in Latin America (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2006).
88. Peter Kingstone and Joseph Young, “Partisanship and Policy Choice: What’s Left for the Left in Latin America?” Political Research Quarterly 62, no. 1 (2009).
89. Eduardo Lora, “Structural Reforms in Latin America: What Has Been Reformed and How to Measure it?,” Working Paper #466 (Washington DC: Interamerican Development Bank, 2001).
90. Sylvia Maxfield, “Understanding the Political Implication of Financial Internationalization in Emerging Market Countries,” World Development 26, no. 7 (1998).
91. Eduardo Lora, “A Decade of Structural Reforms in Latin America: What Has Been Reformed and How to Measure it,” Working Paper #348 (Washington DC: Interamerican Development Bank, 1997). Samuel A Morley, Roberto Machado, and Stefano Pettinato, “Indices of Structural Reform in Latin America,” ECLAC Serie Reformas Economicas 12. (Santiago, Chile: ECLAC, 1999). The Morley et al. index is more widely used by political scientists, in part because of its greater time range.
92. Javier Corrales, “Varieties of Market Discontent,” in Jorge Dominguez and Michael Shifter, eds., Constructing Democratic Governance in Latin America (Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003).
93. Evelyne Huber and Fred Solt, “Successes and Failures of Neoliberalism,” Latin American Research Review 39, no. 3 (2004).
94. James Petras, Henry Veltmeyer, and Steve Vieux, Neoliberalism and Class Conflict in Latin America (London: MacMillan, 1997).
95. Green, The Silent Revolution, p. 152.
96. Jean Grugel and Pia Riggirozzi, “The End of the Embrace,” in Jean Grugel and Pia Riggirozzi, eds., Governance After Neoliberalism in Latin America (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2009), p. 15.
97. Green, The Silent Revolution, p. 152. The CEPAL study defines “poor” as insufficient income to meet basic food and non-food needs, whereas “indigent” indicates insufficient income to meet food needs even if all income is spent on food.
98. Alfredo Saad-Filho, “The Political Economy of Neoliberalism in Latin America,” in Alfredo Saad-Filho and Deborah Johnston, eds., Neoliberalism: A Critical Reader (London: Pluto Press, 2005), p. 226.
99. Jaime Saavedra, “Labor Markets During the 1990s,” in John Williamson and Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, eds., After the Washington Consensus: Restarting Growth and Reform in Latin America (Washington DC: Institute for International Economics, 2003)
100. Michael Walton, “Neoliberalism in Latin America: Good, Bad or Incomplete?,” Latin America Research Review 39, no. 3 (2004).
101. Nancy Birdsall and Miguel Szekely, “Bootstraps, not Band-Aids: Poverty, Equity and Social Policy,” in John Williamson and Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, eds., After the Washington Consensus.
102. Robert Kaufman and Alex Segura-Ubiergo, “Globalization, Domestic Politics, and Social Spending: A Time Series, Cross Section Analysis 1973-1997,” World Politics, 53, no. 4 (2001); Erik Wibbels and Moises Arce, “Globalization, Taxation, and Burden-Shifting in Latin America,” International Organization 57 (2003).
103. Laurence Wolff and Claudio de Moura Castro, “Education and Training: The Task Ahead, in Williamson and Kuczynski, eds., After the Washington Consensus.
104. James McGuire, Wealth, Health and Democracy in East Asia and Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
105. Alberto Chong and Florencio Lopez de Silanes, “The Truth about Privatization in Latin America,” Research Network Working Paper #R-486 (Washington DC: Interamerican Development Bank, 2003).
106. Walton, “Neoliberalism in Latin America,” p. 179.
107. Luigi Manzetti, “The Political Economy of Regulatory Policy,” in Regulatory Policy in Latin America: Post-Privatization Realities (Miami: North-South Center Press, 2000).
108. Carol Graham and Stefano Pettinato, “Hardship and Happiness: Social Mobility and Public Perceptions during Market Reforms,” in Carol Wise and Riordan Roett, eds., Post-Stabilization Politics in Latin America (Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2003).
109. Lois Hecht Oppenheim, Politics in Chile: Socialism, Authoritarianism and Market Democracy (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2007).
110. Judith Teichman, The Politics of Freeing Markets in Latin America: Chile, Argentina and Mexico (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
111. Data from USAID, Latin America and the Caribbean Selected Economic and Social Data (Washington DC: United States Agency for International Aid and Development, 2002).
112. Ricardo Hausmann, Michael Gavin, Carmen Pages-Serra, and Ernesto Stein, “Financial Turmoil and the Choice of Exchange Rate Regime,” Working Paper #400 (Washington DC: Interamerican Development Bank, 1999), available at http://www.iadb.org.
113. Herbert S. Klein, A Concise History of Bolivia (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
114. Benjamin Kohl and Linda Farthing, Impasse in Bolivia: Neoliberal Hegemony and Popular Resistance (London: Zed Books, 2006).
115. Eduardo Gamarra, “The Case of Bolivia,” in Scott Mainwaring and Matthew Shugart, eds., Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
116. Eduardo A. Gamarra, “Crafting Political Support for Stabilization,” in William C. Smith, Carlos H. Acuna, and Eduardo A. Gamarra, eds., Democracy, Markets, and Structural Reform in Latin America (Miami: University of Miami, North-South Center Press, 1994).
117. George Gray Molina, Ernesto Perez de Rada, and Ernesto Yanez, “La economia politica de reformas institucionales en Bolivia,” Working Paper #350 (Washington DC: Interamerican Development Bank, 1999).
118. Ronaldo Munck, “Neoliberalism, Necessitarianism and Alternatives in Latin America: There is no Alternative (TINA),” Third World Quarterly 24, no. 3 (2003).
119. Jorge Castaneda, Utopia Unarmed: The Latin American Left after the Cold War (New York: Vintage Books, 1994), p. 3.
120. Peter Hakim, “Is Washington Losing Latin America?” Foreign Affairs 85, no. 1 (January/February 2006).
121. James Petras, The Left Strikes Back: Class Conflict in Latin America in the Age of Neoliberalism (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999) is an exception to that trend. Published in 1999, Petras documented the variety of “lefts” in the region and the ways that the left was reorganizing and renewing.
122. Jorge Castaneda and Marco A. Morales, eds., Leftovers (New York: Routledge, 2008); Kurt Weyland, Wendy Hunter, and Raul Madrid, eds., Leftist Governments in Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010); Javier Corrales, “The Many Lefts in Latin America,” Foreign Policy (November/December 2006).
123. Jaime Saavedra, “Labor Markets During the 1990s,” in John Williamson and Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, eds., After the Washington Consensus: Restarting Growth nad Reform in Latin America (Washington DC: Institute for International Economics, 2003).
124. Matthew Singer, “The Electoral Politics of Vulnerability and the Incentive to Cast an Economic Vote,” PhD dissertation, Duke University (2007), pp. 246-248.
125. Javier Corrales, “Varieties of Market Discontent,” in Jorge Dominguez and Michael Shifter, eds., Constructing Democratic Governance in Latin America, 3rd edn (Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008).
126. Daniel Brinks, “A Tale of Two Cities,” in Peter Kingstone and Deborah Yashar, eds., The Handbook of Latin American Politics (New York: Routledge Press, forthcoming).
127. Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents (New York: W.W. Norton, 2003).
128. Michael Walton, “Neoliberalism in Latin America: Good, Bad or Incomplete?,” Latin America Research Review 39, no. 3 (2004), cites it as one of the principal errors of the neoliberal period.
129. Luigi Manzetti, “Political Manipulations and Market Reform Failures,” World Politics 55, no. 3 (2003).
130. Hector Schamis, “Distributional Coalitions and the Politics of Economic Reform in Latin America,” World Politics 51, no. 2 (1999).
131. Luigi Manzetti, Privatization South American Style (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
132. Eduardo Lora and Ugo Panizza, “The Future of Structural Reform,” Journal of Democracy 14, no. 2 (2003).
133. Marcus Kurtz, “The Dilemmas of Democracy in the Open Economy: Lessons from Latin America,” World Politics 56, no. 2 (2004).
134. Andy Baker, The Market and the Masses in Latin America: Policy Reform and Consumption in Liberalizing Economies (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), ch.3.
135. Marco Morales, “Have Latin Americans Turned Left?” in Castaneda and Morales, eds., Leftovers.
136. Andy Baker and Kenneth Greene, “Latin America’s Left Mandate,” World Politics 63, no. 1 (2011).
137. Robert Kaufman and Alex Segura-Ubiergo, “Globalization, Domestic Politics, and Social Spending: A Time Series, Cross Section Analysis 1973-1997,” World Politics 53, no. 4 (2001).
138. Petras, The Left Strikes Back, p. 3.
139. Javier Corrales, “The Repeating Revolution: Chavez’ New Politics and Old Ecomomics,” in Weyland, Hunter, and Madrid, eds., Leftist Governments in Latin America.
140. George Gray-Molina, “The Challenge of Progressive Change under Evo Morales,” in Weyland, Hunter, and Madrid, eds., Leftist Governments in Latin America.
141. Heritage Foundation, data available at http//:www.heritage.org.
142. Data available at http://www.cepal.org.
143. CEPAL, “Main Fiscal Measures Taken to Deal with the Crisis,” available at http://www.cepal.org/notes/61/indicadores04.html (accessed August 2010).
144. Kaufman and Segura-Ubiergo, “Globalization, Domestic Politics, and Social Spending”; Peter Kingstone and Joseph Young, “Partisanship and Policy Choice: What’s Left for the Left in Latin America?” Political Research Quarterly 62, no. 1 (2009).
145. Nora Lustig, “Poverty, Inequality and the New Left in Latin America,” Woodrow Wilson Center Update on the Americas (Washington DC: Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, October 2009).
146. Jose Merino, “No Such Thing as a Social Advantage for the Left?” in Castaneda and Morales, eds., Leftovers.
147. Daniel Ortega, Francisco Rodriguez, and Edward Miguel, “Freed from Illiteracy? A Closer Look at Venezuela’s Robinson Literacy Campaign,” Wesleyan Economics Working Papers, #2006-025 (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University, October 2006).
148. Francisco Rodriguez, “An Empty Revolution: The Unfulfilled Promises of Hugo Chavez,” Foreign Affairs 87, no. 2 (2008).
149. Natasha Borges Sugiyama, “Theories of Diffusion: Social Sector Reform in Brazil,” Comparative Political Studies 41, no. 2 (2008).
150. George Gray-Molina, “The Challenge of Progressive Change under Evo Morales,” in Weyland, Hunter, and Madrid, eds., Leftist Governments in Latin America.
151. Corrales, “The Repeating Revolution: Chavez’ New Politics and Old Ecomomics,” in Weyland, Hunter, and Madrid, eds., Leftist Governments in Latin America.
152. Diana Tussie and Pablo Heidrich, “A Tale of Ecumenicism and Diversity: Economic and Trade Policies of the New Left,” in Castaneda and Morales, eds., Leftovers.
153. Eduardo Silva, The State and Capital in Chile: Business Elites, Technocrats and Market Economics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998).
154. Roy Nelson, Harnessing Globalization: The Promotion of Nontraditional Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America (University Park, PA: Penn State Press, 2009).
155. Alberto Melo and Andres Rodriguez-Clare, “Productive Development Policies and Supporting Institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean,” in Eduardo Lora, ed., The State of State Reform in Latin America (Washington DC: Interamerican Development Bank, 2007).
156. Ruth Berins Collier and David Collier, Shaping the Political Arena (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991).
157. Javier Corrales notes that Chavez’ main criticism was against the party rule of Venezuela-“partidocracia”-in “Hugo Boss” Foreign Policy 152 (January/February 2006).
158. Francisco Monaldi, Rosa Amelia Gonzalez, Richard Obuchi, and Michael Penfold, “Political Institutions, Policymaking Processes and Policy Outcomes in Venezuela,” Working Paper #507 (Washington DC: Interamerican Development Bank, 2001).
159. Corrales, “The Repeating Revolution: Chavez’ New Politics and Old Ecomomics,” in Weyland, Hunter, and Madrid, eds., Leftist Governments in Latin America.
160. Data from the Interamerican Development Bank, available at http://www.iadb.org.
161. Corrales, “The Repeating Revolution: Chavez’ New Politics and Old Ecomomics,” in Weyland, Hunter, and Madrid, eds., Leftist Governments in Latin America.
162. Peter Kingstone and Aldo Ponce, “From Cardoso to Lula: The Triumph of Pragmatism in Latin America,” in Weyland, Hunter, and Madrid, eds., Leftist Governments in Latin America.
163. The Economist, “Drunk Not Sick: Brazil, the Blessed and the Cursed (Survey of Brazil),” December 7 (1991), p. S1.
164. Scott Mainwaring, “Brazil: Weak Parties, Feckless Democracy,” in Scott Mainwaring and Timothy J. Scully, eds., Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995).
165. Wendy Hunter, “The Partido dos Trabalhadores: Still a Party of the Left?” in Peter Kingstone and Timothy Power, eds., Democratic Brazil Revisited (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2008).
166. Kurt Weyland, “The Brazilian State in the New Democracy,” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 39, no.4 (Winter, 1997-1998).
167. Aline Diniz Amaral, Peter Kingstone, and Jonathan Krieckhaus, “The Limits of Economic Reform in Brazil,” in Kingstone and Power, eds., Democratic Brazil Revisited.
168. Marcos Andre Melo, “Unexpected Successes, Unanticipated Failures: Social Policy from Cardoso to Lula,” in Kingstone and Power, eds., Democratic Brazil Revisited.
169. Alberto Melo and Andres Rodriguez-Clare, “Productive Development Policies and Supporting Institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean,” in Eduardo Lora, ed., The State of State Reform in Latin America (Washington DC: Interamerican Development Bank, 2007).
170. James Johnson, “What the Politics of Enfranchisment Can Tell Us about How Rational Choice Theorists Study Institutions,” in Ira Katznelson and Barry R. Weingast, eds., Preferences and Situations: Points of Intersection between Historical and Rational Choice Institutionalism (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2005).
171. Michael Walton, “Neoliberalism in Latin America: Good, Bad or Incomplete?,” Latin America Research Review 39, no. 3 (2004), p. 166.
172. Evelyne Huber and Fred Solt, “Successes and Failures of Neoliberalism,” Latin American Research Review 39, no. 3 (2004), p. 162.
173. John Williamson and Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, eds., After the Washington Consensus: Restarting Growth and Reform in Latin America (Washington DC: Institute for International Economics, 2003).
174. Laurence Wolff and Claudio de Moura Castro, “Education and Training: The Task Ahead,” in Williamson and Kuczynski, eds., After the Washington Consensus.
175. Robert Kaufman and Joan Nelson, eds., Crucial Needs, Weak Incentives: Social Sector Reform, Democratization and Globalization in Latin America (Washington DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2004).
176. Roberto Bouzas and Saul Keifman, “Making Trade Liberalization Work,” in Williamson and Kuczynski, eds., After the Washington Consensus.
177. Judith Tendler, Good Government in the Tropics (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998).
178. James McGuire, Wealth, Health and Democracy in East Asia and Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
179. Bernd Reiter, Negotiating Democracy in Brazil: The Politics of Exclusion (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Press, 2009).
180. Peter H. Schuck, “Law and Post-Privatization Regulatory Reform: Perspectives from the U.S. Experience,” in Luigi Manzetti, ed., Regulatory Policy in Latin America: Post-Privatization Realities (Miami: North-South Center Press, 2000).
181. Scott Mainwaring and Matthew S. Shugart, Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997) or Scott Mainwaring, Rethinking Party Systems in the Third Wave of Democratization (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998).
182. Guillermo O’Donnell, “Delegative Democracy,” Journal of Democracy 5 (January 1994).
183. Timothy J. Power, “The Pen is Mightier than the Congress: Presidential Decree Power in Brazil,” in John Carey and Matthew Soberg Shugart, eds., Executive Decree Authority (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
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