Media factors that contribute to a restriction of exposure to diversity

The Psychology of Entertainment Media: Blurring the Lines Between Entertainment and Persuasion

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 233-254

  Schumann, David W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84909306601     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781410609366     Document Type: Chapter

References (70)

1. Allan, K, & Coltrane, S. (1996). Gender displaying television commercials: A comparative study of television commercials in the 1950s and 1980s. Sex Roles, 35 (3), 185-203.
2. Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
3. Atkin, C. K. (1985). Informational utility and selective exposure to entertainment media. In D. Zillmann & J. Bryant (eds.), Selective exposure to communication (pp. 63-91). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
4. Baker, B. (1994). How to identify, expose and correct liberal media bias. Alexandria, VA: Media Research Center.
5. Bargh, J. A. (2002). Losing consciousness: Automatic influences on consumer judgment, behavior, and motivation. Journal of Consumer Research, 29 (2), 280-285.
6. Beatty, S. E, & Smith, S. M. (1987). External search effort: An investigation across several product categories. Journal of Consumer Research, 14 (1), 83-95.
7. Brewer, M. B, & Miller, N. (1996). Intergroup relations. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
8. Bristor. J. M, Lee, R. G, & Hunt, M. R. (1995). Race and ideology: African-American images in television advertising. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 14 (1), 48-59.
9. Buckley, K. W. (1989). Mechanical man. New York: Guilford Press.
10. Chapman, L. J. (1967). Illusory correlation in observational report. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6, 151-155.
11. Chapman, L. J, & Chapman, J. P. (1969). Illusory correlation as an obstacle to the use of valid psychodiagnostic signs. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 74, 271-280.
12. Cheng, H. (1997). "Holding up half of the sky"? A sociocultural comparison of gender role portrayals in Chinese and U. S. Advertising. International Journal of Advertising, 16, 295-319.
13. Chomsky, N. (2002). Media control: The spectacular achievements of propaganda. New York: Seven Stories Press.
14. Culley, J. D, & Bennett, R. (1976). Equality in advertising: Selling women, selling Blacks. Journal of Communication, 36, 160-174.
15. Downs, A. C, & Harrison, S. D. (1985). Embarrassing age spots or just plain ugly? Physical attractiveness stereotyping as an instrument of sexism on American television commercials. Sex Roles, 13 (2), 9-19.
16. Elliot, M. T. (1995). Differences in the portrayal of blacks: A content analysis of general media versus culturally targeted commercials. Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 17 (1), 75-86.
17. Erikson, E. H. (1980). Identity and the life cycle. New York: Norton.
18. Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row-Peterson.
19. Ford, J. B, & LaTour, M. S. (1996). Contemporary female perspectives of female role portrayals in advertising. Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 18 (1), 81-94.
20. Freud, S. (1924/1969). A general introduction to psychoanalysis. New York: Pocket Books.
21. Furnham, A. (1981). Personality and activity preference. British Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 57-68.
22. Gardner, M, Schumann, D. W, & Walls, S. (2002). Managing our affective states through consumption activity. In S. E. Heckler & S. Shapiro (eds.), Proceedings of the Society for Consumer Psychology (pp. 189-204). Society for Consumer Psychology.
23. Gilens, M. (1996). Race and poverty in America: Public misperceptions and the American news media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 60, 515-541.
24. Gitlin, T. (2001). Media unlimited. New York: Metropolitan Books.
25. Goldberg, B. (2002). Bias: A CBS insider exposes how the media distort the news. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing.
26. Hansen, F. J, & Osborne, D. (1995). Portrayal of women and elderly patients in psychotropic drug advertisements. Women and Therapy, 16 (1), 29-141.
27. Herman, E. S, & Chomsky, N. (2002). Manufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass media. New York: Pantheon Books.
28. Hewstone, M, Rubin, M, & Willis, H. (2002). Intergroup bias. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 575-604.
29. Ickes, W, Snyder, M, & Garcia, S. (1997). Personality influences on the choice of situations. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 165-195). New York: Academic Press.
30. Judd, C. M, & Park, B. (1993). Definition and assessment of accuracy in social stereotypes. Psychological Review, 100, 109-128.
31. Jussim, L, Eccles, J, & Madon, S. (1996). Social perception, social stereotypes, and teacher expectations: Accuracy and the quest for the powerful self-fulfilling prophecy. In M. P. Zanna (ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 28, pp. 281-388). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
32. Lynch, J. G. ,Jr., & Srull, T. K. (1982). Memory and attentional factors in consumer choice: Concepts and research methods. Journal of Consumer Research, 9 (1), 18-36.
33. MacGregor, B. (1997). Live, direct and biased? London: Arnold.
34. Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper.
35. Mazis, M. B, Ringold, D. J, Perry, E. S, & Denman, D. W. (1992). Perceived age and attractiveness of models in cigarette advertisements. Journal of Marketing, 56, 22-37.
36. Mertin, R. K. (1957). Social theory and social structure. New York: Free Press.
37. Mischel, W. (1968). Personality and assessment. New York: Wiley.
38. Mischel, W. (1990). Personality dispositions revisited and revised: A view after three decades. In L. A. Pervin (ed.), Handbook of personality theory and research (pp. 111-134). New York: Guilford Press.
39. Morris, M. (2002, October). Classic "and" cool?: The marketing of luxury goods to the urban market. Presentation at the Association for Consumer Research Conference, Atlanta, GA.
40. Newcomb, T. (1947). Autistic hostility and social reality. Human Relations, 1, 69-86.
41. Petty, R. E, & Cacioppo, J. T. (1981). Attitudes and persuasion: Classic and contemporary approaches. Dubuque, IA: Brown.
42. Petty, R. E, & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. New York: Springer.
43. Pettygrew, T. F. (1979). The ultimate attribution error: Extending Allport's cognitive analysis of prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5, 461-476.
44. Power, J. G, Murphy, S. T, & Coover, G. (1996). Priming prejudice: How stereotypes and counterstereotypes influence attribution of responsibility and credibility among ingroups and outgroups. Human Communication Research, 23 (1), 36-58.
45. Punj, G, & Staelin, R. (1983). A model of consumer information search behavior for new automobiles. Journal of Consumer Research, 9 (4), 366-380.
46. Ross, L, Greene, D, & House, P. (1977). The "false consensus effect": An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 279- 301.
47. Ross, L, & Sicoly, F. (1979). Egocentric biases in availability and attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 322-336.
48. Schumann, D. W. (1999, February). The transmission of prejudice: What do our marketing strategies really reinforce? Presidential address. Presented at the Conference of the Society for Consumer Psychology, St. Petersburg, FL.
49. st Annual Advertising and Consumer Psychology Conference, New York.
50. Schumann, D. W, Grayson, J, Ault, J, Hargrove, K, Hollingsworth, L, Ruelle, R, & Seguin, S. (1991). Shopping cart signage: Is it an effective advertising medium? Journal of Advertising Research, 31 (1), 17-22.
51. Shiffrin, R. M. (1976). Capacity limitations in information processing, attention and memory. In W. K. Estes (ed.), Handbook of learning and cognitive process (Vol. 4, pp. 177-236). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
52. Signorielli, N, McLeod, D, & Healy, E. (1994). Gender stereotypes in MTV commercials: The beat goes on. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 38 (1), 91-101.
53. Snyder, M. (1981). On the influence of individuals on situations. In N. Cantor & J. F. Kihlstrom (eds.), Personality, cognition, and social interaction (pp. 309-329). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
54. Srull, T, & Karabenick, S. A. (1975). Effects of personality-situation locus of control congruence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 617-628.
55. Stephan, W. C, & Stephan, C. W. (1984). The role of ignorance in intergroup relations. In N. Miller & M. B. Brewer (eds.), Groups in contact (pp. 229-250). New York: Academic Press.
56. Strutton, D, & Lumpkin, J. R. (1993). Stereotypes of Black in-group attractiveness in advertising: On possible psychological effects. Psychological Reports, 73, 507-511.
57. Sunstein, C. (2001). Republic.com. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
58. Swann, W. (1987). Identity negotiation: Where two roads meet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1038-1051.
59. Swann, W, & Read, S. J. (1981). Self-verification processes: How we sustain our self-conceptions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 17, 351-372.
60. Swayne, L. E, & Greco, A. J. (1987). The portrayal of older Americans in television commercials. Journal of Advertising, 16 (1), 47-54.
61. Taylor, C. R, & Lee, J. Y. (1994). Not in Vogue: Portrayals of Asian Americans in magazine advertising. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 13 (2), 239-245.
62. Taylor, C. R, Lee, J. Y. & Stern, B. B. (1995). Portrayals of African, Hispanic, and Asian Americans in magazine advertising. American Behavioral Scientists, 38 (4), 609-621.
63. Taylor, C. R, & Stern, B. B. (1997). Asian-Americans: Television advertising and the "model minority" stereotype. Journal of Advertising, 26 (2), 49-60.
64. Tesser, A. (1988). Toward a self-evaluation maintenance model of social behavior. In L. Berkowitz (ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 21). New York: Academic Press, 181-227.
65. Tesser, A, & Paulhus, D. (1983). The definition of self: Private and public self-evaluation management strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 672-682.
66. That Simpson trial in full. (1995, November). International Broadcasting, p. 19.
67. Turow, J. (1997). Breaking up America: Advertisers and the new media world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
68. Watson, D, & Baumal, E. (1967). Effects of locus of control and expectation of future control upon present performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 212-215.
69. Wiggins, J. S. (1973). Personality and prediction: Principles of personality assessment. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
70. Wiggins, J. S. (1997). In defense of traits. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 95-115). New York: Academic Press.