Management and change in Africa: A cross-cultural perspective

Management and Change in Africa: A Cross-Cultural Perspective

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 1-298

  Jackson, Terence ^a  

^a ESCP EUROPE BUSINESS SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84909083656     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203477069     Document Type: Book

References (307)

1. Abdulai, A.I. (2000) Human resource management in Ghana: prescriptions and issues raised by the Fourth Republican Constitution, The International Journal of Public Sector Management, 13(5), 447-66.
2. Abudu, F. (1986) Work attitudes of Africans, with special reference to Nigeria, International Studies of Management and Organization, 16(2), 17-36.
3. Achebe, C. (1983) The Trouble with Nigeria, Oxford: Heinemann.
4. Adedeji, A. (1999) Comparative strategies of economic decolonization in Africa, in A.A. Mazrui (ed.) Africa Since 1935, Vol. VIII of UNESCO General History of Africa, Berkeley, CA: James Currey, pp. 393-431.
5. Adigun, I.O. (1995) Effects of domestic multiculturalism on job attitudes in Nigeria: a research note, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 6(4), 910-29.
6. Adler, N.J. (1991) International Dimensions of Organizational Behaviour, second edition, Boston: PWS-Kent.
7. African Development Report (2000) Regional Integration in Africa, African Development Bank, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8. African Development Indicators (2001) African Development Indicators 2001, Washington: The World Bank.
9. Ahluwalia, P. (2001) Politics and Post-Colonial Theory: African Inflections, London: Routledge.
10. Akinnusi, D.M. (1991) Personnel management in Africa: a comparative analysis of Ghana, Kenya and Nigeria, in C. Brewster and S. Tyson (eds) International Comparisons in Human Resource Management, London: Pitman, pp. 159-72.
11. Allinson, C.W. and Hayes, J. (1988) The learning styles questionnaire: an alternative to Kolb's inventory, Journal of Management Studies, 25(3), 269-81.
12. Allinson, R. (1993) Global Disasters: Inquiries into Management Ethics, New York: Prentice Hall.
13. Allport, G.W. (1939) Attitudes, in C. Murchison (ed.) Handbook of Social Psychology, Worcester, MA: Clark University Press.
14. Ankomah, K. (1985) African culture and social structures and development of effective public administration and management systems, Indian Journal of Public Administration, 30, 393-413.
15. Anyanwu, S.O. (1998) The human factor and economic development in Africa, in V.G. Chivaura and C.G. Mararike (eds) The Human Factor Approach to Development in Africa, Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications, pp. 66-75.
16. Argyris, C. (1992) On Organizational Learning, Oxford and Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
17. Armstrong, M. (1999) A Handbook of Human Resource Management, London: Kogan Page.
18. Arthur, W. Jr., Woehr, D.J., Akande, A. and Strong, M.H. (1995) Human resource management in West Africa: practices and perceptions, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 6(2), 347-67.
19. Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R.N. and Sinha, J.B.P (1999) Organizational culture and human resource management practices: the model of cultural fit, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30(4), 501-26.
20. Ayittey, G.B.N. (1991) Indigenous African Institutions, New York: Transnational Publishers.
21. Ayittey, G.B.N. (1999) How the multilateral institutions compounded Africa's economic crisis, Law and Policy in International Business, Summer 1999, sourced at http://global.umi.com, to which version page numbers refer.
22. Bae, K. and Chung, C. (1997), Cultural values and work attitudes of Korean industrial workers in comparison with those of the United States and Japan, Work and Occupations, 24(1), 80-96.
23. Balogun, M.J. (1989) The African culture and social structure: lessons from contemporary public administration, in AAPAM, The Ecology of Public Administration in Africa, Vikas.
24. Banai, M. (2002) A test of Etzioni's control-compliance model: in Israeli Kibbutzim, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 2(2), 155-70.
25. Barr, A. and Oduro, A. (2001) Ethnic Fractionalization in an African Labour Market, Oxford: Centre for the Study of African Economics, University of Oxford.
26. Barratt-Brown, M. (1995) Africa's Choices: After Thirty Years of the World Bank, London: Penguin.
27. Baruch, Y. and Clancy, P. (2000) Managing AIDS in Africa: HRM Challenges in Tanzania, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11(4): 789-806.
28. Bazemore, G. and Thai, K.V. (1995) Institutional and management building in sub-Saharan Africa: the role of training, International Journal of Public Administration, 18(9), 1447-83.
29. Beals, R. (1953), Acculturation, in A.L. Kroebner (ed.) (1953) Anthropology Today, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
30. Beaty, D.T. (1998) Colgate Palmolive in Post-Apartheid South Africa, reprinted in G. Oddou and M. Mendenhall (eds) Cases in International Organizational Behavior, Malden, MA: Blackwell, pp. 136-42.
31. Beer, M. and Spector, B. (1985) Corporate wide transformations in human resource management, in R.E. Walton and P.R. Lawrence (eds) Human Resource Management: Trends and Challenges, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, pp. 219-253.
32. Bentham, J. (1789/1970) An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, J.H. Burns and H.L.A. Harts (eds), London: University of London Press.
33. Berg-Schlosser, D. (1994) Ethnicity, social classes and the political process in Kenya, in W.O. Oyugi, Politics and Administration in East Africa, Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers, 1994.
34. Berry, J.W., Poortinga, Y.H., Segall, M.H. and Dasen, P.R. (1992) Cross-cultural Psychology: Research and Application, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
35. Beugré, C.D. and Offodile, O.F. (2001) Managing for organizational effectiveness in sub-Saharan Africa: a culture-fit model, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(4), 535-50.
36. Biko, S. (1984) Some African cultural concepts, Frank Talk, 1(4: September/October) 29-31, and reprinted in P.H. Coetzee and A.P.J. Roux (eds) (1998) Philosophy from Africa: A Text with Readings, Johannesburg: International Thomson Publishing, p. 26.
37. Binet, J. (1970) Psychologie Economique Africaine, Paris: Payot.
38. Blunt, P. and Jones, M.L. (1992) Managing Organizations in Africa, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
39. Blunt, P. and Jones, M.L. (1997) Exploring the limits of Western leadership theory in East Asia and Africa, Personnel Review, 26(1/2), 6-23.
40. Blunt, P. (1976) Management motivation in Kenya: some initial impressions, Journal of Eastern African Research and Development, 6(1), 11-21.
41. Boahen, A.A. and Webster, J.B. (1970) History of Africa, New York: Praeger.
42. Boon, M. (1996) The African Way: The Power of Interactive Leadership, Johannesburg: Zebra Press.
43. Boysen, L. (2001) Cultural influences among white and black managers in South Africa, Management Today, Yearbook 2001, 32-35.
44. Bovin, O. (1998) Towards a learning organization, in Management Development, Geneva: International Labour Office, 1998, pp. 357-77.
45. Bowmaker-Falconer, A., Horwitz, F., Jain, H., and Tagger, S. (1998) Employment equality programmes in South Africa, Industrial Relations Journal, 29(3), 222-33.
46. Boyacigiller, N.A. and Adler, N.J. (1991) The parochial dinosaur: organizational science in a global context, Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 262-90.
47. Brady, F.N. (1990) Ethical Managing: Rules and Results, London: Macmillan.
48. Breakwater Monitor (2000) Breakwater Monitor Report 2000/1, University of Cape Town Graduate School of Management: Cape Town, South Africa.
49. Breytenbach, W. (1999) The history and destiny of national minorities in the African renaissance: the case for better boundaries, in M.W. Makgoba (ed.) African Renaissance: The New Struggle, Sandton, SA: Mafube/Cape Town: Tafelberg, pp. 91-100.
50. Brown, D. (1989) Bureaucracy as an issue in Third World Management: an African case study, Public Administration and Development, 9, 369-80.
51. Burawoy, M. (1972) Another look at the mineworker, African Social Research, 14, 239-87.
52. Busia, K.A. (1951) The Position of the Chief in the Modern Political System of Ashanti, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
53. Cameron, K.S. (1994) Strategies for successful downsizing, Human Resource Management, 33(2), 189-211.
54. Carlsson, J. (1998) Organization and leadership in Africa, in L. Wohlgemuth, J. Carlsson and H. Kifle (eds) Institution Building and Leadership in Africa, Uppsala, Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, pp. 13-32.
55. Chen, M. (1995) Asian Management Systems, New York: Routledge.
56. Child, J. (1994) Management in China During the Age of Reform, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
57. Chinese Cultural Connection (1987) Chinese values and the search for culture-free dimensions of culture, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 18, 143-64.
58. Chivaura, V.G. (1998) European culture in Africa and human factor development, in V.G. Chivaura and C.G. Mararike (eds) The Human Factor Approach to Development in Africa, Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications, pp. 97-110.
59. Chivaura, V.G. and Mararike, C.G. (eds) (1998) The Human Factor Approach to Development in Africa, Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications.
60. Chombo, Ignatius (1998) The human factor and education content in Zimbabwe, in V.G. Chivaura and C.G. Mararike (eds) The Human Factor Approach to Development in Africa, Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications, pp. 44-57.
61. Choudury, A.M. (1986) The community concept of business: a critique, International Studies in Management and Organization, 16(2), 79-95.
62. CIA World Factbook (2003) Cameroon, http//www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/cm.html, 07/10/03.
63. Cole, R.E. (1979) Work, Mobility and Participation, Berkeley: University of California Press.
64. Collier, P. (1997) Africa: problems and prospects, Economic Review, November, 4-6.
65. Cooke, B. and Kothari, U. (eds) (2002) Participation: The New Tyranny?, London: Zed Books.
66. Courade, G. (2000) Le Désarroi Camerounais. L'Epreuve de l'Economie-Monde, Paris: Editions Karthala.
67. Cray, D. and Mallory, G.R. (1998) Making Sense of Managing Culture, London: Thomson.
68. Crowder, M. (1999) Africa under British and Belgian domination, 1935-45, in Mazrui, A.A. (ed.) General History of Africa: VIII Africa Since 1935, Paris: UNESCO, pp. 76-101.
69. Dahl, R.A. (1957) The concept of power, Behavioural Science, 2, 201-18.
70. Davidson, B. (1992) The Black Man's Burden: Africa and the Curse of the Nation-State, Oxford: James Currey.
71. de Boer, C. (1978) The polls: attitudes towards work, Public Opinion Quarterly, 42, 414-23.
72. de Heusch, L. (1995) Rwanda: responsibilities for a genocide, Anthropology Today, 11(4), 3-7.
73. de Sardan, J.P.O. (1999) A moral economy of corruption in Africa? The Journal of Modern African Studies, 37(1), 25-52.
74. de Waal, A. (1994) Genocide in Rwanda, Anthropology Today, 10(3), 1-2.
75. Derr, C.B., Roussillon, S. and Bournois, F. (eds) (2002) Cross-cultural Approaches to Leadership Development, Westport, CT: Quorum.
76. Dia, A.L. (1990) Le management Africain: mythe ou réalité? African Development, 15(1), 61-78.
77. Dia, M. (1996) Africa's Management in the 1990s and Beyond, Washington, DC: World Bank.
78. Dondo, A. and Ngumo, M. (1998) Africa: Kenya in A. Morrison (ed.) Entrepreneurship: An International Perspective, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 15-26.
79. Doz, Y., Prahalad, C.K. and Hamal, G. (1990) Control, change and flexibility: the dilemma of transnational collaboration, in C.A. Bartlet, Y. Doz and G. Hedlund (eds) Managing the Global Firm, London: Routledge, pp. 117-143.
80. Dumont, R. (1960) False Start in Africa, London: Andre Deutsch.
81. Durkheim, E. (1915/1971) The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, London: George Allen and Unwin.
82. Earley, P.C. and Mosakowski, P.M. (1998) Creating hybrid team cultures: an empirical test of transnational team functioning, Working paper. Indiana University.
83. Elron, E., Shamir, B. and Ben-Ari, E. (1999), Why don't they fight each other? Cultural diversity and operational unity in multinational peacekeeping forces, Armed Forces and Society, 26, 73-98.
84. England, G.W. (1975) The Manager and His Values: An International Perspective, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
85. Etzioni, A. (1975) A Comparative Analysis of Complex Organizations, New York, NY: The Free Press, 1975.
86. Eze, N. (1989) Developing successful management in Africa through psychological strategies, Management in Nigeria, March/April: 40-55 and May/June: 46-8.
87. Fashoyin, T. and Matanmi, S. (1996) Democracy, labour and development: transforming industrial relations in Africa, Industrial Relations Journal, 27(1), 38-49.
88. Fiedler, F. (1967) A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness, New York: McGraw-Hill.
89. Flyvbjerg, B. (2001) Making Social Science Matter, Cambridge: Cambridge Uniersity Press.
90. Freeman, S.J. (1994) Oranizational downsizing as convergence or reorientation: implications for human resource management, Human Resource Management, 33(2), 213-38.
91. Freund, J. (1972) The Sociology of Max Weber, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
92. Gannon, M.J. (1994) The Nigerian marketplace, in M.J. Gannon, Understanding Global Cultures: Metaphoric Journeys Through 17 Countries, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 233-52.
93. Gannon, M.J. and Karen L. Newman (2002) The Blackwell Handbook of Cross-cultural Management, Oxford: Blackwell.
94. Gelfand, M. (1973) The Genuine Shona, Harare: Mambo Press.
95. Gethaiga, W. (1998), Language, culture and human factor development, in V.G. Chivaura and C.G. Mararike (eds) The Human Factor Approach to Development in Africa, Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications, pp. 111-120.
96. Gibbs, J.L. Jr (ed.) (1965) Peoples of Africa, New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston.
97. Gluckman, M. (1956) Custom and Conflict in Africa, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
98. Griffeth, R.W. and Hom, P.W. (1987) Some multivariate comparisons of multinational managers, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 22, 173-91.
99. Grzeda, M.M. and Assogbavi, T. (1999) Management development programs in francophone sub-Saharan Africa, Management Learning, 30(4), 413-29.
100. Haire, M., Ghiselli, E. and Porter, L. (1966) Managerial Thinking: An International Study, New York: John Wiley.
101. Hall, E.T. (1959) The Silent Language, New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday.
102. Hambrick, D.C., Davison, S.C., Snell, S.A. and Snow, C.C. (1998) When groups consist of multiple nationalities: towards a new understanding of the implications, Organization Studies, 19, 181-205.
103. Harré, R., Clarke, D. and de Carlo, N. (1985) Motives and Mechanism: An Introduction to the Psychology of Action, London: Methuen.
104. Harris, R.P. and Moran, R.T. (1989) Managing Cultural Differences, Houston: Gulf Publishing.
105. Hayes, J. and Allinson, C.W. (1989) Cultural differences in learning styles of managers, Management International Review, 28(3), 75-80.
106. Hendry, C. and Pettigrew, A. (1990) Human resource management: an agenda for the 1990s, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1(1), 17-44.
107. Hendry, J. (2000) Shell in Nigeria, (University of Cambridge), Cranfield: European Case Clearing House, No. 300-070-1.
108. Herzberg, F. (1966) Work and the Nature of Man, Cleveland: World Publishing Co.
109. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. and Snyderman, B. (1959) The Motivation to Work, New York: Wiley.
110. Hickson, D.J. and Pugh, D.S. (1995) Management Worldwide, London: Penguin.
111. Hochschild, A. (1998) King Leopold's Ghost, London: Macmillan.
112. Hofmeyer, K. (1998) South African managers need to be more positive, People Dynamic, 16(10), 16-20.
113. Hofmeyer, K., Templar, A. and Beaty, D. (1994), South Africa: researching contrasts and contradictions in a context of change, International Studies of Management and Organization, 24(1-2), 190-208.
114. Hofstede, G. (1980a) Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
115. Hofstede, G. (1980b) Motivation, leadership and organization: do American theories apply abroad?, Organizational Dynamics, Summer, pp. 42-63.
116. Hofstede, G. (1991) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, London: McGraw-Hill.
117. Hofstede, G. (1994) The business of international business is culture, International Business Review, 3(1), 1-14.
118. Hofstede, G., Neuijen, B., Ohayv, D.D. and Sanders, G. (1990) Measuring organizational cultures: a qualitative and quantitative study across twenty cases, Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 286-316.
119. Honey, P. and Mumford, A. (1982) The Manual of Learning Styles, Maidenhead: Peter Honey.
120. Horwitz, F.M., Bowmaker-Falconer, A. and Searll, P. (1996) Human resources development and managing diversity in South Africa, International Journal of Manpower, 17(4/5), 134-51.
121. Howell, P., Strauss, J. and Sorensen, P.F. (1975) Cultural and situational determinants of job satisfaction among management in Liberia, Journal of Management Studies, 12, 225-7.
122. Hughes-Weiner, G. (1986), 'The "learn-how-to-learn" approach to cross-cultural orientation', in International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10, 485-505.
123. Hui, C. H. (1990) Work attitudes, leadership styles and managerial behaviors in different cultures, in R.W. Brislin (ed.) Applied Cross-cultural Psychology, Newbury Park, CA: Sage, pp. 186-208.
124. Human, L. (1996a) Contemporary Conversations, Dakar, Senegal: The Goree Institute.
125. Human, L. (1996b) Managing workforce diversity: a critique and example from Southern Africa, International Journal of Manpower, 17(4/5) 46-64.
126. Ibru, O.M. (1997) The development of international business in Africa (1947-1997), The International Executive, 39(2), 117-33.
127. Iguisi, O. (1994) Appropriate management in an African culture, Management in Nigeria, January-February, 16-24.
128. Iguisi, O. (1997) The role of culture in appropriate management and indigenous development, Proceedings of the First African Seminar on Culture Dimensions to Appropriate Management in Africa, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, December 1995, Paris: UNESCO, pp. 18-46.
129. IMF (2002) International Monetary Fund Country Report No. 02/32, Cameroon, Washington: IMF.
130. Jackson, S.E. (1992) Diversity in the Workplace, New York: Guilford Press.
131. Jackson, T. (1993) Organizational Behaviour in International Management, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
132. Jackson, T. (1995) European management learning: a cross-cultural interpretation of Kolb's learning cycle, Journal of Management Development, 14(6), 42-50.
133. Jackson, T. (1996) Understanding management learning across cultures: some East-West comparison, paper presented at Academy of International Business Annual Meeting, Banff, Alberta, Canada, September.
134. Jackson, T. (1999) Managing change in South Africa: developing people and organizations, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 10(2), 306-26.
135. Jackson, T. (2000) Making ethical judgements: a cross-cultural management study, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 17(3), 443-72.
136. Jackson, T. (2001) Cultural values and management ethics: a 10-nation study, Human Relations, 54(10), 1267-1302.
137. Jackson, T. (2002a) International HRM: A Cross-cultural Approach, London: Sage.
138. Jackson, T. (2002b) The management of people across cultures: valuing people differently, Human Resource Management, 41(4), 455-75.
139. Jackson, T. (2002c) Reframing human resource management in Africa: a cross-cultural perspective, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(7), 998-1018.
140. Jackson, T. and Bak, M. (1998) Foreign companies and Chinese workers: employee motivation in the People's Republic of China, Journal of Organizational Change Management, 11(4), 282-300.
141. Jackson, T. and Kotze, E. (in press) Management and change in the South Africa National Defence Force, Administration and Society.
142. Jaeger, A.M. and Kanungo, R.N. (1990) Management in Developing Countries, London: Routledge.
143. Joergensen, J.J. (1990) Organizational life-cycle and effectiveness criteria in state-owned enterprises: the case of East Africa, in A.M. Jaeger and R.N. Kanungo Management in Developing Countries, London: Routledge, pp. 62-82.
144. Jones, M.L. (1986) Management development: an African focus, Management Education and Development, 17(3), 302-16 (and reproduced in International Studies of Management and Organization, 1989, 19(1), 74-90).
145. Jones, M.L. (1988) Managerial thinking: an African perspective, Journal of Management Studies, 25(5), 481-505.
146. Kamoche, K. (1992) Human resource management: an assessment of the Kenyan case, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 3(3), 497-521.
147. Kamoche, K. (1997) Competence creation in the African public sector, International Journal of Public Sector Management, 10(4), 268-78.
148. Kamoche, K.N. (2000) Sociological Paradigms and Human Resources: An African Context, Aldershot: Ashgate.
149. Kanungo, R. (1990) Work alienation in developing countries: Western models and eastern realities, in A.M. Jaeger and R.N. Kanungo (eds) Management in Developing Countries, London: Routledge, pp. 193-208.
150. Kanungo, R.N. and Jaeger, A.M. (1990) Introduction: The need for indigenous management in developing countries, in A.M. Jaeger and R.N. Kanungo (eds) Management in Developing Countries, London: Routledge, pp. 1-23.
151. Kaphagawani, D.N. (1998) Themes in a Chewa Epistemology, in P.H. Coetzee and A.P.J. Roux (eds) (1998) Philosophy from Africa, Johannesburg: Thomson, p. 242.
152. Katz, D. and Kahn, R.L. (1978) The Social Psychology of Organizations, second edition, New York: Wiley.
153. Kedia, B.L. and Bhagat, R.S. (1988) Cultural constraints on transfer of technology across nations: implications for research in international and comparative management, Academy of Management Review, 13(4), 559-71.
154. Kerr, C., Dunlop, J.T., Harbison, F.H. and Myers, C.A. (1960) Industrialism and Industrial Man, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
155. Kifle, H. (1998) Capacity building in Africa: the role of multilateral financial institutions, in L. Wohlgemuth, J. Carlsson and H. Kifle (eds) Institution Building and Leadership in Africa, Uppsala, Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, pp. 79-90.
156. Kiggundu, M.N. (1988) Africa, in R. Nath (ed.) Comparative Management: A Regional View, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
157. Kiggundu, M.N. (1989) Managing Organizations in Developing Countries, West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press.
158. Kiggundu, M.N. (1991) The challenges of management development in sub-Saharan Africa, Journal of Management Development, 10(6), 32-47.
159. Kluckholm, F. and Strodtbeck, F. (1961) Variations in Value Orientation, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
160. Kolb, D.A. (1984) Experiential Learning, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
161. Kolb, D.A., Rubin, I.M. and Osland, J.S. (1991) Organizational Behaviour: An Experiential Approach, fifth edition, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
162. Koopman, A. (1991) Transcultural Management, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
163. Kuada, J.E. (1994) Managerial Behaviour in Ghana and Kenya: A Cultural Perspective, Aalborg, Denmark: Aalborg University Press.
164. Lane, H.W., DiStefano, J.J. and Maznevski, M.L. (1997) International Management Behaviour, third edition, Malden, MA: Blackwell.
165. Larrain, J. (1979) The Concept of Ideology, London: Hutchinson.
166. Lau, D.C. and Murnighan, K.J.K. (1998) Demographic diversity and faultlines: the compositional dynamics of organizational groups, Academy of Management Review, 23, 325-340.
167. Laurent, A. (1989), A cultural view of change, in P. Evans, Y. Doz and A. Laurent (eds) Human Resources Management in International Firms: Change Globalization, Innovation, London: Macmillan.
168. Legge, K. (1989) Human resource management: a critical analysis, in J. Storey (ed.) New Perspectives on Human Resource Management, London: Routledge.
169. Le Messager (1998) Où et comment s'exerce le pouvoir? Un Rapport Diplomatique, du 6 juillet, et no.785 du 8 juillet.
170. Leonard, D.K. (1987) The political realities of African management, World Development, 15(7), 899-910.
171. Lessem, R. (1989) Global Management Principles, London: Prentice-Hall.
172. Leys, C. (1975) Underdevelopment in Kenya: The Political Economy of Neo-colonialism, Nairobi: East Africa Educational Publishers. Republished 1994.
173. Lincoln, J.R. and Kalleberg, A.L. (1990) Culture, Control and Commitment: A Study of Work Organization and Work Attitudes in the United States and Japan, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
174. Lorenzen, C. (2000) Danish Firms Working in Sub-Saharan Africa, unpublished Masters dissertation, Roskilde University, Denmark.
175. Luiz, J.M. (1996) The socio-economic restructuring of a post-apartheid South Africa, International Journal of Social Economics, 23(10/11), 137-49.
176. McClelland, D.C. (1987) Human Motivation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
177. McClelland, D.C. and Winter, D.G. (1969) Motivating Economic Achievement, New York: Free Press.
178. McFarlin, D., Coster, E.A. and Mogale-Pretorius, C. (1999) South African management development in the twenty-first century: moving towards an Africanized model, Journal of Management Development, 18(1), 63-78.
179. McGregor, D. (1960) The Human Side of Enterprise, New York: McGraw-Hill.
180. Maier, K. (2000) This House Has Fallen: Nigeria in Crisis, London: Penguin.
181. Makgoba, M.W. (ed.) (1999) African Renaissance, Sandton: Mafube and Cape Town: Tafelberg.
182. Makoba, J.W. (1983) Public control and public enterprise performance in sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Tanzania and Zambia, Africa Development, 15, 911-29.
183. Maphosa, F. (1998) The human factor and corporate social responsibility in Zimbabwean business organizations, in V.G. Chivaura and C.G. Mararike (eds) The Human Factor Approach to Development in Africa, Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications, pp.148-70.
184. Marsden, D. (1991) Indigenous management and the management of indigenous knowledge, paper presented at GAPP Conference on The Anthropology of Organizations, Centre for Development Studies, University College of Swansea, January 4-6.
185. Maslow, A. (1958/1970) Motivation and Personality, second edition, New York, Harper and Row.
186. Mbaku, J.M. (1998) Improving African participation in the global economy: the role of economic freedom, Business and the Contemporary World, 10(2), 297-338.
187. Mbeki, T. (1998) Prologue, African Renaissance, Sandton: Mafube and Cape Town: Tafelberg.
188. Mbigi, L. (1997) Ubuntu: The African Dream in Management, Randburg, S. Africa: Knowledge Resources.
189. Mbigi, L. and Maree, J. (1995) Ubuntu: The Spirit of African Transformational Management, Randburg, S. Africa: Knowledge Resources.
190. Merrill-Sands, D. and Holvino, E. (2000) Working with Diversity: a Framework for Action, Working Paper 24, CGIAR (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) Gender and Diversity Program, Nairobi.
191. Mills, G., Beeg, A. and Van Nieuwkerk, A. (1995) South Africa in the Global Economy, Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs.
192. Montgomery, J.D. (1987) Probing managerial behaviour: image and reality in Southern Africa, World Development, 15(7), 911-29.
193. Morais, R.C. (1997) Africa: the untold story, Forbes, 17 November, 85-9.
194. MOW (Meaning of Working) International Research Team (1987), The Meaning of Working, London: Academic Press.
195. Mulat, T. (1998) Multilateralism and Africa's regional economic communities, Journal of World Trade, 32(4), 115-38.
196. Mule, H. (2001) Kenya's globalisation in the new millennium: changes and opportunities, 29th Tom Mboya lecture of 3 November 1999, Management: A Journal of the Kenya Institute of Management, May-July, 6-9.
197. Munene, J.C., Schwartz, S.H. and Smith, P.B. (2000) Development in sub-Saharan Africa: cultural influences and managers' decision behaviour, Public Administration and Development, 20.
198. Mutabazi, E. (2002) Preparing African leaders, in C.B. Derr, S. Roussillon and F. Bournois (eds) Cross-cultural Approaches to Leadership Development, Westport, CT: Quorum Books, pp. 202-23.
199. Mutizwa-Mangiza, D. (1991) An evaluation of workers' participation in decision-making at enterprise level, Zambezia, 8, 35-48.
200. Mwai, R.G. (2001) The private sector and poverty reduction strategies, in Management: A Journal of the Kenya Institute of Management, May-July, p. 12.
201. Nana Nzepa, O. (in press) Bonne governance et politisation des administrations publiques en Afrique.
202. Närman, A. (1998) The human factor and structural adjustment programmes, in V.G. Chivaura and C.G. Mararike (eds) The Human Factor Approach to Development in Africa, Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications, pp. 171-81.
203. Ndongko, T. (1999) Motivating the workforce in Africa, in J.M. Waiguchu, E. Tiagha and M. Mwaura (eds), Management of Organizations in Africa: A Handbook and Reference, Westport, Connecticut, pp. 125-49.
204. Negandhi, A.R. (1987) International Management, Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
205. Nevis, E. (1983) Cultural assumptions and productivity: the United States and China, Sloan Management Review, 24, 17-29.
206. Niles, F.S. (1995) Cultural differences in learning motivation and learning strategies: a comparison of overseas and Australian students at an Australian University, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 19(3), 369-85.
207. Noorderhaven, N.G. and Tidjani, B. (2001) Culture, governance, and economic performance: an exploratory study with a special focus on Africa. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 1(1), 31-52.
208. Noorderhaven, N.G., Vunderink, M. and Lincoln, P. (1996) African values and management: a research agenda, Ife PsychologIA, 4(1), 13-50.
209. North, D. (1990) Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
210. Nyambegera, S.M. (2002) Ethnicity and human resource management practice in sub-Saharan Africa: the relevance of the managing diversity discourse, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(7), 1077-90.
211. Nzomo, M. (1994) External influence on the political economy of Kenya: the case of the MNCs, in Walter O. Oyugi (ed.) Politics and Administration in East Africa, Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers, pp. 429-67.
212. Nzongola-Ntalaja, G. (1999) The crisis in the Great Lakes region, in M.W. Makgoba (ed.), African Renaissance: The New Struggle, Sandton, SA: Mafube and Cape Town: Tafelberg, pp.62-76.
213. ODA (Overseas Development Agency: UK) (undated) Management cultures and practices in developing countries, ODA Background Papers, London.
214. Odubogun, K.P. (1992) Management Theory: Relevance for management practice in Nigeria, Maastricht: The Netherlands Institute for Management.
215. Ogonda, R.T. (1992) Kenya's industrial progress in the post-independence era: an overview of Kenya's industrial performance up to 1980, in W.R. Ochieng' and R.M. Maxon (eds) An Economic History of Kenya, Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers, pp. 297-311.
216. Oha, O. (1999) Cross-cultural conversations and the semiotics of ethocultural domination in Nigeria, Anthropology of Africa and the Challenges of the Third Millennium - Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflicts, UNESCO, www.ethnobet-Africa.org/pubs/p95oha.htm, 14/08/2002.
217. Olivier, N.J.J. (1969) The governmental institutions of the Bantu peoples of southern Africa, in Recueils de la Societies Jean Bodin XII, Brussels: Fondation Universitaire de Belgique.
218. O'Reilly, C.A. and Roberts, K.H. (1973) Job satisfaction among Whites and non-Whites: a cross-cultural approach, Journal of Applied Psychology, 57, 295-9.
219. Pakenham, T. (1991) The Scramble for Africa, London: Phoenix Press.
220. Pareek, U. and Rao, T.V. (1992) Designing and Managing Human Resources Systems, New Delhi: Oxford and IBH.
221. Parsons, T. and Shils, E.A. (1951) Toward a General Theory of Action, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
222. Perry, C. (1997) Total quality management and reconceptualizing management in Africa,International Business Review, 6(3), 233-43.
223. Peterson, M.F. and Pike, K.L. (2002) Emic and etics for Organizational Studies: a lesson in contrasts from Linguistics, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 2(1),5-20.
224. Picard, L.A. and Garrity, M. (1995) Development management in Africa, in P. Fitzgerald, A. McLennan and B. Munslow (eds) Managing Sustainable Development in South Africa, Cape Town: Oxford University Press, pp. 63-85.
225. Porter, L.W. and Lawler, E.E. (1968) Managerial Attitudes and Performance, Illinois: Dorsey Press.
226. Price, R.M. (1975) Society and Bureaucracy in Contemporary Ghana, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
227. Priem, R.L., Love, L.G. and Shaffer, M. (2000) Industrialization and values evolution: the case of Hong Kong and Guangzhou, China, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 17(3),473-92.
228. Project Globe (1999) Cultural influences on leadership and organization, Advances in Global Leadership, 1: 171-233.
229. Putnam, R.D. (1973) The Beliefs of Politicians, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
230. Ralston, D.A., Holt, D.H., Terpstra, R.H. and Kai-Cheng, Y. (1997) The impact of national culture and economic ideology on managerial work values: a study of the United States, Russia, Japan and China, Journal of International Business Studies, 28(1), 177-207.
231. Rao, T.V. (1996) Human Resource Development: Experiences, Intervention, Strategies, New Delhi: Sage.
232. Reader, J. (1998) Africa: A Biography of the Continent, London: Penguin.
233. Revans, R. (1965) Science and the Manager, London: MacDonald.
234. Reynolds, P.D. (1986) Organizational culture as related to industry, position and performance: a preliminary report, Journal of Management Studies, 23(3), 333-45.
235. Rimmer, D. (1991) Thirty years of independent Africa, Africa Insights, 21(2), 90-6, reprinted in P. Blunt, M.L. Jones and D. Richards (eds) (1993) Managing Organizations in Africa: Readings, Cases and Exercises, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
236. Roeder, P.G. (2001) Ethnolinguistic Fractionalization (ELF) Indices 1961 and 1985, http//:weber.ucsd.edu\~proeder\elf.htm, 19/08/2002.
237. Rohmetra, N. (1998) Human Resource Development in Commercial Banks in India, London: Ashgate.
238. Roodt, A. (1997) In search of a South African corporate culture, Management Today, 13(2), 14-16.
239. Rotter, J.B. (1966) Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement, Psychological Monographs, 80(609), whole issue.
240. Rust, J. and Golombok, S. (1989) Modern Psychometrics, London: Routledge.
241. Sawadogo, G. (1995) Training for the African mind, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 19(2), 281-93.
242. Schapera, I. (1955) A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
243. Schermerhorn, J.R. and Nyaw, M.-K. (1990) Managerial leadership in Chinese industrial enterprises, International Studies of Management and Organization, 20(1-2), 9-21.
244. Schwartz, S.H. (1994) Beyond individualism/collectivism: new cultural dimensions of values, in U. Kim, H.C. Triandis, C. KâÄÿitçibaAŸi, S.C. Choi and G. Yoon (eds) Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method and Application, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, pp. 85-119.
245. Schwartz, S.H. (1999) Cultural value differences: some implications for work, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 48, 23-47.
246. Senge, P. (1990) The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization, London: Century Business.
247. Senghor, L.S. (1965) On African Socialism, Stanford: Pall Mall.
248. Shin, Y.K. and Kim, H.G. (1994) Individualism and collectivism in Korean industry, in G. Yoon and S.C. Choi (eds) Psychology of the Korean People: Collectivism and Individualism, pp. 189-208.
249. Silvera, D.M. (1988) Human Resource Development: The Indian Experience, New Delhi: New Delhi Publications.
250. Silverman, D. (1970) The Theory of Organizations, Aldershot: Gower.
251. Singh, R. (1981) Prediction of performance from motivation and ability: an appraisal of the cultural difference hypothesis, in J. Pandey (ed.) Perspectives on Experimental Social Psychology in India, New Delhi: Concept, pp. 21-53.
252. Smith, B.E. and Thomas, J.M. (1972) Cross-cultural attitudes among managers: a case study, Sloan Management Review, 13(3), 35-50.
253. Smith, P.B. and Peterson, M.F. (1988) Leadership, Organizations and Culture, London: Sage.
254. Smith, P.B., Misumi, J., Tayeb, M.H., Peterson, M. and Bond, M. (1989) On the generality of leadership styles across cultures, Journal of Occupational Psychology, 62, 97-109.
255. Smith, P.B., Trompenaars, F. and Dugan, S. (1995) The Rotter locus of control scale in 43 countries: a test of cultural relativity, International Journal of Psychology, 30, 377-400.
256. Smith, P.B., Dugan, S. and Trompenaars, F. (1996) National cultures and values of organizational employees: a dimensional analysis across 43 nations, Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 27(2), 231-64.
257. Sogolo, G.S. (1993) Logic and rationality, in Foundations of African Philosophy, Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, pp. 68-88, and reprinted in P.H. Coetzee and A.P.J. Roux (eds) (1998), Philosophy from Africa: A Text with Readings, Johannesburg: International Thomson Publishing, pp. 217-33.
258. South African Yearbook (2000/2001) South African Yearbook 2000/2001, Pretoria: Government Communication and Information System.
259. Sow, A.I and Abdulaziz, M.H. (1999) Language and social change, in A.A. Mazrui (ed.) Africa Since 1935, Vol. VIII of UNESCO General History of Africa, Berkeley, CA: James Currey, pp. 522-52.
260. Sparrow, P. and Budhwar, P. (1995) Developments in Indian HRM in the new economic environment, European Institute for Advance Studies in Management conference Cross-cultural Perspectives: Comparative Management and Organizations, Henley Management College, UK, 10-12 November 1995.
261. Statistics South Africa (1998) Unemployment and Employment in South Africa, Pretoria.
262. Steers, R.M. and Sanchez-Runde, C. (2002) Culture, motivation, and work behavior, in M.J. Gannon, and K.L. Newman, Handbook of Cross-cultural Management, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 190-216.
263. Storey, J. (1992) Developments in Management of Human Resources, Oxford: Blackwell.
264. Suzman, M. (1996) Africa's lion cub learns to roar, Asian Business, June 1996.
265. Swartz, E. and Davies, R. (1997) Ubuntu: the spirit of African transformational management - a review, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 18(6), 260-94.
266. Tannenbaum, A.S. (1974) Hierarchy in Organizations, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
267. Tatah Mentan, E. (undated) Colonial legacies, democratization and the ethnic question in Cameroon, in Democratization and Ethnic Rivalries in Cameroon, Ethno-Net, http://www.ethnonet-Africa.org/pubs/p95cir2.htm, 14/08/2002.
268. Tayeb, M.H. (2000) The internationalisation of HRM policies and practices: the case of Japanese and French companies in Scotland, 11th Congrés de l'AGRH, 16-17 November 2000, ESCP-EAP, Paris.
269. Taylor, H. (1992) Public sector personnel management in three African countries: current problems and possibilities, Public Administration and Development, 12, 193-207.
270. Taylor, H. (2002) Insights into participation from critical management and labour process perspectives, in B. Cooke and U. Kothari (eds) Participation: The New Tyranny?, London: Zed Books, pp. 122-38.
271. Thomas, A. and Bendixen, M. (2000) The management implications of ethnicity in South Africa, Journal of International Business Studies, 31(3), 507-19.
272. Thomas, D.C. (2002) Essentials of International Management: A Cross Cultural Perspective, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
273. Thomson, A. (2000) An Introduction to African Politics, London: Routledge.
274. Thurley, K. and Wirdenius, H. (1989) Towards European Management, London: Pitman.
275. Townley, B. (1994) Reframing Human Resource Management: Power, Ethics and the Subject at Work, London: Sage.
276. Triandis, H.C. (2002) Generic individualism and collectivism, in M.J. Gannon and K.L. Newman (eds) The Blackwell Handbook of Cross-cultural Management, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 16-45.
277. Triandis, H.C., Brislin, R. and Hui, C.H. (1988) Cross-cultural training across the individualism-collectivism divide, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 12, 269-89.
278. Trompenaars, F. (1993) Riding the Waves of Culture, London: Brealey.
279. Tsui, A.S., Egan, T.D. and O'Reilly, C.A. (1992) Being different: relational demography and organizational attachment, Administrative Science Quarterly, 39, 412-38.
280. Tung, R.L. (1991) Motivation in Chinese industrial enterprises, in R.M. Steers and L.W. Porter (eds) Innovation and Work Behaviour, fifth edition, New York: McGraw-Hill.
281. Tyson, S. and Fell, A. (1986) Evaluating the Personnel Function, London: Hutchinson.
282. Ugwuegbu, D.C.E. (2001) The Psychology of Management in African Organizations, Westport, CT: Quorum.
283. UNCTAD (2000) World Investment Report, Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
284. UNDP (2002) Human Development Report 2001, Human Development Index.
285. UNESCO (1997) A Cultural Approach To Development - Planning Manual: Concepts and Tools, Paris: UNESCO.
286. UNIDO (1999) African Industry, 2000: The Challenge of Going Global, Vienna: United Nations Industrial Development Organization.
287. Utomi, P. (1998) Managing Uncertainty: Competition and Strategy in Emerging Economies, Ibadan, Nigeria: Spectrum Books.
288. Vaughan, E. (1994) The trial between sense and sentiment: a reflection on the language of HRM, Journal of General Management, 19, 20-32.
289. Vengroff, R., Belhaj, M. and Momar, N. (1991) The nature of managerial work in the public sector: an African perspective, Public Administration and Development, 11, 95-110.
290. Vertinsky, I., Tse, D.K., Wehrung, D.A. and Lee, K.-H. (1990) Organizational design and management norms: a comparative study of managers' perceptions in the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong and Canada, Journal of Management, 16(4), 853-67.
291. Viljoen, J. (1987) Corporate culture: the perceptions of personnel managers in South Africa, South African Journal of Business Management, 18(4), 235-42.
292. Vroom, V. (1973) A new look at managerial decision-making, Organizational Dynamics, Spring.
293. Waiguchu, J.M., Tiagha, E. and Mwaura, M. (eds) (1999) Management of Organizations in Africa: A Handbook and Reference, Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
294. Wallis, M. (1994) Central-local relations, in W.O. Oyugi, (ed.) Politics and Administration in East Africa, Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers, pp. 107-28.
295. Watson, C. (1996) Directions for HR directors, People Dynamics (South Africa), 14(1),19-25.
296. Wentzel, L.A. (1999) A Survey of South African National Values and the Implications for Human Resource Management, unpublished MBA Dissertation, Graduate School of Business of the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.
297. Wescott, C. (1999) Guiding principles on civil service reform in Africa: an empirical review, The International Journal of Public Sector Management, 12(2), 145-70.
298. Wild, V. (1997) Profit Not for Profit Sake: History and Business Culture of African Entrepreneurs in Zimbabwe, Harare: Baobab Books.
299. Williams, C. (1987) The Destruction of Black Civilization, Chicago: Third World Press.
300. Wiredu, K. (1992) The moral foundations of an African culture, Person and Community (CIPSH/UNESCO), pp. 193-206, and reprinted in Coetzee and Roux (eds) (1998), pp. 306-16.
301. Wiredu, K. (1995) Are there cultural universals? The Monist, 78 (January), 52-31, and reprinted in P.H. Coetzee and A.P.J. Roux (eds) (1998), Philosophy from Africa: A Text with Readings, Johannesburg: International Thomson Publishing, pp. 31-40.
302. Wohlgemuth, L., Carlsson, J. and Kifle, H. (1998) introduction in L. Wohlgemuth, J. Carlsson and H. Kifle (eds) Institution Building and Leadership in Africa, Uppsala, Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, pp. 5-11.
303. Woodford-Berger, P. (1998) Gender, organizational cultures and institutional development, in L. Wohlgemuth, J. Carlsson and H. Kifle (eds) Institution Building and Leadership in Africa, Uppsala, Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, pp. 33-42.
304. World Bank (1991) Vocational and Technical Education and Training, Washington DC: World Bank.
305. World Bank (1996) Structural Aspects of Manufacturing in Sub-Saharan Africa: Findings from a Seven Country Enterprise Survey, World Bank Discussion Paper No. 346.
306. World Investment News (2002) www.winne.com/cameroon/report/history.htm, 05/06/2002.
307. Yakan, M.Z. (1999) Almanac of African Peoples and Nations, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.