Description of 3,180 Courses of Chelation with Dimercaptosuccinic Acid in Children ≤5 y with Severe Lead Poisoning in Zamfara, Northern Nigeria: A Retrospective Analysis of Programme Data

PLoS Medicine

Volumn 11, Issue 10, 2014, Pages

  Thurtle, Natalie ^a   Greig, Jane ^a   Cooney, Lauren ^a   Amitai, Yona ^b   Ariti, Cono ^c   Brown, Mary Jean ^d   Kosnett, Michael J ^e   Moussally, Krystel ^a   Sani Gwarzo, Nasir ^f   Akpan, Henry ^f,g   Shanks, Leslie ^a   Dargan, Paul I ^a,h  

^a MÉDECINS SANS FRONTIÈRES   (Switzerland)

^b BAR ILAN UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^c LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^d NATIONAL CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f Ministry of Federal Health Nigeria   (Nigeria)

^g Federal Ministry of Science and Technology   (Nigeria)

^h GUY'S AND ST THOMAS' NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ASCORBIC ACID; CALCIUM CARBONATE; CREATININE; DIMERCAPROL; EDETATE CALCIUM DISODIUM; FERROUS SULFATE PLUS FOLIC ACID; HEMOGLOBIN; LEAD; MULTIVITAMIN; SUCCIMER; ZINC SULFATE; CHELATING AGENT;

ARTICLE; BLOOD AND HEMOPOIETIC SYSTEM; BLOOD CELL COUNT; CHELATION THERAPY; CHILD; DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFANT; LEAD BLOOD LEVEL; LEAD POISONING; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MORTALITY; NEUTROPENIA; NEWBORN; NIGERIA; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; TREATMENT DURATION; BLOOD; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; CHELATING AGENTS; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; LEAD POISONING; MALE; NIGERIA; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SUCCIMER;

EID: 84908352672     PISSN: 15491277     EISSN: 15491676     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001739     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Haefliger P, Mathieu-Nolf M, Lociciro S, Ndiaye C, Coly M, et al. (2009) Mass lead intoxication from informal used lead-acid battery recycling in Dakar, Senegal. Environ Health Perspect 117: 1535–1540.
2. Brown MJ, McWeeney G, Kim R, Tahirukaj A, Bulat P, et al. (2010) Lead poisoning among internally displaced Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian children in the United Nations-Administered Province of Kosovo. Eur J Public Health 20: 288–292.
3. Karri SK, Saper RB, Kales SN, (2008) Lead encephalopathy due to traditional medicines. Curr Drug Saf 3: 54–59.
4. Gibson JL, (2005) A plea for painted railings and painted walls of rooms as the source of lead poisoning amongst Queensland children (1904). Public Health Rep 120: 301–304.
5. Roberge RJ, Martin TG, Dean BS, Lasek RW, (1994) Ceramic lead glaze ingestions in nursing home residents with dementia. Am J Emerg Med 12: 77–81.
6. Onalaja AO, Claudio L, (2000) Genetic susceptibility to lead poisoning. Environ Health Perspect 108: S23–S28.
7. Muntner P, He J, Vupputuri S, Coresh J, Batuman V, (2003) Blood lead and chronic kidney disease in the general United States population: results from NHANES III. Kidney Int 63: 1044–1050.
8. National Academy of Sciences (1972) Lead: airborne lead in perspective. Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants. Washington (District of Columbia): National Academy of Sciences.
9. Kaufmann RB, Staes CJ, Matte TD, (2003) Deaths related to lead poisoning in the United States, 1979–1998. Environ Res 91: 78–84.
10. McDonald JM, Kaplan E, (1942) Incidence of lead poisoning in the city of Baltimore. JAMA 119: 870–872.
11. Coffin R, Phillips JL, Staples WI, Spector S, (1966) Treatment of lead encephalopathy in children. J Pediatr 69: 198–206.
12. Chisolm JJ, JrHarrison HE, (1957) The treatment of acute lead encephalopathy in children. Pedatrics 19: 2–20.
13. Greengard J, Adams B, Berman E, (1965) Acute lead encephalopathy in young children. J Ped 66: 707–711.
14. Berg KK, Hull HF, Zabel EW, Staley PK, Brown MJ, (2006) Death of a child after ingestion of a metallic charm—Minnesota, 2006. MMWR Dispatch 55: 1–2 Available: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm55d323a1.htm Accessed 10 October 2013.
15. He K, Wang S, Zhang J, (2009) Blood lead levels of children and its trend in China. Sci Total Environ 407: 3986–3993.
16. Greig J, Thurtle N, Cooney L, Ariti C, Ahmed AO, et al. (2014) Association of blood lead level with neurological features in 972 children affected by an acute severe lead poisoning outbreak in Zamfara state, northern Nigeria. PLoS ONE 9: e93716.
17. Dooyema CA, Neri A, Lo Y, Durant J, Dargan PI, et al. (2011) Outbreak of fatal childhood lead poisoning related to artisanal gold mining in northwestern Nigeria, 2010. Environ Health Perspect 120: 601–607.
18. Blacksmith Institute (2011) UNICEF programme cooperation agreement: environmental remediation— lead poisoning in Zamfara, Final report. Available: http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/files/FileUpload/files/Additional%20Reports/Zamfara-Nigeria-Report.pdf. Accessed 10 October 2013.
19. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2006) Case studies in environmental medicine (CSEM): lead toxicity. Available: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/lead/docs/lead.pdf. Accessed 10 October 2013.
20. Kosnett MJ, (2010) Chelation for heavy metals (arsenic, lead, and mercury): protective or perilous? Clin Pharmacol Ther 88: 412–415.
21. Wang SC, Ting KS, Wu CC, (1965) Chelating therapy with Na-DMS in occupational lead and mercury intoxications. Chin Med J 84: 437–439.
22. Kosnett MJ (2012) Heavy metal intoxication and chelators. In: Katzung BG, Masters SB, Trevor AJ, editors. Basic and clinical pharmacology, 12th edition. New York: McGraw Hill.
23. Aposhian HV, Carter DE, Hoover TD, Hsu CA, Maiorino RM, et al. (1984) DMSA, DMPS, and DMPA—as arsenic antidotes. Fund Appl Toxicol 4: S58–S70.
24. Bradberry S, Sheehan T, Vale A, (2009) Use of oral dimercaptosuccinic acid (succimer) in adult patients with inorganic lead poisoning. QJM 102: 721–732.
25. Bradberry S, Vale A, (2009) Dimercaptosuccinic acid (succimer; DMSA) in inorganic lead poisoning. Clin Toxicol 47: 617–631.
26. Graziano JH, Lolacono NJ, Moulton T, Mitchell ME, Slavkovich V, et al. (1992) Controlled study of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid for the management of childhood lead intoxication. J Pediatr 120: 133–139.
27. Graziano JH, Lolacono NJ, Meyer P, (1988) Dose-response study of oral 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid in children with elevated blood lead concentrations. J Pediatr 113: 751–757.
28. Treatment of Lead-Exposed Children (TLC) Trial Group (2000) Safety and efficacy of succimer in toddlers with blood lead levels of 20–44 microg/dl. Treatment of Lead-Exposed Children (TLC) Trial Group. Pediatr Res. 48: 593–599.
29. Bradberry S, Vale A, (2009) A comparison of sodium calcium edetate (edetate calcium disodium) and succimer (DMSA) in the treatment of inorganic lead poisoning. Clin Toxicol 47: 841–858.
30. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2002) Managing elevated blood lead levels among young children: recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/casemanagement/casemanage_main.htm. Accessed 5 September 2014.
31. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs (1995) Treatment guidelines for lead exposure in children. Pediatrics 96: 155–160.
32. Rogan WJ, Dietrich KN, Ware JH, Dockery DW, Salganik M, et al. (2001) The effect of chelation therapy with succimer on neuropsychological development in children exposed to lead. N Engl J Med 344: 1421–1426.
33. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014) CDC's national surveillance data (1997–2012). Available: http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/data/national.htm. Accessed 10 October 2013.
34. Morrison M (2011) Lead poisoning. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BMD, St. Geme J, Schor N, Behrman RE, editors. Nelson textbook of pediatrics, 19th edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 2448–2453.
35. Kosnett MJ (2005) Lead. In: Brent J, Wallace K, Phillips S, Burkhart KK, Donovan, et al., editors. Critical care toxicology: diagnosis and management of the critically poisoned patient. Philadelphia: Elsevier.
36. Médecins Sans Frontières Ethics Review Board (2013) Standard operating procedures. Geneva: Médecins Sans Frontières. Available: http://fieldresearch.msf.org/msf/handle/10144/294968. Accessed 19 July 2013.
37. Brown MJ (2011) Evaluation and recommendations for preventing lead poisoning among the internally displaced roma population in Kosovo from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/publications/KosovoReport_2011.pdf. Accessed 5 September 2014.
38. Graziano JH, Siris ES, Lolacono N, Silverberg SJ, Turgeon L, (1985) 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid as an antidote for lead intoxication. Clin Pharmacol Ther 37: 431–438.
39. Liebelt EL, Shannon M, Graef JW, (1994) Efficacy of oral meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid therapy for low-level childhood plumbism. J Pediatr 124: 313–317.
40. Farrar HCL, McLeane LR, Wallace M, White K, Watson J, (1999) A comparison of two dosing regimens of succimer in children with chronic lead poisoning. J Clin Pharmacol 39: 180–183.
41. Neri A, Roy J, Jarrett J, Pan Y, Dooyema C, et al. (2014) Analysis of a novel field dilution method for testing samples that exceed the analytic range of point-of-care blood lead analyzers. Int J Environ Health Res 24: 418–428.
42. Bland JM, Altman DG, (2010) Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Int J Nurs Stud 47: 931–936.
43. US Environmental Protection Agency (2005) Guidance on selecting age groups for monitoring and assessing childhood exposures to environmental contaminants. Available: http://www.epa.gov/raf/publications/pdfs/AGEGROUPS.PDF. Accessed 3 October 2012.
44. Cheesbrough M (2006) District laboratory practice in tropical countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
45. Rabe-Hesketh S, Skrondal A (2012) Multilevel and longitudinal modeling using stata, 3rd edition. Volume I: continuous responses. Volume II: categorical responses, counts, and survival. College Station (Texas): Stata Press.
46. Kelly CA, Upex A, Bateman DN, (2004) Comparison of consciousness level assessment in the poisoned patient using the alert/verbal/painful/unresponsive scale and the Glasgow Coma Scale. Ann Emerg Med 44: 108–113.
47. Ennis JM, Harrison HE, (1950) Treatment of lead encephalopathy with PAL (2.3-dimercaptopropanol). Pediatrics 5: 853–868.
48. Chisolm JJ, Jr (1968) The use of chelating agents in the treatment of acute and chronic lead intoxication in childhood. J Pediatr 73: 1–38.
49. Chisolm JJ, (1990) Evaluation of the potential role of chelation therapy in treatment of low to moderate lead exposures. Environ Health Persp 89: 67–74.
50. Chisolm JJ, (2000) Safety and efficacy of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) in children with elevated blood lead concentrations. Clin Toxicol 38: 365–375.
51. Treatment of Lead-Exposed Children (TLC) Trial Group (1998) The Treatment of Lead-Exposed Children (TLC) trial: design and recruitment for a study of the effect of oral chelation on growth and development in toddlers. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 12: 313–333.
52. Dart RC, Hurlbut KM, Maiorino RM, Mayersohn M, Aposhian HV, et al. (1994) Pharmacokinetics of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid in patients with lead poisoning and in healthy adults. J Pediatr 125: 309–316.
53. Asiedu P, Moulton T, Blum CB, Roldan E, Lolacono NJ, et al. (1995) Metabolism of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid in lead-poisoned children and normal adults. Environ Health Perspect 103: 734–739.
54. Moel DI, Sachs HK, Drayton MA, (1986) Slow, natural reduction in blood lead level after chelation therapy for lead poisoning in childhood. Am J Dis Child 140: 905–908.
55. Rieders F, Dunnington MC, Breiger H, (1955) The efficacy of edathamil calcium disodium in the treatment of occupational lead poisoning. Industrial Med Surg 24: 195–202.
56. Bradberry S, Vale A, (2009) A review of sodium calcium edetate (edetate calcium disodium) and succimer (DMSA) in the treatment of inorganic lead poisoning. Clin Toxicol 47: 841–858.
57. Ruff HA, Markowitz ME, Bijur PE, Rosen JF, (1996) Relationships among blood lead levels, iron deficiency, and cognitive development in two-year-old children. Environ Health Perspect 104: 180–185.
58. Bergdahl IA, Schütz A, Gerhardsson L, Jensen A, Skerfving S, (1997) Lead concentrations in human plasma, urine and whole blood. Scand J Work Environ Health 23: 359–363.
59. Manton WI, Rothenberg SJ, Manalo M, (2001) The lead content of blood serum. Environ Res 86: 263–273.